Serologic response of domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) to canine distemper and rabies virus vaccines

Nine unrelated 12-week-old naive domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) were used to evaluate the serologic responses to commercial canine distemper virus (CDV) and rabies virus (RV) vaccines. Five of the ferrets (group 1) were inoculated 3 times at 2-week intervals with a multivalent modified-live virus vaccine of canine cell-line origin, containing CDV and an inactivated RV vaccine. Four of the ferrets (group 2) were inoculated once with the multivalent modified-live virus vaccine containing CDV and were not inoculated with the RV vaccine. Both group-1 and group-2 ferrets seroconverted to the CDV component of the vaccine. Group-1 ferrets also seroconverted after RV vaccination and maintained serum antibody titers to both CDV and RV for at least 7 months. Domestic ferret sera were found to have IgG epitopes similar to sera of domestic dogs and cats. Domestic ferret sera did not contain antibodies to feline coronavirus or FeLV antigens.     

狂犬病病毒致神经功能异常机制的研究进展

狂犬病是一种以神经系统感染为特征的高度致死性人兽共患病毒性传染病,危害大,但其致病机制尚不明确.狂犬病病毒(RV)G蛋白与神经细胞表面受体发生特异性结合决定其嗜神经特性,其他RV结构蛋白对RV感染具有保护和调节作用;机体感染RV后神经元结构和机体内与功能相关的部分蛋白及基因表达水平发生改变,而且RV在神经核的分布可能影...     

狂犬病病毒快速荧光RT-PCR检测方法研究与应用

采用TaqMan方法,根据古典狂犬病病毒非编码区及N基因编码区序列,设计合成多对引物和多条探针,通过对引物、探针的筛选,反应条件的选择和优化,建立了古典狂犬病病毒荧光RT-PCR检测技术。与病毒分离鉴定、常规RT-PCR试验比较表明,建立的荧光PCR检测技术快速、敏感,检测时限3 h以内。特异性试验表明本方法与犬瘟热病毒,犬细小病毒,犬Ⅰ型腺病毒不发生交叉反应。初步动物感染试验及定量检测研究及表明,本方法可用于感染动物不同组织样品中病毒的相对定量。对132份临床样品和4种商品化疫苗进行检测研究表明,本方法适用于样品中狂犬病病毒的直接检测以及疫苗中活病毒或灭活病毒的检测。     

Detection of rinderpest virus antigens in vitro and in vivo by direct immunofluorescence

Cell-culture attenuated and virulent strains of rinderpest virus (RV) were inoculated on to bovine kidney cell cultures. A direct immunofluorescent antibody test detected RV antigens in cell cultures within one to three days after inoculation whereas RV cytopathic effects usually took three to nine days to develop. Cells containing RV antigens were also detected in impression smears and frozen sections of tissues collected from RV infected animals at post mortem examination, and in smears of lymph node biopsies taken from cattle with clinical rinderpest. These techniques may offer additional methods for rapid diagnosis of rinderpest.     

狂犬病病毒分子特征与检测技术的研究进展

狂犬病(rabies)是由狂犬病病毒(rabies virus,RV)引起的一种人兽共患传染病,一旦发病,病死率几乎为100%,严重威胁着人类的健康。文章综述了狂犬病病毒的生物学特征及抗原和抗体检测方法,为临床控制此病建立合理有效的检测方法提供参考。     

狂犬病病毒的分子生物学研究进展

狂犬病是由狂犬病病毒引起的一种急性致死性人兽共患病,危害极大,因此,对狂犬病病毒的研究已成为一大热点。目前各国研究的重点主要集中在其病毒的分子生物学方面,以便更有效地防制本病。文章从病毒基因组及其编码的蛋白、致病机理等方面系统综述了狂犬病病毒分子生物学方面的研究进展,为该病的早期诊断、有效预防和控制该病提供理论基础。     

