不同生态因子对荚果蕨生长和光合特性的影响

为研究荚果蕨抗逆性生理机制并且为荚果蕨栽培提供理论依据和参考,以荚果蕨为实验作物,利用盆栽法、光合作用测定仪、土壤农化分析方法研究了荚果蕨生长及光合特性对土壤质量含水量、有机肥料、光照强度等生态因子的响应机制。研究结果表明:荚果蕨幼苗对于水分胁迫具有一定的抗逆性,土壤质量含水量为田间持水量的70%~75%时荚果蕨叶片长度最大,净光合速率(Pn)与蒸腾速率(Tr)表现为随着土壤含水量的增加先上升后下降,水分利用效率(Ew)变化趋势与之相反;不同有机肥料间比较腐熟猪粪肥培肥效果较好,且在1500 kg/hm2施用量时效果达到峰值;各遮阳措施均有利于荚果蕨生长,实验处理为使用透光率为30%的遮阳网时荚果蕨叶片长度最佳。荚果蕨最适宜生长条件为:土壤质量含水量为田间持水量的70%~75%;施用腐熟猪粪肥1500 kg/hm2;遮阳措施透光率为30%。     

濒危植物金毛狗的配子体发育观察及孢子繁殖研究

对濒危蕨类植物金毛狗[Cibotium barometz（Linn.）J.Sm.]的孢子采用原生境土进行培养,详细地显微观察记录其孢子萌发和配子体发育的全过程。结果：孢子呈四面体形,孢子萌发为书带蕨型（Vittaria-type）,原叶体的发育为三叉蕨型（Aspidium-type）以及过渡类型,未观察到毛状体,成熟精子为带状螺旋形,具多鞭毛,数量较多。目的：金毛狗的濒危原因不在繁殖方面。孢子土壤培养法是金毛狗快速生产种苗的可行的方法之一。     

紫萁孢子繁殖快速成苗技术研究

为了筛选出最佳的紫萁孢子育苗基质,弄清紫萁孢子育苗所需的环境条件,利用在湖北民族学院和杭州城郊两地采集的紫萁孢子,以壤土、山林腐殖土、红砂壤为试验基质进行紫萁孢子遮荫条件下育苗研究。结果表明：在保湿、控制温度、覆盖遮光率为75%的遮阳网的条件下孢子发芽率高,能正常形成原叶体,继续培养均能进入有性世代形成孢子体幼苗,其中在山林腐殖土和壤土按1:1的比例混合的基质上最适于孢子萌发和幼苗生长,出苗量可达3500株/m2;在杭州采集的紫萁孢子萌发后形成的原叶体、孢子体均比在湖北民族学院采集的耐高温性好。     

4种边坡常见蕨类孢子人工种子萌发技术研究

采用正交试验法研究了MS大量元素、KT、赤霉素及多菌灵对线羽凤尾蕨(Pteris linearis)、华南毛蕨(Cyclosorus parasiticus)、蜈蚣蕨(Pteris vittata)和乌毛蕨(Blechnum orientale)孢子人工种子萌发的影响,并进一步研究了不同光质和不同储藏时间对孢子萌发的影响。结果发现,大量元素浓度,KT浓度和多菌灵浓度对4种蕨类孢子萌发率具有极显著的影响,添加MS大量元素,赤霉素50mg/L,多菌灵0.05%,可有效促进孢子萌发。G 1(全光照)和G 3(红光长)在一定程度上可以提高线羽凤尾蕨孢子的萌发率;G 2(红光短)和G 4(红蓝光4∶1)可以提高华南毛蕨孢子的萌发率;G 3(红光)可以促进乌毛蕨孢子萌发率;而蜈蚣蕨孢子的萌发率在这4种光下没有显著性差异。线羽凤尾蕨在储藏60d时萌发率最高,其它3种蕨在储藏30d时萌发率最高。     

鹿角蕨有性世代发育及繁殖技术研究

为保持和培育鹿角蕨(Platycerium wallichii Hook)资源,采用室内无菌培养及常规繁殖方法,研究不同温度、不同基质中孢子的萌发情况,同时观察其有性世代发育过程。结果表明：孢子萌发的适宜温度为24℃左右,适宜的培养基质为腐殖土+河沙(体积比1∶1),萌发率达92%以上。有性世代多为雌雄异株,有性生殖率达90%以上,且有性世代受温度、光照、湿度、pH等因素的制约。复壮幼孢苗的方法经济易行、效果明显,为繁殖、生产鹿角蕨提供了详实的基础资料。     

