棉花中白色异性纤维的激光成像快速检测方法

现有的棉花异性纤维分拣机采用可见光照明成像,难以识别棉花中混杂的白色异性纤维。为了有效地检测出与棉花颜色相同或相近的白色异性纤维,该文采用线激光照明成像的方法,在固定线激光功率、波长和相机光圈的条件下,利用不同的曝光时间,获取了12种典型的白色异性纤维与皮棉的图像,分析其成像曝光时间与图像对比度之间的关系,发现不同的关系曲线存在一段共有的最优曝光峰值时间。在此曝光时间内,同一图像中的白色异性纤维已经"过曝",而棉花还处于欠饱和状态。二者图像灰度值的明显差异可用于检测棉花中的白色异性纤维。该文在线激光功率为0.8 W,波长650 nm,相机光圈为8C,曝光时间为1.6 ms的条件下获取了1 500幅图像。试验表明,采用简单的固定阈值法,皮棉中12种典型的白色异性纤维的识别率达到了95.8%。研究结果为提高棉花中白色异性纤维的识别率和速度提供了一条新途径。     

基于线激光与LED的棉花中异性纤维检测方法

激光成像可以检测出皮棉中的白色异性纤维,而深色和有色的异性纤维反光性能差,激光成像难以检测。该文提出了一种基于LED与线激光的双光源一次成像方法,可以检测出各种颜色的异性纤维。试验以白色、深色和浅色共20种典型异性纤维和皮棉作为样本,在相机曝光时间与光圈不变的条件下,逐步改变LED亮度和线激光功率,发现在RGB颜色空间,利用R(红色)通道,白色异性纤维与棉花的可分度随着激光功率的增大而增大,达到峰值之后又逐步减小;在HIS颜色空间,利用S(饱和度)通道,有色异性纤维与棉花的可分度随着LED亮度的增大而增大,达到峰值之后又逐步减小。在此基础上,该文获取了310幅棉花与异性纤维的图像,作出了基于R与S通道的图像可分度、LED亮度与激光功率的对应变化曲线,然后将两种曲线进行融合,在曝光时间106μs、光圈2.8C条件下,发现线激光功率7.01 m W、LED亮度3 326 lx时,白色异性纤维和深色、有色异性纤维与棉花的可分度最大。采用上述双光源成像参数和该文的成像装置获取840幅图像,通过简单的二值化图像分割算法,白色异性纤维的正确识别为84.1%,深色和有色异性纤维正确识别为93.9%,优于单独激光成像或单独LED成像的识别率。     

棉花异性纤维图像在线分割方法

图像分割是基于机器视觉检测棉花中异性纤维含量的关键技术。棉花图像的背景（棉花纤维）简单,灰度服从正态分布,目标（异性纤维）一般都比背景暗,但是细小且灰度分布方差大。该文有针对性地提出一种背景估计阈值BET（Background Estimation Thresholding）方法对棉花图像进行分割,并选择3类典型棉花图像样本与Otsu方法进行了对比试验。BET方法能得到更好的分割结果,并且算法速度快,100万次分割耗时仅8.46 s。试验结果表明该方法简单有效,速度快,可应用于大批量棉花异性纤维的实时在线     

基于自适应域值分割与力矩的棉花异性纤维分类方法

为能够准确统计出棉花中所含异性纤维的重量和数目,提出一种机器视觉与图像处理技术,对棉花异性纤维进行检测分类。在提取棉花异性纤维原始图像的基础上,采用灰度处理和滤波技术完成图像的预处理,采用自适应域值技术来完成棉花异性纤维图像分割,在分割出的二值化图像基础上,采用挖空内点法和邻域搜索法进行轮廓提取,提出以异性纤维轮廓的面积与周长平方之比作为力矩,对棉花异性纤维进行分类。通过对300个棉花异性纤维样本图像进行了试验,分类准确率可以达到96%。结果表明该技术和分类力矩可以准确的对棉花异性纤维进行初分类。     

基于最小噪声分离的籽棉异性纤维高光谱图像识别(英文)

针对籽棉表层多类难检异性纤维,包括纸屑、白发、丙纶丝、化纤和地膜等5种白色物质,采用高光谱技术和最小噪声分离(minimum noise fraction,MNF)分析方法对含有异性纤维的籽棉图像进行研究。该文在400～1 000 nm的光谱范围内采集高光谱图像,根据光谱曲线选取子区域,应用最小噪声分离分析方法降维、去噪。取MNF变换后的前4幅分量图像,通过视觉评价,选定最佳成分图像并融合中值滤波、灰度变化等图像处理的方法确定最佳分割图像,提取异性纤维。试验结果表明,对于以上5种异性纤维,该方法的识别率达到91.0%。该研究可为棉花异性纤维检测系统的开发提供参考。     