Response of feral cats to vaccination at the time of neutering

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether administration of inactivated virus or modified-live virus (MLV) vaccines to feral cats at the time of neutering induces protective serum antiviral antibody titers. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 61 feral cats included in a trap-neuter-return program in Florida. PROCEDURES: Each cat received vaccines against feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), feline herpes virus (FHV), feline calicivirus (FCV), FeLV, and rabies virus (RV). Immediately on completion of surgery, vaccines that contained inactivated RV and FeLV antigens and either MLV or inactivated FPV, FHV, and FCV antigens were administered. Titers of antiviral antibodies (except those against FeLV) were assessed in serum samples obtained immediately prior to surgery and approximately 10 weeks later. RESULTS: Prior to vaccination, some of the cats had protective serum antibody titers against FPV (33%), FHV (21%), FCV (64%), and RV (3%). Following vaccination, the overall proportion of cats with protective serum antiviral antibody titers increased (FPV [90%], FHV [56%], FCV [93%], and RV [98%]). With the exception of the FHV vaccine, there were no differences in the proportions of cats protected with inactivated virus versus MLV vaccines. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that exposure to FPV, FHV, and FCV is common among feral cats and that a high proportion of cats are susceptible to RV infection. Feral cats appeared to have an excellent immune response following vaccination at the time of neutering. Incorporation of vaccination into trap-neuter-return programs is likely to protect the health of individual cats and possibly reduce the disease burden in the community.     

狂犬病病毒强弱毒株感染鼠脑的mRNA差异表达基因的初步筛选

为阐明狂犬病病毒（RV）不同毒力株感染鼠脑后基因表达的差异,进一步揭示RV感染和机体抗感染应答的分子机制。本试验应用差异显示技术分析了正常鼠脑悬液、狂犬病病毒SRV9弱毒株及BD06街毒株感染鼠脑48h的基因水平变化。结果显示,与对照组相比,SRV9与BD06组有4对共同上调表达差异片段;与其它两组比较,SRV9组有2个基因上调表达,BD06组存在1个上调表达基因。这些差异基因体现了宿主细胞对RV感染的应答模式以及不同毒株感染间的差异,为深入研究RV致病机理奠定了基础。     

PEDV、TGEV、RV多重RT-PCR检测方法的建立与应用

为了快速准确诊断猪流行性腹泻病毒 (PEDV)、猪传染性胃肠炎病毒 (TGEV)、猪轮状病毒(RV)引起的猪腹泻病,通过设计三对引物,建立了扩增PEDV、TGEV、RV的多重RT-PCR方法,用于临床上大量腹泻病料的鉴定。该方法特异敏感,能同时检测PEDV、TGEV、RV,而对猪瘟病毒、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒、猪伪狂犬病毒、猪圆环病毒2型病毒、乙型脑炎病毒、猪细小病毒等无扩增,检测的抗原稀释极限为107。用于35个猪场120份临床样品的检测,PEDV阳性率占37.5%,TGEV阳性率占0.75%,RV阳性率占1.25%。PEDV阳性病料测序结果分析表明,与近几年分离毒株亲缘关系较近,与经典毒株和疫苗株亲缘关系较远。结果表明建立的多重PCR方法特异性强、敏感度高,能用于临床诊断及流行病学调查。     

广西狂犬病野毒株L基因3'端的多态性分析

为了解狂犬病病毒(RV)的变异情况,本研究对广西不同地区的22个RV分离株的L基因3'端片段进行克隆和测序,与国内外发表的RV街毒、固定毒株及类RV株相应部分的多态性进行了比较分析.结果表明.所测定的22个广西RV野毒分离株属于基因I型,可分为3个群即I群、Ⅱ群和Ⅲ群.其中13株属于I群,其核苷酸同源性为96.9%～100.0%,氨基酸同源性为98.2%～100.0%;8株属于Ⅱ群,株核苷酸同源性为96.5%～99.7%.氨基酸同源性为97.8%～100.0%.仅1株属于Ⅲ群.22个RV分离株与RV固定毒株核苷酸和氨基酸的同源性分别为79.5%～86.9%和85.8%～96.5%,与类RV核苷酸和氨基酸的同源性分别为65.7%～70.3%和70.4%～76.5%.     

A new quantitative method for rabies virus by detection of nucleoprotein in virion using ELISA.

We have developed a new quantitative method for rabies virus (RV) detection using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The method named N-ELISA was based on the quantitation of nucleoprotein (N) in RV virions captured by RV-specific polyclonal antibodies on an ELISA plate. Both infective and defective interfering (DI) particles of RV could be detected by this method. When viruses were propagated in a medium of pH 7.4 adjusted with 7% NaHCO3, N-ELISA could detect them with titers of more than 10(6) pfu/ml, though the result did not correlate highly with that of the infectivity assay. The reason for this was considered to be that RVs included spikeless and damaged particles which were produced under conditions of low or high pH. However, in the time course of virus yield, titers of N-ELISA correlated well with those of the infectivity assay.     

