相同储藏条件下同年度不同品种小麦品质的变化

选用5个同一生产年度的不同品种小麦,在同一储藏条件下对其容重、水分、面筋吸水量、粘度、降落数值和发芽率等品质指标进行测定,讨论各指标与储藏时间的关系及品种差异对各指标的影响,分析各指标之间的相关性。结果显示:随着储藏时间的延长,小麦容重、水分和粘度的变化趋于稳定,面筋吸水率和发芽率呈降低趋势,降落数值呈增大趋势;不同小麦品种的容重、发芽率变化差异不大;储藏1年后,不同小麦品种的水分、面筋吸水率、降落数值变化差异较大;容重与其它五个指标都存在一定的相关性,这也是选择容重作为小麦等级鉴定的必要性。     

小麦水分含量对容重及硬度的影响

容重是国内外粮食定等及评价粮食工艺品质的主要指标,小麦籽粒硬度是国内外小麦市场分类和定价的重要依据之一,通过改变小麦水分含量,判定其对小麦容重及硬度的影响。结果表明,在一定的水分范围之内,小麦容重与水分含量呈负相关,小麦籽粒硬度与水分含量呈正相关。     

高大平房仓空调控温结合氮气气调对小麦品质的影响

对4个高大平房仓储粮小麦在度夏期间进行空调控温。在此基础上选取2个仓进行氮气气调，研究了单独空调控温以及空调控温结合氮气气调储粮过程中小麦的品质变化情况。研究结果表明：仅单独空调控温时，随着储藏时间的增加，小麦的害虫数量不断增加，而小麦的害虫数量在氮气气调后则开始呈现显著降低的趋势；两种储粮方式下小麦的水分含量、容重和面筋吸水率均随着储藏时间的增加而降低，其中氮气气调的小麦水分含量、容重和面筋吸水率降低程度稍低于仅空调控温的小麦；小麦的色泽、气味和呕吐毒素含量在储藏期间未发现明显改变，表明应用氮气气调未对其产生显著影响。     

快速谷物分析仪测定小麦水分和容重的适用性验证

对快速谷物分析仪测定小麦的水分含量和容重进行了适用性验证。通过快检设备对小麦的水分和容重进行了测定,将结果与国标法进行比较和分析,验证设备的准确性、重复性和稳定性是否达到仪器技术指标和国标规定的要求。准确性验证通过SPSS配对T检验,重复性验证通过■X■2检验,稳定性通过单因素方差分析。结果表明:快速谷物分析仪校准后,测定小麦水分含量和容重时,其准确性、重复性、稳定性均能达到仪器的技术指标和国标规定的要求,适用于小麦水分和容重的快速测定。     

伴生麦与普通小麦的形态、产量和品质性状差异分析

为研究伴生麦与普通小麦在形态、产量和品质性状间的差异,以普通小麦品种矮抗58和3个伴生麦品种W14、W15、W18为供试材料进行研究。设置水分处理(主区)和施氮量(副区)的裂区试验,其中水分处理设正常水分和渍水2个水平,施氮量设置不施氮(N_0)、正常施氮(225 kg/hm~2,即N_(225))和过量施氮(300 kg/hm~2,即N_(300))3个水平,结果表明,正常水肥管理下,伴生麦的分蘖数较多且茎粗较小,其株高是普通小麦的1.5～2.4倍,而产量却不足普通小麦的1/2,此外,伴生麦品种W14、W15、W18的籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和吸水量等品质指标均高于普通小麦。施氮可提高普通小麦及伴生麦的穗粒数、产量、籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、吸水量、形成时间、稳定时间、出粉率、拉伸能量、恒定变形拉伸阻力、延伸度和最大拉伸阻力,正常施氮(225 kg/hm~2)使普通小麦和伴生麦千粒质量、产量、容重和硬度达到最高。水分对普通小麦和伴生麦的形态及产量影响较小,但对籽粒品质影响显著。综上所述,水分、品种及氮素对普通小麦和伴生麦的籽粒品质具有显著影响,是决定普通小麦及伴生麦籽粒品质的关键因素。     

