饲料中不同水平的脂肪和维生素E对罗非鱼生长和抗链球菌能力的影响(一)

试验旨在研究饲料中不同水平的脂肪和维生素E对罗非鱼生长、免疫应答和对链球菌抵抗力的影响。基础饲料(粗蛋白35%,消化能14.23MJ/kg)分别添加6%、10%和14%的混合油脂(玉米油和曼哈顿鱼油比例为1:1)和维生素E50mg/kg、100mg/kg和200mg/kg。每个试验组3个重复,连续饲喂12周。罗非鱼体增重、摄食量和存活率不受饲料中脂肪和维生素E水平的影响,添加14%脂肪组罗非鱼饲料效率显著比添加6%脂肪组低,但与添加10%脂肪组无显著差异。这些变化不受饲料中维生素E水平的影响。添加14%脂肪和100mg/kg的维生素E组的罗非鱼全鱼脂肪含量显著增加。肝脏中的α-维生素E水平与饲料中维生素E的变化趋势一致,但在添加14%脂肪组显著降低。血液学指标和肝指数不受饲料中各处理组的影响。添加14%脂肪水平组罗非鱼血清蛋白显著增加,但不受饲料中维生素E水平的影响。而添加200mg/kg的维生素E后,罗非鱼溶菌酶活性不受日粮中脂肪梯度影响,但在添加200mg/kg维生素E处理组显著增加。添加10%和14%脂肪水平组罗非鱼补体活性显著降低,但维生素E添加量达到100mg/kg或200mg/kg时补体活性随之增...     

维生素E在罗非鱼幼鱼饲料中的应用及耐受性研究

本试验旨在研究维生素E在罗非鱼幼鱼饲料中的应用及耐受性。选用400尾大小均匀[平均体重(3.25±0.02)g]、健康的吉富罗非鱼幼鱼,随机分为5组,每组4个重复,每个重复20尾。各组分别投喂添加0(对照)、25、50、250、2 500 mg/kg维生素E的试验饲料。试验期56 d。结果表明:维生素E添加量为250 mg/kg组的鱼体增重率、特定生长率显著高于其他4组(P<0.05),其他4组间差异不显著(P>0.05);对照组成活率要低于其他4组,且差异与50和2 500 mg/kg组达到显著水平(P<0.05)。维生素E添加量为250 mg/kg组的血清超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),肝胰脏超氧化物歧化酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。维生素E添加量为250 mg/kg组的血清和肝胰脏丙二醛含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结果提示,维生素E能提高罗非鱼幼鱼生长性能,增强机体抗氧化能力。过量的维生素E虽能降低罗非鱼的脂质过氧化反应,但同时会抑制罗非鱼幼鱼生长。根据罗非鱼幼鱼生长性能、抗氧化酶活性及生化指标,确定维生素E对罗非鱼幼鱼56 d最大未观察到有害作用剂量为8.50 mg/(kg.d)。     

饲料中维生素E不同添加水平对香鱼仔稚鱼生长性能及抗氧化酶活力的影响

为探讨饲料中维生素E不同添加水平对香鱼仔稚鱼成活率、生长性能及抗氧化酶活力的影响,确定香鱼仔稚鱼饲料中维生素E的适宜添加量,试验以平均初始体长(5.22±0.32)cm,体重(1.38±0.27)g的香鱼仔稚鱼为试验对象,在以鱼粉、去皮豆粕、小麦粉和豆油等配制成的半精制基础饲料中分别添加0、75、150、225 IU/kg和300 IU/kg维生素E醋酸酯制成试验饲料。在水温(20±2)℃下,用上述5种饲料饲投喂试验鱼60 d后,统计其成活率,并测定其特定生长率、饲料系数及肝胰脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力。结果表明:饲料中维生素E的添加对香鱼仔稚鱼特定生长率及饲料系数无显著影响(P>0.05),对香鱼仔稚鱼成活率影响显著(P<0.05),其中150 IU/kg组成活率最高,为91.25%。饲料中维生素E的添加对香鱼仔稚鱼肝胰脏中SOD、CAT、GSH-Px活力均有影响,随维生素E添加水平升高,SOD活力和CAT活力呈现上升趋势,添加量大于150 IU/kg后,SOD活力不再升高,添加量为300 IU/kg组的...     