皮棉表面单类异性纤维的高光谱图像检测

皮棉杂质直接影响棉包定级和棉纺织品品质。国内外学者采用机器视觉等技术,能够有效检测着色较深、面积较大和含有荧光物质的部分棉花杂质。但是,针对纤细、浅色、白色和透明杂质检测效果不佳。因此,该文采用高光谱成像系统获取纤细、浅色、白色及透明异性纤维的棉花高光谱图像,异性纤维包括灰色,白色和透明的丙纶丝、黑色人发、黑色和白色的猪毛、黑色或者透明的聚乙烯地膜碎片。采用主成分分析、独立成分分析、双波段比分析和波长合并四种降维方法,对比其异性纤维分割效果,确定最佳预分割图像。随后,采用Sobel算子边界提取和形态学处理分割这些图像,再采用膨胀和收缩等形态学运算分割出目标区域,最后采用面积单值滤波剔除二进制图像中的噪声点和伪目标区域。统计结果,训练和验证集异性纤维的识别准确度分别为73.2%和75.3%,其中,灰色丙纶丝和黑色毛发的识别率超过93%,白色丙纶丝的精确分割大于80%,结果表明,高光谱图像系统可以准确检测部分浅色、白色和黑色纤细的异性纤维,白色纤细毛发和透明的聚乙烯地膜碎片检测效果较差。     

纤维红外吸收特性及其在皮棉杂质检测中的应用

皮棉异性纤维杂质检测技术是近几年来国内外研究的难点。为有效检测皮棉中与棉纤维外观极其相似的异性纤维杂质，提出了一种显微近红外成像方法用于检测皮棉中异性纤维。该方法将棉纤维与异性纤维在特定红外波段的吸收特性差别，转化为近红外光谱成像系统中两者的灰度、形态图像特征差别，通过显微光路对图像特征差别放大，利用图像分割技术将异性纤维目标分割出来。试验结果表明，采用显微近红外成像方法捕获的图像中，异性纤维灰度、形态特征明显，其检测结果与实际相符，此方法可有效识别皮棉中异性纤维杂质。     

基于改进二维最大类间方差法的白色异性纤维检测算法

白色异性纤维的检测是棉花在线检测中的一个难题。通过对白色异性纤维和皮棉灰度直方图的分析,改进了二维Otsu算法,在计算目标和背景的概率和时考虑了二维灰度直方图副对角线区域的概率和,缩小了二维Otsu算法阈值对的取值范围。经过试验表明,与一维Otsu算法和快速二维Otsu算法相比,改进后的二维Otsu算法的准确性和实时性都得到了有效提高,该算法在实际生产中已经得到了成功的应用。     

皮棉表面多类异性纤维的高光谱图像检测

为了考察高光谱成像技术检测多类异性纤维共存时的性能,也为其今后用于商业化皮棉质量评价,或在线皮棉杂质分拣提供研究基础,试验采集丙纶丝和毛发共存的样本高光谱图像。依据单一异性纤维分割的最佳波段图像,获得灰度平均和小波变换后融合图像。通过对比小波变换融合图像,灰度平均图像,以及全波段下主成分和独立成分得分图像,获得用于目标分割的最佳图像。采用最优特征集和分类树判别方法,判别最佳图像分割后的连通区域,剔除噪声点和假阳性。依据目标判定原则,训练集和独立验证集的异性纤维识别率分别为84.09%和75.86%。结果表     

基于改进的粒子群多阈值算法的白色异性纤维检测

为了提高皮棉中白色异性纤维的识别精度,该文提出了一种基于改进混沌粒子群的白色异性纤维检测算法,该算法将图像的像素点按灰度值分为多类,把所有相邻类间方差看做一个粒子种群,以最大类间方差组作为种群适应度评价函数。通过滑动窗口技术判断算法是否陷入局部最优。有效克服了标准粒子群算法容易陷入局部最优的缺陷。通过试验验证,该文提出的算法对白色异性纤维的识别准确率达到98.6%。通过与标准二维Otsu算法的对比分割试验发现在分割较细小的白色异性纤维以及白色纤维与皮棉发生重叠的情况时,该算法的分割结果比标准二维Otsu算法更准确,噪声点更少。为皮棉异性纤维检测与剔除工艺的改善提供了技术依据。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.