Phylogenetic characterization of rabies virus isolates from Carnivora in Brazil

The incidence of canine rabies has been widely reported in Brazil, and new rabies virus (RV) variants, genetically similar to canine RV, have recently been isolated from foxes. In order to derive the epidemiological characteristics of Brazilian Carnivora RV, Brazilian RVs isolated from dogs, cats, and foxes were genetically analyzed. Brazilian Carnivora RV isolates were divided into 2 main lineages. The predominant lineage was found in dogs and cats, which included the Argentinean and Bolivian Carnivora RV isolates, and was extensively distributed throughout Brazil and surrounding countries. The other lineage consisted of three sublineages containing Brazilian dog and fox RV isolates, with the dog sublineages located on an internal branch of 2 fox sublineages, suggesting that RV transmission events might have occurred between foxes and dogs in the past. These results suggest that contact between dogs and wildlife has the potential to generate new rabies variants and that it is important to control RV infection cycles in both dogs and wildlife to prevent spread of rabies infection.     

Genetic analysis of phosphoprotein and matrix protein of rabies viruses isolated in Brazil

To investigate the genetic characteristics of phosphoprotein (P) and matrix protein (M) genes of variable rabies virus (RV) prevalent in Brazil, the authors genetically characterized the P and M genes from 30 Brazilian RV field isolates. Phylogenetic analysis based on the P and M genes revealed the presence of six RV variants that consisted primarily of three insectivorous bats, the vampire bat, dog and fox in Brazil. Specific amino acid substitutions corresponding to these phylogenetic lineages were observed, with Asp(42) and Glu(62) in the P protein found to be characteristic of Brazilian chiroptera- and carnivora-related RVs, respectively. Amino acid sequence motifs predicted to associate with a viral function in the P and M proteins were conserved among Brazilian RV variants.     

Comparison of egg-yolk and serum antibody titers to four avian viruses by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using paired field samples

Eggs and blood were collected from 11 hens in each of nine broiler-breeder flocks in Quebec. Serum and egg-yolk extracts were assayed for antibody titers to infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and reovirus (RV) by a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Comparison was made between egg-yolk and serum antibody titers by a regression analysis. A high correlation was observed between serum and yolk antibody titers to all the viruses tested (r = 0.9 for IBDV, 0.84 for IBV, 0.84 for NDV, and 0.91 for RV). Antibody monitoring of commercial breeder flocks using egg yolk instead of serum with commercial ELISA plates is thus feasible and is recommended.     

An epidemiological model of rinderpest. II. Simulations of the behaviour of rinderpest virus in populations

Fixed parameters for different hypothetical strains of rinderpest virus (RV) and different susceptible populations are described together with details of their derivation. Simulations were then carried out in a computer model to determine the effects that varying these parameters would have on the behaviour of RV in the different populations. The results indicated that virulent strains of RV are more likely to behave in epidemic fashion whereas milder strains tend towards persistence and the establishment of endemicity. High herd immunity levels prevent virus transmission and low herd immunity levels encourage epidemic transmission. Intermediate levels of immunity assist the establishment of endemicity. The virus is able to persist in large populations for longer than in small populations. Different vaccination strategies were also investigated. In areas where vaccination is inefficient annual vaccination of all stock may be the best policy for inducing high levels of herd immunity. In endemic areas and in herds recovering from epidemics the prevalence of clinically affected animals may be very low. In these situations veterinary officers are more likely to find clinical cases by examining cattle for mouth lesions rather than by checking for diarrhoea or high mortalities.     

Serological studies with peste des petits ruminants and rinderpest viruses in Nigeria

One hundred and ninety-five goat and 67 sheep sera collected from various parts of southern Nigeria were screened for neutralising antibodies to both the peste des petits ruminants (PPR) and rinderpest viruses. Neutralising antibodies against both viruses were found in the sheep and goat sera examined. Parallel titration of samples which neutralised both viruses indicated a primary infection with the PPR virus (PPRV). However, some samples which failed to neutralise PPRV neutralised the rinderpest virus (RV) indicating RV activity in sheep and goats in Nigeria. These findings are discussed in relation to the diagnosis of PPRV infection and the recent reappearance of bovine rinderpest in Nigeria.     