剪根与水分胁迫对小麦单根和细胞导水率及TaPIP基因表达的影响

剪去小麦部分根系能瞬间打破其水分平衡,研究根系导水特性对剪根的响应有助于解释静水压对作物根系吸水的调节机制。通过对苗期小麦(Triticum aestivum)剪根与水分胁迫处理,用压力探针技术测定单根和细胞两种尺度上的根导水特性变化,以及根中TaPIP1;2和TaPIP2;5的转录调节变化。结果显示,剪根处理或水分胁迫处理使叶片蒸腾速率和气孔导度均显著低于对照,而单根导水率和细胞导水率均与对照无显著差异。剪根处理的叶片蒸腾速率、气孔导度、叶水势、单根导水率和细胞导水率均显著高于水分胁迫处理,而剪根且水分胁迫处理的各参数均显著低于其他处理。各处理的单根导水率与细胞导水率显著正相关。各处理根中TaPIP1;2和TaPIP2;5相对mRNA含量的变化规律与单根和细胞导水率的变化规律相似。剪根处理显著上调了TaPIP1;2和TaPIP2;5转录,水分胁迫处理显著下调了其转录,但TaPIP1;2和TaPIP2;5在剪根且水分胁迫处理中的转录水平最低。这些结果表明,小麦的根导水特性在单根尺度和细胞尺度上具有一致性;剪根短期内能够增加小麦幼苗的水分敏感性。推测TaPIP1;2和TaPIP2;5参与了静水压对小麦根导水特性的调节过程。     

新型农户专用粮仓储粮品质变化研究

采用PVC软体仓作为新型农户专用仓,小麦在10个月储存期内水分含量变化≤0.6%,与原始水分无显著差异。小麦容重损失率均值为1.96%,干容重损失率均值2.1%,虫蚀粒率≤0.3%,霉变粒率≤0.1%,面筋吸水率变化率均值9.4%,平均储粮损失率为0.506%,干物质平均损失率为0.318%。由此可见PVC仓具有良好的防潮、防鼠、密闭、隔热等性能,能够有效地减少农户储粮过程中由粮食生虫、发热霉变、鼠咬等因素引起的储粮损失,起到减损保质的效果。     

水分胁迫对不同筋型小麦籽粒品质性状的影响

为了了解不同水分胁迫对不同品质类型小麦主要品质性状的影响,试验选用3个有代表性的强、中、弱筋春小麦品种,在防渗池中进行种植。研究结果表明：小麦籽粒主要品质性状在不同筋型间差异达到极显著水平,在不同水分条件下也存在显著差异。在水分胁迫下,湿面筋含量、粗蛋白含量以及沉淀值均呈显著或极显著下降趋势,而膨胀势显著增大。在试验条件下品质性状间的相关分析结果表明,不同品种间粗蛋白含量与湿面筋含量、沉淀值呈极显著正相关。因此在小麦生态育种和调优栽培研究中,需要重视水分因子对小麦籽粒品质性状影响的不同步性。     

玉米秸秆基纤维素保水剂对土壤持水性能及冬小麦根系生长的影响

为探讨自制的玉米秸秆基纤维素保水剂(SAP)在农业生产上的应用潜力,利用扫描电镜表征了SAP吸水前后形貌变化,探究了SAP施用量对土壤持水性能和不同程度水分胁迫下冬小麦根系生长的影响。结果表明：SAP在土壤中吸水膨胀后降低了土壤容重,土壤最大水分含量较不施SAP显著提高19.1%~67.6%,同时降低了前3天土壤水分蒸发速率。轻度（60%~70%田间持水量）和中度（40%~50%田间持水量）水分胁迫下,施用0.4% w/w SAP处理冬小麦总根长提高15.9%和24.7%,根系活力提高29.6%和43.5%,但充足供水（75%~90%田间持水量）时施用SAP对冬小麦根系活力无显著影响。因此,玉米秸秆基纤维素保水剂施入土壤后能够改善土壤持水性能,从而缓解水分胁迫对冬小麦根系生长的抑制效应。     

不同储藏条件对小麦专用粉品质的影响研究

采用正交实验方法,研究储藏温度、储藏水分、储藏方式与储藏时间四个因素对小麦专用粉储藏期间面团稳定时间、面筋吸水量、脂肪酸值和降落数值的影响.结果显示:在储藏时间180d内,储藏温度仅对小麦专用粉的降落数值指标影响显著,呈现显著正相关;储藏时间仅对小麦专用粉的脂肪酸值指标影响显著,呈现显著正相关;储藏水分与储藏方式对小麦...     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Evolution under domestication involving disturbance of genic balance

Summary An hypothesis is developed that the rapid change from wild plants into domesticated crops principally involves the selection of alleles with non-functional gene products which leads to reduced control of the highly integrated metabolism and morphogenesis previously accumulated by lengthy natural selection. Such disturbance of the genome produces altered physiological and morphological development which, although deleterious in nature, serves mankind better and has been selected.     

