温度对Mn-Ce/γ-Al2O3催化氧化柴油机尾气NO性能的影响

通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了xMnyCe/γ-Al_2O_3(x∶y为摩尔比,x=4,6,8,10;y=10)催化剂。利用X射线衍射(X-raydiffraction,XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(X-rayphotoelectronspectroscopy,XPS)对催化剂的理化性能进行了表征,并在管式固定床反应器中考察了在不同温度下催化剂对NO的催化氧化活性影响规律。结果表明,NO转化率随着温度的升高而增加,在300℃时达到峰值,随后受热力学控制,NO转化率随温度的升高有所降低。在250~350℃温度区间,xMn10Ce/γ-Al_2O_3(x≥6)催化剂都表现出较好的NO催化氧化活性。其中,6Mn10Ce/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂的低温催化活性较好,在200℃时对NO的转化率达44.8%,300℃时高达83.6%。Mn-Ce/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂的NO氧化性能由强到弱为:6Mn10Ce/γ-Al_2O_38Mn10Ce/γ-Al_2O_310Mn10Ce/γ-Al_2O_34Mn10Ce/γ-Al_2O_3。     

空气湿度对柴油机NOx和碳烟排放影响的模拟分析

为了解空气湿度对柴油机排放的影响,该文利用KIVA-3V软件,建立柴油机燃烧过程模型,研究了空气含湿量分别为0、5、10和20g/kg时柴油机NOx和碳烟排放的变化规律,模拟了热物性参数、进气成分、燃烧中间产物演化过程。计算结果表明:随着空气湿度增加,NOx排放近似呈线性减少,含湿量20g/kg时NOx排放可减少30%以上,除大负荷外,湿度对碳烟排放影响均较小。随着湿度增加,除了N2和O2减少,自由基O和OH也会减少。在大负荷、高湿度时,O2浓度的下降并由此引起的碳烟氧化量减少是碳烟生成量增加的重要原因,空气湿度对碳烟排放具有双重影响。     

负载型Cs_2O固体碱催化剂的制备及催化酯交换反应性能

以Cs2CO3作为催化剂前驱体,利用γ-Al2O3、TiO2、MgO、SiO2、CaO和NaY型分子筛6种不同的载体,在700℃下焙烧,制备Cs2O固体碱催化剂,并用其催化菜籽油酯交换反应制取生物柴油.结果表明,以γ-Al2O3、MgO和CaO均能制备出超强固体碱,根据制备出的固体碱催化酯交换反应的酯交换率和产物分离性能分析,γ-Al2O3是最适合的载体.以Cs2CO3为前驱体,以γ-Al2O3为载体开展的催化剂试验结果表明:固体碱的最佳制备工艺条件为:煅烧温度700℃,煅烧时间5 h,煅烧气氛为N2.在此工艺条件下,制取的催化剂用于催化菜籽油的酯交换率达到了95.5%.     

2004 Mack MD11柴油机燃料加氢后NOx与微粒排放特性

为了降低柴油机的排放,氢作为柴油机燃料的研究正在引起研究者的关注。该文进行了在2004 Mack MD11柴油机中添加不同比例氢气(最高氢气比例达7%)与柴油形成混合燃料的NOx、微粒(PM,particulate matter)排放特性研究。研究表明:负荷工况不同,添加氢气对NOx排放特性的影响不同;随着添加氢的增加,有NO转化为NO2现象;NOx排放很大程度还与发动机可变截面涡轮增压系统(VGT,variable-geometry gas turbine)和废气再循环系统(EGR,exhaust gas recirculation)工作状况有关;添加氢气后即使在大、全负荷下,NOx排放量也没有明显增加。这主要归因于2004 Mack MD11采取了EGR,并且随着负荷增加,EGR率也在增加。在各种负荷工况下,添加氢气对降低PM排放量的作用明显,PM排放量减小率一般达50%以上,最高达75%。     

低温等离子体协同纳米催化技术降低柴油机NOx排放

针对目前国内外开展的利用低温等离子体协同催化(NPAC)技术转化NOx排放的热点科学问题,采用柠檬酸络合法制备了一种La0.8K0.2Mn0.5Co0.5O3(LKMCO)纳米催化剂,协同低温等离子体(non-thermalplasma,NTP)发生器建立了NPAC系统。通过发动机台架试验,研究了NPAC技术转化柴油机NOx排放的影响因素,重点分析了NTP能量密度和排气温度对转化NOx的影响规律。结果表明:在NTP不同放电频率工作下,O2浓度与原机相比明显降低,降幅最高为5.17%;随着能量密度的增加,NO2浓度升高,NO浓度降低。在放电频率为14.0kHz条件下,当能量密度大于80J/L时,NO2和NO浓度开始转化;在温度为280～350℃时,LKCMO催化剂发挥活性,NPAC技术作用下NOx转化效率得以显著提高。     