维生素E在罗非鱼幼鱼饲料中的应用及耐受性研究

本试验旨在研究维生素E在罗非鱼幼鱼饲料中的应用及耐受性.选用400尾大小均匀[平均体重(3.25±0.02)g]、健康的吉富罗非鱼幼鱼,随机分为5组,每组4个重复,每个重复20尾.各组分别投喂添加0(对照)、25、50、250、2 500mg/kg维生素E的试验饲料.试验期56 d.结果表明:维生素E添加量为250mg/kg组的鱼体增重率、特定生长率显著高于其他4组(P＜0.05),其他4组间差异不显著(P＞0.05);对照组成活率要低于其他4组,且差异与50和2 500mg/kg组达到显著水平(P＜0.05).维生素E添加量为250mg/kg组的血清超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),肝胰脏超氧化物歧化酶活性显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).维生素E添加量为250 mg/kg组的血清和肝胰脏丙二醛含量显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).结果提示,维生素E能提高罗非鱼幼鱼生长性能,增强机体抗氧化能力.过量的维生素E虽能降低罗非鱼的脂质过氧化反应,但同时会抑制罗非鱼幼鱼生长.根据罗非鱼幼鱼生长性能、抗氧化酶活性及生化指标,确定维生素E对罗非鱼幼鱼56 d最大未观察到有害作用剂量为8.50mg/(kg·d).     

那西肽对池塘养殖南美白对虾生长性能的研究

试验设1个空白对照组、2个那西肽试验组(添加量2和3mg/kg)和1个黄霉素对照组(添加量20mg/kg),研究那西肽对在池塘养殖条件下的南美白对虾生长性能、存活率、特定生长率和饲料利用的影响。试验期为45d。结果表明,与空白对照组相比,饲料中添加那西肽(2和3mg/kg)和黄霉素(20mg/kg)能显著提高南美白对虾的生长(P<0.05),降低饵料系数(P<0.05);与黄霉素相比,饲料中添加2mg/kg那西肽能显著提高南美白对虾的生长(P<0.05),降低饵料系数(P<0.05),添加3mg/kg那西肽对南美白对虾的生长和饵料系数影响差异不显著(P>0.05)。添加那西肽和黄霉素后对南美白对虾成活率均无显著影响(P>0.05)。以生长和饲料利用率为指标,在南美白对虾饲料中那西肽的适宜添加量为2mg/kg。     

那西肽对南美白对虾生长及饲料利用的影响

试验设5个那西肽添加组(添加量1、2、3、4、5mg/kg饲料),设1个空白对照组,以添加15mg/kg饲料的黄霉毒作为对照组,研究饲料中添加那西肽对南美白对虾生长性能、存活和饲料利用的影响。经过8周的喂养试验,结果表明,未添加组与添加黄霉素组相比,饲料中添加那西肽可显著促进南美白对虾的生长,以添加2mg/kg那西肽组的增重率最高,然而随着添加量的提高,南美白对虾的生长呈下降趋势。饲料系数和蛋白质效率受饲料中添加那西肽的影响显著,其中以添加2mg/kg那西肽组的饲料系数最低,而蛋白质效率最高。饲料中添加那西肽对南美白对虾成活率的影响不显著。以生长和饲料利用为指标,饲料中那西肽的适宜添加量为2mg/kg。     

饲料中不同水平维生素A对加州鲈生长和血清生化指标的影响

通过对平均初重为(38.31±0.26)g的加州鲈(Micropterus salmoides)投喂5组不同维生素A水平的饲料[维生素A含量分别为3.59(对照组)、16.26、33.19、63.65 mg/kg和116.49 mg/kg],每组3个重复,每个重复50尾鱼,进行8周的饲养试验,研究饲料中不同水平维生素A对加州鲈幼鱼生长和血清生化指标的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,饲料中添加63.65 mg/kg维生素A可显著提高加州鲈的增重率和特定生长率(P0.05),而对蛋白质效率、饲料系数、成活率和体成分影响不显著(P0.05)。但超过一定量的维生素A(116.49 mg/kg),反而不利于加州鲈的生长和骨骼发育。当饲料中维生素A添加水平为116.49 mg/kg时,显著降低了血清总胆固醇和肝脏脂肪含量(P0.05),当饲料中维生素A添加水平为63.65 mg/kg时,显著提高了血清谷草转氨酶的活性(P0.05),而对血清碱性磷酸酶和谷丙转氨酶没有显著性影响(P0.05)。此外,肝脏维生素A含量随着饲料维生素A水平的增加而呈线性增加。由此可见,在需要量基础上适当提高维生素A水平可促进加州鲈的生长,建议加州鲈饲料维生素A的添加量不能高于63.65 mg/kg。     