巢蕨组培快繁技术研究

为建立巢蕨试管内成苗和试管外成苗的组培快繁体系,以巢蕨的成熟孢子为试验材料,对影响巢蕨离体繁殖的因素及成苗途径进行研究。结果表明,孢子最优萌发培养基为1/4 MS,萌发率达91.75%;配子体在1/2 MS+6-BA 0.3 mg·L~(-1)+NAA 0.2 mg·L~(-1)的培养基中增殖效果最好,平均增殖系数为5.1。试管内成苗试验中,在培养基上添加无菌水或液体1/2 MS,有助于配子体形成小苗;之后,小苗在MS+6-BA 0.5 mg·L~(-1)+NAA 0.2 mg·L~(-1)的培养基中GGB诱导率最高,达94.33%,实现了小苗以GGB途径快速增殖;由GGB诱导产生的小苗在1/2 MS+IBA 1 mg·L~(-1)的培养基中生根最好,其生根率达100%;试管外成苗试验中,喷洒1 g·L~(-1)的KH_2PO_4溶液能促进配子体成苗,且成苗率达82%。     

基质、光照和温度对羊耳菊种子萌发的影响

为了研究羊耳菊种子的萌发特性,观察了不同基质、光照和温度等条件处理对羊耳菊种子萌发的影响.种子萌发试验的基质分别为纱布、滤纸及细河沙;光照条件分别为黑暗和自然光2种;萌发温度分别为10,15,20,25℃.结果表明:1)种子萌发最佳基质为细河沙;2)种子在光照条件下具有较高的萌发率;3)最适萌发温度为25℃,萌发率达53.75％.本研究可为羊耳菊资源利用提供科学依据.     

不同基质配比及水份对鸟巢蕨孢子萌发的影响

为了给鸟巢蕨规模化繁殖和生产管理提供指导,研究了3种播种基质(基质A:泥炭土422#∶珍珠岩=3∶2,基质B:泥炭土680#∶珍珠岩=3∶2,基质C:本地红壤土∶珍珠岩=3∶2)的理化性质及相应基质、浇水量对鸟巢蕨孢子播种萌发率的影响。3种基质的容重、总孔隙度、通气孔隙度、持水孔隙度、有机质、有效氮磷钾元素均存在差异,pH值和EC值均符合鸟巢蕨的生长要求。播种基质对鸟巢蕨孢子萌发率的影响达到显著水平,而浇水量无显著影响,播种基质和浇水量之间存在互作效应,且互作效应影响极显著。持水孔隙度和肥力最高的A基质在400 mL浇水量下最适宜鸟巢蕨孢子直接播种繁育。     

制作工艺对甘薯人工种子萌发的影响

以脱毒甘薯“一窝红”的带腋芽茎段为繁殖体,研究了制作工艺对甘薯人工种子萌发的影响。结果表明,在人工胚乳中添加单一种激素有利于人工种子萌发,添加0．5mg/L NAA萌发率达100％;同时添加两种激素不利于人工种子的萌发。包裹基质中添加活性炭助于人工种子萌发,而添加淀粉、CaCl2对人工种子萌发不利。人工种子宜选用10％环己烷作外膜,萌发率高,用壳聚糖作外膜效果不好。     

新疆阿魏胚萌发研究

研究了新疆阿魏离体胚培养中,不同培养基、光照、温度、碳源、pH值及低温层积、赤霉素、6-苄氨基嘌呤处理等因素对胚萌发及生长的影响。结果表明：诱导胚萌发较理想的培养基为MS（pH值为5.5-6.0）＋1mg／L GA3＋0.1mg／L6-BA＋3％蔗糖;光照对胚的萌发势差异不明显（P=0.334）,但存在显著的温度差异（P=0.000）,其中20、25、30℃较适宜;离体胚的萌发率随种子低温层积时间的延长而有所下降,推测新疆阿魏种子产生休眠效应的部位可能在胚以外的种皮或胚乳。本研究能有效克服新疆阿魏种子抑制物或种皮本身限制,萌发率可达94％。不仅为新疆阿魏人工培育奠定了基础,也为研究种子低温层积打破休眠的机制提供了新的思路。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Evolution under domestication involving disturbance of genic balance

Summary An hypothesis is developed that the rapid change from wild plants into domesticated crops principally involves the selection of alleles with non-functional gene products which leads to reduced control of the highly integrated metabolism and morphogenesis previously accumulated by lengthy natural selection. Such disturbance of the genome produces altered physiological and morphological development which, although deleterious in nature, serves mankind better and has been selected.     

