外来入侵杂草刺果瓜的危险性风险分析

【目的】刺果瓜（Sicyos angulatus）是对中国极具威胁的外来入侵物种之一,主要发生在国内北京、河北、辽宁、山东等地。通过对该杂草的风险分析,提出防治建议。【方法】采用有害生物危险性评价定性和半定量分析方法,建立刺果瓜的风险评估体系。【结果】通过定性和半定量风险分析,得出刺果瓜综合风险R值为2.01。【结论】刺果瓜在中国属于高度危险的入侵杂草。建议加强进口粮谷检疫监管,国内发生区加强监测和根除,未发生区加强普查等综合防治刺果瓜。     

基于MaxEnt模型预测外来入侵植物刺果瓜在中国的潜在地理分布

为明确外来入侵植物刺果瓜 Sicyos angulatus在我国的潜在地理分布,基于MaxEnt模型、ArcGIS软件及全球分布数据,在历史气候条件及未来气候条件下 （低强迫情景SSP126和高强迫情景SSP585）预测刺果瓜在中国的潜在地理分布。结果显示, MaxEnt模型的曲线下面积（area undercurve, AUC）值为0.977,表明模型具有较高的可靠性;气温季节性变化、最热月的最高温、最干月降水量和最湿季节的降水量是影响刺果瓜在中国潜在地理分布的4个关键环境变量;历史气候条件下刺果瓜主要发生在中国东部、中部和西部,适生区总面积占中国陆地总面积的23.29%;未来气候条件下,刺果瓜在中国的适生区范围有所减少, SSP126和SSP585情景下刺果瓜在中国的适生区总面积分别为186.10×10⁴ km²和162.68×10⁴ km²,分别占中国陆地总面积的19.35%和16.91%,但还是主要覆盖黄淮海平原夏播玉米区和南方丘陵玉米区等产区,质心由南向北移动。     

北京首次发现外来入侵植物刺果瓜

刺果瓜原产美国,2010年9月,北京在海淀区温泉镇太舟坞山林地带首次发现,并对生态环境的危害进行了初步调查。本文对该种的形态特征、生物学特性、防控对策等进行了介绍。     

瓜蓟马的发生规律及测报技术初探

瓜蓟马在梧州发生的主要种类有棕榈蓟马(Thrinsnal mi Karng)、蓟马(T·flavas schardk),黄蓟马(T·flavidalas (Bagnall)等,总称瓜蓟马。在梧州年发生十七代左右,世代重叠,第一代是从3月上旬开始,为害冬、节瓜的主害代是二至七代,为害期从4月上旬至5月中旬。冬瓜受害后,顶芽萎缩,生长受抑,幼果伤疤状流汁,茸毛变黑,果     

农抗120的使用技术

农抗120是中国农科院生防室研制的一种新的农用抗生素。在全国植保总站制订的“北方片无公害蔬菜生产规范化措施”中,农抗120列为防治白粉病的首用药剂。 农抗120的产生菌系链霉菌属,刺孢吸水链霉菌的一个变种,定名为刺孢吸水链霉菌北京变种(ftreptomyces hygrospinosus var.beijingesis)。其作用机制是直接阻障病原菌蛋白质的合成,导致病原菌死亡。经多年室内及大面积防治试验表明:农抗12抗菌谱广,防治瓜、果、蔬菜、花卉、烟草、小麦等白粉病;瓜、果、菜发疽病;西瓜、蔬菜枯萎病;水     

外来入侵植物——少花蒺藜草研究进展

少花蒺藜草(Cenchrus pauciflorus Benth.)作为杂草或因为具有入侵性而受到关注,目前在国内传播日趋广泛,发生危害越来越重,为了深入研究其发生规律和防除技术,对其研究现状进行全面的总结十分必要。少花蒺藜草具有倒钩状的刺苞,以带刺的果实进行传播,主要以成熟的刺苞造成危害,在其刺果成熟期,生长区内人畜难行,尤其对羊毛和羊的肠胃伤害特别严重。综述了少花蒺藜草在国内外的分布情况、国内严重发生地区、入侵性及传播途径以及所造成的危害和经济损失等现状。     

刺果瓜甲醇提取物对植物化感作用的研究

为了利用入侵植物资源的化感作用开发植物源除草剂,以刺果瓜的根、茎为试验材料,研究其甲醇提取物(提取率分别是1.85%、1.73%)对苹果芥菜、白菜、谷子、亚麻的芽前、芽后抑制率。芽前试验结果表明:在10 mg/m L浓度下,得到发芽抑制率,苹果芥菜是24.01%、22.22%;白菜是30.80%、19.26%;谷子是20.68%、13.86%;亚麻均为10.00%。可以看出其甲醇提取物对种子萌发有一定影响。芽后试验结果表明:在10 000μg/m L浓度下,得到根长、茎长抑制率,苹果芥菜是38.01%、35.47%,52.69%、74.71%;亚麻是37.65%、35.90%,68.81%、20.14%;白菜是32.61%、36.85%,4.36%、53.34%;谷子是8.23%、10.96%,35.62%、32.12%。可以看出其甲醇提取物对幼苗生长有明显影响。芽前和芽后试验结果表明,刺果瓜根、茎甲醇提取物对苹果芥菜、亚麻、白菜和谷子有一定的抑制活性。     

加强植保监测体系建设，提高病虫监控能力

八步区属南岭山地丘陵地区和典型的亚热带季风气候区,非常适宜各种农作物生长,粮、油、菜、瓜、果等作物面积大,复种指数高。随着种子市场的放开以及气候、耕作栽培、施药防治等因素影响,病虫侵入途径增加,病虫发生形势日趋严峻,水稻常年发生病虫害就有30多种,水稻“两迁”害虫（稻飞虱、稻纵卷叶螟）、螟类、稻瘟病、纹枯病等频繁发生,2010年又发生罕见的南方水稻黑条矮缩病;     

天达2116应用技术

（接第3期）对于瓜茄果类型的蔬菜使用天达—2116可以早结瓜（果）、多结瓜（果）、结好瓜（果），对温度、湿度等不良环境条件产生的生理病害以及药害、肥害都有缓解、抑制和修复作用，增产幅度在20％以上，节省农药在30％以上．提高耐储性和商品价值，商品率提高15％以上，综合效益显著。对于地下根茎类型的蔬菜使用天达2116．可以促进茎叶生长，提高光合作用，促进养分输送和积累．抑制先期抽薹，加速地下害虫咬伤后的修复．克服生理失调．增产幅度在30％以上．商品率和耐储性都有明显提高。     

西瓜细菌性果斑病调查初报

西瓜细菌性果斑病是近几年在霞浦县西瓜上发生的1种新病害。具有发病快、防治难、为害重等特点。因其致病的特殊性和某些客观因素限制,几年来,该病的发生难以控制,对本县西瓜生产已构成严重威胁。笔者将近年来田间调查情况报道如下:1发病情况西瓜细菌性果斑病于2002年6月在本县盐田、沙江、洲洋3个乡(镇)首次发现,发生面积约12hm2。近年来迅速扩展到长春、崇儒、柏洋、牙城等7个主产西瓜的乡(镇),年发生面积120～200hm2,染病瓜地西瓜产量损失30%～100%,造成毁灭性为害。2病害症状幼苗子叶发病,叶背面呈现水渍状斑点,并沿主脉逐渐发展为黑褐…     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.