细鳞鲑幼鱼对饲料中维生素E的需求量

本试验旨在研究饲料中不同水平的维生素E对细鳞鲑幼鱼生长性能、血清生化指标和机体维生素E积累量的影响,并确定细鳞鲑幼鱼对饲料中维生素E的需求量。选取初均质量为(40.2±3.6)g的细鳞鲑幼鱼270尾,随机分成6个组,每组3个重复,每个重复15尾。各组分别投喂不同维生素E水平(实测值分别为16.6、64.9、165.5、316.2、615.5和1 214.7 mg/kg)的6种等氮等能的试验饲料。试验期120 d。结果表明:1)细鳞鲑的末均质量(FW)、增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)均随着饲料维生素E水平的升高呈先升高后降低的趋势,165.5 mg/kg组细鳞鲑的FW显著高于其他各组(P0.05),165.5 mg/kg组细鳞鲑的WGR和SGR显著高于16.6和1 214.7 mg/kg组(P0.05)。各组间细鳞鲑的摄食率、饲料系数和蛋白质效率没有显著差异(P0.05)。2)随着饲料维生素E水平的升高,血清甘油三酯(TG)和总胆固醇(TC)含量均呈逐渐降低的趋势,且615.5和1 214.5 mg/kg组显著低于其他各组(P0.05)。随着饲料维生素E水平的升高,血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)含量呈先升高后降低的趋势,且165.5 mg/kg组显著高于其他各组(P0.05),64.9和316.2 mg/kg组显著高于16.6、615.5和1 214.5 mg/kg组(P0.05);而血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量与HDL-C含量呈相反的趋势,且165.5和316.2 mg/kg组显著低于其他各组(P0.05)。各组间血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)活性没有显著差异(P0.05)。3)随着饲料维生素E水平的升高,细鳞鲑肝脏维生素E积累量除615.5与1 214.5 mg/kg组间无显著差异(P0.05)外,呈显著升高的趋势(P0.05);肌肉维生素E积累量也呈升高的趋势,在饲料维生素E水平大于165.5 mg/kg时恒定在一个水平,且165.5、316.2、615.5和1 214.5 mg/kg组肌肉维生素E沉积量显著高于16.6和64.9 mg/kg组(P0.05)。由此可见,饲料中添加适宜水平的维生素E可以改善细鳞鲑的生长性能和血清生化指标,增加肝脏和肌肉维生素E积累量。以增重率和肌肉维生素E积累量为评价指标,根据折线模型得出,细鳞鲑对饲料中维生素E的需求量分别为145.87和180.98 mg/kg。     

欧亚鲈幼鱼饲料中维生素C适宜含量的研究

选用初始体质量为(7.46±0.29)g的欧亚鲈幼鱼为试验对象,投喂6种不同水平的维生素C(0、50、100、200、400和800 mg/kg)的试验饲料,饲养8周,探讨欧亚鲈幼鱼饲料维生素C的适宜含量。结果表明,饲料中维生素C添加量从0.0升高到100 mg/kg时,鱼体增重率呈上升趋势,添加量为100 mg/kg显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但添加量继续增大,对鱼体增重率无显著变化(P>0.05);经折线模型分析表明,欧亚鲈鱼种达到最大生长时,饲料中的维生素C的最低添加量为93.58 mg/kg。欧亚鲈肝脏中维生素C含量随着饲料中维生素C(0～200 mg/kg)的增加而显著升高(P<0.05),但添加量继续升高,则肝脏中维生素C达到饱和状态,经折线分析表明,肝脏中维生素C达到饱和时,饲料中的维生素C的最低添加量为149.27 mg/kg。急性胁迫前,各组血糖之间无显著差异(P>0.05),急性胁迫后,血糖升高峰值最低和恢复最快的是饲料中维生素C为400～800 mg/kg。在本试验条件下,欧亚鲈幼鱼达到最大生长、肝脏维生素C饱和及抗拥挤胁迫的维生素C适宜添加量分别为93.58、149.27 mg/kg和400 mg/kg。     

饲料中不同维生素E水平对加州鲈生长和抗氧化性能的影响

以维生素E实际添加量分别为20.50(对照组)、39.86、54.74、87.52和131.78 mg/kg的5种等氮等脂的试验饲料饲养初始体重为(34.27±0.26)g的加州鲈幼鱼8周,研究不同维生素E水平对其生长及抗氧化性能的影响。结果表明,随着饲料维生素E添加水平的升高,加州鲈的增重率、特定生长率和蛋白质效率逐渐升高,但当饲料中维生素E添加量为131.78 mg/kg时,其增重率和特定生长率显著降低(P0.05)。各维生素E添加组的脂体比显著低于对照组,而肥满度则显著高于对照组(P0.05)。饲料中添加维生素E显著降低了血清丙二醛的含量(P0.05),但对血清总抗氧化能力、过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活性无显著影响(P0.05)。由此可知,饲料中添加一定量的维生素E可促进加州鲈的生长,降低脂质过氧化产物的含量。以特定生长率和增重率为评价指标,经二次回归方程预测加州鲈饲料中维生素E的适宜添加水平为63.33~69.44 mg/kg。     