Zn改性Sr/γ-Al2O3表面吸附甲醇活化羟基的分子模拟

为明确Zn原子掺杂强化Sr/γ-Al2O3对吸附甲醇效果的影响,进而提高生物柴油产率,该研究基于密度泛函理论,在Sr单原子掺杂的基础上建立了Sr-Zn双原子掺杂γ-Al2O3(110)表面模型,通过计算掺杂能得到了最稳定催化剂表面;优化模拟了甲醇吸附于催化剂表面的吸附构型,并计算相应的吸附能。模拟结果表明,Sr原子倾向于替换Al3c-1和Al4c-2配位铝,Zn原子倾向与替换Al4c-4配位铝,此时催化剂表面掺杂能最小,其值为945.00 kJ/mol;Zn原子掺杂Sr/γ-Al2O3(110)表面时,甲醇吸附催化剂表面的吸附能绝对值增加,其吸附能值为?305.60 kJ/mol,甲醇上氧原子得电子数增加,羟基上氢原子与催化剂表面成键效果更好。Zn原子掺杂强化Sr/γ-Al2O3催化剂吸附甲醇的稳定性得到强化,有利于后续生物柴油的合成。研究结果可为促进生物柴油的发展、有效调整农业结构、减少化石燃料的燃烧提供理论参考。     

内部废气再循环柴油机燃烧过程分析及排放性能试验

为了探索小型非道路柴油机采用内部废气再循环技术改善其排放性能的有效途径,该文提出了一种在进气凸轮上增加预进气凸轮实现柴油机内部废气再循环(internal exhaust gas recirculation,IEGR)的方案。通过拍摄柴油机燃烧过程中的火焰图片、测试缸内压力、计算燃烧放热率、火焰温度场、碳烟浓度分布场以及有害污染物的排放测试,对比分析了实施内部废气再循环前后,小型非道路柴油机燃烧过程及排放性能的变化趋势。结果表明:1 760 r/min、50%负荷工况下,引入IEGR后由燃烧放热引起的第二压力峰值由5.49下降到5.43 MP,燃烧放热始点推迟了0.5℃A,瞬时放热率峰值由85.7下降到82.4 J/deg;缸内燃烧火焰平均温度降低,高温强辐射区域面积占有率峰值由30下降到10‰以内,而表征碳烟浓度的KL因子平均值的峰值由原机的40.5上升到67.4,且高浓度区域的比例显著增加。1 760 r/min转速,引入IEGR后各负荷工况下的NOx排放均有所降低,而碳烟排放则呈现增加的趋势;结合供油提前角的协同优化,可以实现部分负荷工况下有效燃油消耗率、NOx及碳烟排放的同时降低,具有以实现整机性能优化的潜力。该研究工作为内部废弃再循环技术在小型非道路柴油机上的应用提供了参考。     

二叔丁基过氧化物对生物柴油燃烧过程及排放的影响

采用十六烷值改进剂二叔丁基过氧化物(Di-tert-butyl peroxide,DTBP)对生物柴油的着火性能进行改进。通过柴油机台架试验,测量了标定转速2900r/min、不同负荷时柴油机的气缸压力和排放污染物,考察了DTBP不同添加比对生物柴油燃烧过程及排放的影响。研究结果表明,随着DTBP添加比例的增加,着火延迟期及缸内最高爆发压力均有所降低,DTBP添加比例为0.75%时,滞燃期缩短1.2°CA左右,燃烧持续期缩短3°CA左右,缸内最高爆发压力降低2.5%;添加DTBP后,HC、CO、NOx排放均有所改善,DTBP添加比例为0.25%时,排放降低最多:HC排放降低42.7%,CO排放降低13.9%,NOx排放降低15.7%,随着DTBP添加比的增加,排放略有升高,但对碳烟排放影响不大。     

EGR对轻型柴油机缸内燃烧及排放性能影响的可视化

为探索EGR对轻型柴油机小负荷工况下缸内燃烧及排放性能的影响规律,该文以某高压共轨轻型柴油机为样机,搭建柴油机缸内工作过程可视化研究平台,通过缸内燃烧过程高速摄影、缸内示功图采集及放热率计算分析了EGR对轻型车用柴油机燃烧过程及排放性能的影响规律。研究表明:通过所搭建的柴油机缸内工作工程可视化平台可以直观的分析柴油机缸内喷雾燃烧过程。小负荷工况条件下,随着EGR率的增加,滞燃期缩短,柴油机缸内燃烧持续期延长,燃烧后期平均温度上升,缸内压力峰值、瞬时放热率峰值均降低,与EGR率为10%时相比,EGR率40%时NOX、HC和CO排放分别下降了65.6%,46.4%和8.7%,而炭烟的排放先减小后增大,EGR率超过30%后炭烟排放及燃油经济性出现恶化。该研究可为有效降低柴油机排放提供参考。     

乙醇柴油配比优化及其用于发动机的性能试验

为了完善乙醇柴油的稳定性、燃油经济性和排放性能的研究,该文基于稳定性试验数据建立响应面模型,并对乙醇柴油的配比进行优化和试验验证,最后使用优化后乙醇柴油(体积比:乙醇10%,正丁醇4%,柴油86%;简称乙醇柴油)在柴油机上进行负荷特性试验.结果表明:常温下该燃料在具塞试管里可以保持稳定状态,不发生相分离时间达到60 d以上.通过额定转速1500 r/min及1200 r/min转速下的负荷特性试验发现,使用乙醇柴油的发动机有效热效率在小负荷时与纯柴油相近,在高负荷及全负荷时均高于纯柴油;乙醇柴油的NOx排放,在小负荷时低于纯柴油,在中高负荷时却稍高于纯柴油,在全负荷时与纯柴油相近;乙醇柴油的碳烟排放,在小负荷时与纯柴油相近,在中高负荷时却明显低于纯柴油.对于试验所用柴油机,适当减小供油提前角有利于改善乙醇柴油的发动机燃油经济性和排放性能.     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.