Genetic variation for disease and nematode resistances and forage quality in perennial diploid and tetraploid lucerne populations (Medicago sativa L.)

Summary Twenty-five lucerne populations of the Medicago sativa complex, which were either diploid or tetraploid and wild or cultivated, were analysed for their resistance to four different fungal diseases and to stem nematode. Forage quality, including stem digestibility and saponin content, was also tested.Populations varied in susceptibility to the diseases caused by Colletotrichum trifolii, Verticillium albo-atrum, Sclerotinia trifoliorum and Pseudopezizza medicaginis, and to the nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. Except for Sclerotinia rot, sativa and falcata subspecies differed in susceptibility, but this grouping of populations did not account for the full range of variation among them. However, the resistance to P. medicaginis was much lower in the sativa than in the falcata populations.Populations also varied significantly in stem fiber content and digestibility. Stem digestibility was negatively correlated to forage yield. Wild sativa and falcata populations had lower fiber content and higher digestibility than cultivated sativa populations. The medicagenic acid was the sapogenin responsible for the anti-nutritional effect of the lucerne measured by the yellow mealworm larvae Tenebrio molitor. The medicagenic acid content was lowest for the pure sativa populations, highest for the pure falcata populations, and intermediate for the French sativa varieties that have some traits originating from falcata germplasm. Some populations could be used in breeding programs to improve disease and nematode resistance, and forage quality.     

Review of Effects of Active Components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on Central Nervous System

In order to explore the pharmacological effects of active components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on the central nervous system,through consulting related literatures,...     

Effects of Pb on Rhizosphere Soil Enzyme Activity and Chemical Constituents of Achyranthes bidentata Blume

[Objectives]The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Pb on rhizosphere soil enzyme activity and chemical constituents of Achyranthes bidentat...     

不同P-Zn配比对小麦幼苗微量元素营养的影响

采用了螯合-缓冲营养液培养方法对小麦进行了苗期培养试验,在3个P水平(0,0.6,3.0 mmol/L)和3个Zn水平(0,3,30 μmol/L)的完全组合下对小麦苗期生长及Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养进行了研究,旨在为小麦微肥施用提供理论依据.结果表明,P、Zn的正常供应促进了小麦生长,二者的缺乏与过量均会抑制小麦发育,且这种影响在冠部表现得更为明显.在小麦苗期,Zn与Cu的吸收存在明显的拮抗作用,但供Zn则促进了Zn和Cu的转运,而Mn转运则受到了抑制;过量供Zn时,大量Zn被转运到冠部,同时明显抑制了(Fe+Cu+Mn)的吸收总量;P的供应显著地抑制了Fe的吸收,但P的供应提高了Zn、Cu、Mn的转运率;P、Zn在对Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn间吸收竞争的影响中,Zn本身的影响要比P的影响更为明显,供Zn明显促进了小麦幼苗对Zn的吸收;在小麦幼苗冠部,Zn与Fe的竞争中,供P利于Zn的吸收,缺P则利于Fe的吸收;而Zn与Cu以及Zn与Mn间的竞争中,缺磷时利于Zn的吸收,供磷后则利于Cu和Mn的吸收.总之,小麦幼苗Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养中,P、Zn的不同配比会不同程度地改变Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn的协同或拮抗效应.     

Isozyme variation between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes of Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth.

Summary Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth. is a wild perennial species related to the cultivated soybean, G. max (L.) Merr. It is composed of diploid (2n=40) and tetraploid (2n=80) cytotypes. Currently, to differentiate the cytotypes, plants are grown out in the greenhouse and chromosome counts made on pollen mother cells. It is a laborious and time consuming process. The objective of this study was to determine whether electrophoretic techniques could be utilized to separate the cytotypes. Electrophoretic examination of seven isozyme systems from seed of 67 G. tabacina accessions revealed banding patterns that could be used to differentiate between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes in the species. Among the tetraploid accessions, the number of bands observed were always greater than the diploids. Some tetraploid banding patterns consisted of bands similar to the diploid tabacina and/or additional bands previously identified in other Glycine species. The patterns of isozyme multiplicity and variation in the tetraploid tabacinas suggests more than one mode of origin for the tetraploids.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.