靶向狂犬病病毒N基因shRNA抑制狂犬病病毒复制的研究

为探讨小干扰RNA(siRNA)对狂犬病病毒(RV)复制的干扰作用,以RVN基因为靶向目标,设计合成4对编码siRNA的DNA序列,然后分别连接到载体pRNATU6.3-Hygro上,转染BHK细胞,在潮霉素-B抗性压力下筛选出4个阳性细胞株(BHK-N1、BHK-N2、BHK-N3和BHK-N4)。用100TCID50CVS-11毒分别感染24孔板内的上述细胞,利用Real-time RT-PCR、半数细胞培养物感染量(TCID50)、直接免疫荧光和Western blot检测抑制效率。接毒后48 h,在BHK-N1、BHK-N2、BHK-N3、BHK-N4细胞株中,Real-time RT-PCR检测到各细胞株均在不同程度上抑制了RV的增殖,其中BHK-N2、BHK-N1抑制效率高,分别为99%、67.72%,而BHK-N3、BHK-N4仅为38.59%和11.33%,抑制效果较弱;TCID50检测病毒数量比空载体表达细胞毒价分别低24、96.2、2.14和1.1倍;直接免疫荧光检测表明,4株细胞中RV含量为病毒对照的31%、1%、54%、82%,即BHK-N1、BHK-N2对病毒的沉默作用较强;Western blot结果显示BHK-N1、BHK-N2细胞株中RV N蛋白条带明显减弱。4种检测结果均表明BHK-N1和BHK-N2能有效干扰RV的复制。本研究在细胞水平筛选出具有高效抑制RV复制的2个靶位点N-489和N-701,为RV的基因功能研究、抗病毒药物的开发奠定了基础。     

狂犬病病毒糖蛋白原核表达及纯化

试验旨在提高狂犬病病毒(rabies virus,RV)糖蛋白(G)在大肠杆菌(E.coli)BL21(DE3)中的表达量。通过优化蛋白质诱导表达的温度、时间、诱导剂浓度等条件,以提高该蛋白质的表达量。SDS-PAGE电泳分析结果显示,重组质粒在1 mmol/mL IPTG、30 ℃诱导6 h条件下蛋白表达量最高,经GST-resin亲和层析柱法纯化获得的纯化蛋白约为36 ku,与预期大小相符。Western blotting结果显示,表达蛋白具有很好的免疫原性和特异性。结果表明,RV G融合蛋白的优化表达和纯化为RV亚单位疫苗及中和抗体的研制奠定了基础。     

Serosurvey of five viruses in chickens on smallholdings in Bangladesh

A serologic survey was undertaken in chickens in smallholdings in Bangladesh for avian influenza A virus (AIV), egg drop syndrome '76 virus (EDS'76V), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and reovirus (RV) in three phases: January 2002-May 2003, September 2003-August 2004, and August 2005-March 2006. Four hundred thirty-six sera collected in the 2nd phase, 295 in the first phase, 755 in the 1st plus 2nd phases and 295 in the 1st phase were investigated for AIV, EDS'76V, IBV and RV, respectively, using enzyme linked immunosorbent assays. All 854 sera collected in the three phases were screened for NDV using hemagglutination inhibition test. In chickens 20% were seropositive to AIV, 3% to EDS'76V, 74% to IBV, 88% to NDV, and 47% to RV. The seroprevalence in flocks was 23% to AIV, 6% to EDS'76V, 79% to IBV, 89% to NDV and 56% to RV. Twenty-five percent chickens had > or = 10log(2)HI titers to NDV.     

狂犬病病毒G蛋白的克隆表达及其抗体胶体金检测试纸条的研制

狂犬病(Rabies)是一种由狂犬病病毒(RV)引起的急性人兽共患传染病,一旦发病,死亡率几乎为100％.为快速检测狂犬病病毒IgG抗体,本研究首先克隆表达并纯化狂犬病病毒G蛋白,应用G蛋白作为抗原,G蛋白单克隆抗体制备C线,鼠抗犬IgG和鼠抗猫IgG标记T线,经条件优化后,建立了一种能够用于快速检测动物狂犬病病毒血清...