Genetic variation for disease and nematode resistances and forage quality in perennial diploid and tetraploid lucerne populations (Medicago sativa L.)

Summary Twenty-five lucerne populations of the Medicago sativa complex, which were either diploid or tetraploid and wild or cultivated, were analysed for their resistance to four different fungal diseases and to stem nematode. Forage quality, including stem digestibility and saponin content, was also tested.Populations varied in susceptibility to the diseases caused by Colletotrichum trifolii, Verticillium albo-atrum, Sclerotinia trifoliorum and Pseudopezizza medicaginis, and to the nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. Except for Sclerotinia rot, sativa and falcata subspecies differed in susceptibility, but this grouping of populations did not account for the full range of variation among them. However, the resistance to P. medicaginis was much lower in the sativa than in the falcata populations.Populations also varied significantly in stem fiber content and digestibility. Stem digestibility was negatively correlated to forage yield. Wild sativa and falcata populations had lower fiber content and higher digestibility than cultivated sativa populations. The medicagenic acid was the sapogenin responsible for the anti-nutritional effect of the lucerne measured by the yellow mealworm larvae Tenebrio molitor. The medicagenic acid content was lowest for the pure sativa populations, highest for the pure falcata populations, and intermediate for the French sativa varieties that have some traits originating from falcata germplasm. Some populations could be used in breeding programs to improve disease and nematode resistance, and forage quality.     

Review of Effects of Active Components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on Central Nervous System

In order to explore the pharmacological effects of active components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on the central nervous system,through consulting related literatures,...     

Effects of Pb on Rhizosphere Soil Enzyme Activity and Chemical Constituents of Achyranthes bidentata Blume

[Objectives]The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Pb on rhizosphere soil enzyme activity and chemical constituents of Achyranthes bidentat...     

不同P-Zn配比对小麦幼苗微量元素营养的影响

采用了螯合-缓冲营养液培养方法对小麦进行了苗期培养试验,在3个P水平(0,0.6,3.0 mmol/L)和3个Zn水平(0,3,30 μmol/L)的完全组合下对小麦苗期生长及Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养进行了研究,旨在为小麦微肥施用提供理论依据.结果表明,P、Zn的正常供应促进了小麦生长,二者的缺乏与过量均会抑制小麦发育,且这种影响在冠部表现得更为明显.在小麦苗期,Zn与Cu的吸收存在明显的拮抗作用,但供Zn则促进了Zn和Cu的转运,而Mn转运则受到了抑制;过量供Zn时,大量Zn被转运到冠部,同时明显抑制了(Fe+Cu+Mn)的吸收总量;P的供应显著地抑制了Fe的吸收,但P的供应提高了Zn、Cu、Mn的转运率;P、Zn在对Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn间吸收竞争的影响中,Zn本身的影响要比P的影响更为明显,供Zn明显促进了小麦幼苗对Zn的吸收;在小麦幼苗冠部,Zn与Fe的竞争中,供P利于Zn的吸收,缺P则利于Fe的吸收;而Zn与Cu以及Zn与Mn间的竞争中,缺磷时利于Zn的吸收,供磷后则利于Cu和Mn的吸收.总之,小麦幼苗Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养中,P、Zn的不同配比会不同程度地改变Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn的协同或拮抗效应.     

Isozyme variation between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes of Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth.

Summary Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth. is a wild perennial species related to the cultivated soybean, G. max (L.) Merr. It is composed of diploid (2n=40) and tetraploid (2n=80) cytotypes. Currently, to differentiate the cytotypes, plants are grown out in the greenhouse and chromosome counts made on pollen mother cells. It is a laborious and time consuming process. The objective of this study was to determine whether electrophoretic techniques could be utilized to separate the cytotypes. Electrophoretic examination of seven isozyme systems from seed of 67 G. tabacina accessions revealed banding patterns that could be used to differentiate between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes in the species. Among the tetraploid accessions, the number of bands observed were always greater than the diploids. Some tetraploid banding patterns consisted of bands similar to the diploid tabacina and/or additional bands previously identified in other Glycine species. The patterns of isozyme multiplicity and variation in the tetraploid tabacinas suggests more than one mode of origin for the tetraploids.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.