Muscle protein expression of pikeperches (Stizostedion lucioperca and S. volgense)

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the muscle protein expression in two pikeperches (Stizostedion lucioperca and S. volgense) through intra‐ and intermyomeric composition of white muscles. Using denaturing 10% sodium dodecylsulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, muscle protein expression was studied in relation to within‐ and between‐species morphological development, sex, maturity and age of pikeperches. Myosin, actin and troponin have a distinct role in the contraction and length tension of muscle fibers of these species. No obvious intramyomeric differences were found in the myosin heavy chain of both species. Myosin light chains (15–38 kDa) have different expression in different age groups. The muscle protein of the fingerling and adult S. lucioperca had high molecular weight (50 kDa) myosin in contrast to the other Percid species. The molecular weight of actins increased comparatively in low‐age‐group fish. ATP is stored in myosin and released to cause contraction when myosin comes in contact with actin of the experimental fish. Troponin regulates increasing concentration of light‐chain myosin in mature fish. Because troponin T has been implicated in the regulation of skeletal muscle kinetics, muscle contraction kinetics was predicted in different age groups. The muscle proteins of both sexes of these species have polymorphism in various age groups but have no difference in similar aged fish. No muscle protein dimorphism was found in these Percid species. The white muscle protein composition and contractile properties affect power production during fast, unsteady movement and swimming.     

Application of peracetic acid for the treatment of juvenile sander (Sander lucioperca) during Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infestation

White spot disease caused by the ciliate protozoan parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (I. m.), is one of the most dangerous diseases in aquaculture and ornamental fish breeding worldwide. The parasite is characterized by three developmental stages: a reproductive tomont, an infective theront and a parasitic trophont. In sander (Sander lucioperca) breeding I. m. causes serious economic losses. After banning of the traditional therapeutic agent malachite green we have to face a state of emergency for the treatment of the ichthyophthiriasis in Germany. The peracetic acid (PAA), characterized by positive therapeutical properties, might close this gap. The purpose of our investigations was the determination of the toxicity of PES to juvenile sander as well as the evaluation of the therapeutic effectiveness of the substance to combat I. m. For juvenile sander (length 3 cm) we determined a 24-h-LC50 of 1.14 (0.97; 1.3) ppm PES. In two investigations PAA was applied in daily intervals of 0.5; 1, 3, 5 and 24 h and concentrations of 0.5; 1; 1.5 and 2 ppm to treat I.-m.-infection in sander. In test I all sander (length 9 cm) died as a result of the I.-m.-infection. However, the PAA exposed fish survived longer than the PES-free controls! This might be due to a disinfection of other pathogens by PAA. In test II, the fish (length 12 cm) were less infected than fish in test I. Four of six fish died in the group exposed with 2 ppm PAA for 24 hours. The abundance of I.-m.-trophonts was determined in mucus, fin and gill tissues of all fish. Significant differences could not be observed between test I and test II because of dissimilar: 1. exposure in time and concentration, 2. age and condition of the fish and 3. homogenity of the variances. Therefore, no therapy strategy was successful while fighting the parasitic trophonts protected by the overlaying fish tissues. We speculate that a successful therapy of I. m. with PAA is, as known e.g. for malachite green, only possible while fighting the free living stages theronts and tomonts. This will be part of our subsequent investigations.     

Gill Reaction to Pollutants from the Tamiš River in Three Freshwater Fish Species,Esox lucius L. 1758, Sander lucioperca (L. 1758) and Silurus glanis L. 1758: A Comparative Study

The study evaluated the effects of waterborne pollutants from the Tami? River on gill histology and possible differences in gill reaction patterns between three freshwater fish species, pike Esox lucius L. 1758, pike‐perch Sander lucioperca (L. 1758) and wels catfish Silurus glanis L. 1758 from the Tami? River. Gills from analysed fish species showed moderate to intense histopathological alterations. The most frequent progressive alteration was hyperplasia of epithelium, whereas the most frequent regressive alteration was epithelial lifting. Circulatory disturbances were most often manifested in the form of hyperaemia. During comparative analysis, differences in gill indices, reaction and alteration indices, as well as in gill and filament prevalence between analysed species, were observed. Although all analysed fish species did show both progressive and regressive alterations, there was a significant difference in the level of expression of these reaction patterns. Gill index obtained for pike clearly stands out as the lowest. Wels catfish showed the highest progressive reaction index, significantly higher in comparison with the other two species (P < 0.05), while pike‐perch showed the highest regressive reaction index, also significantly higher in comparison with the other species (P < 0.001). These results may implicate species‐specific gill reactions and thus present a useful tool for better understanding toxic mechanisms of various pollutants.