安徽地区钢板仓稻谷就仓干燥试验

研制了一款组合式钢板仓,配合通风导管使用,开展高水分稻谷就仓干燥试验,将初始水分含量为23.4%的稻谷降至13.5%(安全水分),且水分分层控制在0.3%/m粮层内,干燥后稻谷品质良好,单位能耗为2.9 kW·h/(t·1%)。     

基于立体插管式通风系统稻谷就仓干燥研究

采用立体插管式通风系统,对平均水分16.6%±1.3%(湿基)、堆高7m的稻谷堆进行恒温(25℃±1.5℃)通风干燥试验。试验结果表明:立体插管式通风干燥可以将整仓粮食水分降至14.2%±1.3%,水分分层现象明显改善,单位能耗为7.7kW·h/(1%H_2O·t),干燥成本较低。干燥后稻谷脂肪酸值、出糙率、整精米率依旧保持良好。     

玉米就仓干燥试验

采用移动组合通风系统进行了玉米就仓干燥试验,水分从15．3％降至14．2％,单位能耗2．66kw·h／1％·t,全仓水分由干燥前的很不均匀到干燥后分布相对均匀,保证了粮食安全,干燥成本低于人工晾晒,综合效益显著。根据实际通风效果将整个通风过程分为六个阶段,分析了移动组合通风各阶段的粮食温度变化和粮食水分转移规律。     

偏高水分稻谷立体式就仓热风干燥试验

采用了一种适用于多种仓型的"圭"形风道和移动式垂直扦插通风系统进行热风干燥。通过立体通风160h,全仓水分从18.9%降低到14.5%,整仓水分梯度差均小于0.6%/m粮层厚度,最大水分梯度差低于0.8%/m粮层厚度,有效地控制了3m以上堆高的水分垂直分层现象。试验单位能耗为3.58元/(t·1%水分),经济效益可观。     

高水分玉米低温真空干燥新技术研究及应用

将真空干燥技术引入到粮食干燥领域,研究高水分玉米低温真空干燥生产工艺和设备,300 t/d生产试验表明,低温真空干燥能使高水分玉米达到安全储藏水分以下,出机玉米硬度高、品质较好,与传统的热风干燥方式相比,低温真空干燥能解决玉米干燥后裂纹率高的问题,节约能耗20%左右,玉米真空干燥有较好的发展前景.     

偏高水分玉米就仓干燥节能通风试验

在基建房式仓对当年收获入库的偏高水分玉米(入库平均水分15%),利用加速式节能轴流风机和地上笼通风系统进行实仓降水通风处理,试验结果表明,从入仓玉米装满一组地上通风笼开始依次通风,进行均匀降水,经过475 h的压入式通风作业,整仓玉米平均水分降至14.3%,降水通风的单位能耗是1.18 k Wh/(1%·t),实现了低温储藏.     

高水分玉米真空低温干燥工艺生产性试验研究

东北是我国的玉米主产区,产量占全国的30%～40%.受自然条件的影响,玉米收获水分常达22%～30%,成熟度及含水率都不均匀,根据玉米热敏性物料干燥的热特性及市场要求,考虑到它的热稳定性及破碎敏感性的特点,采用真空低温干燥技术生产性试验方法,对干燥工艺及方式进行了分析研究,设计了300 t/d高水分玉米真空低温连续干燥工业自动化生产线,并对生产性试验关键技术进行了分析和研究.依据试验结果,分析玉米含水率、干燥介质温度、真空度、玉米温度、干燥时间、汽化蒸发温度等参数之间的联系与相互作用.生产试验表明:玉米含水率在24%时,维持干燥塔内真空度采用高温水加热,一次降水幅度达到10%～15%.保证了玉米品质的色、香、味、形及营养成分,具有干燥品质好、降水速度快、产量高、能耗低、操作方便、经济性价比高等优点.     

发酵菜粕流化干燥技术的研究

为改善发酵菜粕干燥工艺,利用流化床设备对其进行干燥研究。对干燥过程中定时采样的数据进行计算统计,得出干燥过程中发酵菜粕的干燥特性曲线,分析发酵菜粕在干燥过程中物料水分变化的特性。结果表明,120℃恒定干燥条件下,发酵菜粕的恒定干燥速率为82.62 kg/(m2 ·h),恒速干燥阶段蒸发的水分占总蒸发量的44.54%。该研究获得了发酵菜粕的干燥曲线和干燥速率曲线,为发酵饲料的流化床干燥工艺的优化提供参考和依据。     

圆形卧式通风储存仓小麦干燥试验研究

为了解圆形卧式通风储存仓的干燥特性,以新收获高水分小麦作为试验材料,对干燥过程中小麦水分、温湿度、真菌孢子数等指标的变化规律进行研究。结果表明:以246 m~3/(t·h)的单位风量,经过28 h间断式通风,小麦平均水分由17.3%降为12.0%。干燥过程中,平均温度由29.3℃平稳升高到33.3℃,相对湿度由78.6%平稳降低到59.7%,干燥后小麦真菌孢子数为2.3×10~5个/g,未发生霉变。干燥前后淀粉、蛋白质、湿面筋含量等品质指标无显著变化,品质保持良好。经试验证明,利用圆形卧式通风储存仓能够达到小麦快速干燥的目的,为圆形卧式通风储存仓小麦干燥工艺优化及设备改进提供了参考依据。     

斜流风机通风、环流一体化系统自然通风与压入式通风保水低能耗降温通风试验

常用的4kW和5.5kW双向混流风机所需通风笼口的直径至少在600mm以上,而实际中许多通风笼口都达不到这个直径,增加了改造的难度。采用更加小巧的2.2kW斜流风机,不仅易于改造,更能适应目前绝大多数通风笼口,而且有更高的效率,节能效果比以往更加显著。对2.2kW斜流风机的压入式环流和压入式通风进行全面的测试,环流通风总风量为23972m~3/h(环流通风单位通风量为3.1m~3/h·t),通风总风量为41075m~3/h(通风单位通风量为5.3m~3/h·t),两者之比为58.36%,为目前各种通风、环流一体化系统中环流通风比最高的。该试验为该系统的通风降温功能试验,充分利用自然通风和低风量通风,探索更低的单位能耗,也进一步降低通风过程中的水分损失。试验证明,单位能耗0.0252kW·h/(℃·t),比标准能耗0.04kW·h/(℃·t)节能37.0%,水分减量仅为0.3%。试验证明该系统有更强的低温气体选择性(斜流风机的加热性)和作为自然通风的最后的安全门和保护器。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.