泾河中上游流域土地利用格局变化与驱动因子分析

利用RS和GIS技术和景观生态学的方法，对泾河中上游流域1986～2000年的景观特征及其动态变化进行了研究。通过计算多样性指数、优势度、破碎化指数、分离度等指标，进行了土地利用格局变化分析，并对该区域土地利用变化的主导因子进行了分析，认为该区土地利用／土地覆被变化的驱动力主要为：自然因素、经济因素、人口压力及宏观政策等，并互相影响、互相制约，共同影响流域景观格局的变化。     

霍林河流域下游沿岸近50年土地利用/覆被变化研究

以干旱半干旱脆弱区霍林河流域下游沿岸为研究靶区，利用1954年和1964年地形图．1986，1996和2000年的TM遥感影像作为基本信息源，在GIS支持下，建立土地利用空间数据库。引用空间测算模型和累计转换概率，分析不同时段各土地利用／覆被类型的动态和转换变化，揭示霍林河流域下游沿岸近50年土地利用／覆被变化过程及规律。耕地和草地是霍林河流域下游沿岸的主要土地利用／覆被类型，次之为盐碱地，湿地和林地比例较小，居民地和沙裸地最小。耕地和草地始终相反的幅度变化方向说明二者密切的相互转换关系；人居地和盐碱地始终一致的幅度变化方向则说明人类干扰活动是研究区盐碱地面积扩张变化的一个主要因素；沙裸地最快的转移速度预示着研究区沙化状况有较大的改善空间；耕地最慢的转移速度体现出其作为研究区基质的功能；草地较高的转移速度使其丧失了研究区第二大土地利用覆被类型的地位。霍林河流域下游沿岸各土地利用／覆被类型之间的转换变化具有显著的差异性，同一土地利用／覆被类型在转出和转人土地利用／覆被类型及其转换量上的表现不同，且随时间推移亦发生变化，转出的减少作用和转人的增加作用相叠加决定着研究区不同时段各土地利用／覆被类型的动态变化。     

黄河小浪底水库蓄水前后库周土地覆被变化研究

选取黄河小浪底水库库周1993年和2000年TM遥感影像进行土地覆被变化分析,绘制出蓄水前后的土地利用现状图,计算出土地覆被变化的转移矩阵和景观结构的控制指标,分别从土地利用类型、空间景观结构特征及土地变化过程等方面进行了研究.研究结果表明:小浪底水库的施工和蓄水对库周的土地利用变化和空间景观结构的改变没有太大影响;由于林地向耕地和其它土地覆被类型转变,使得1993～2000年的模地类型由有林地向耕地转化     

京郊半城子水库流域土地利用及景观格局变化分析

运用遥感与地理信息系统技术,对半城子水库流域2000年和2005年的2期遥感影像数据进行解译判读,结合土地利用动态度模型和景观生态学数量方法分析了流域土地利用和景观格局的变化。结果表明:①2000-2005年间,流域土地利用类型发生了一定变化,但林地始终是流域主导土地利用类型;②研究期内,半城子水库流域土地利用年变化速度为1.30%,其中阔叶林是最稳定的土地利用类型,其他土地是最活跃的土地利用类型;③类型水平上格局指数显示针叶林斑块形状最复杂,混交林的异质性较高;④景观水平的格局指数显示,区域景观破碎化程度加剧,多样性增加,均匀度增强。     

东江流域2001-2013年土地利用/覆被类型变化的时空特征及成因

[目的]区分人类活动和自然环境变化对东江流域土地利用/覆被类型变化的贡献率,为优化流域土地利用方式、保护流域生态环境和支持粤港澳大湾区建设提供有益的信息和科技支撑。[方法]基于时间序列的遥感影像土地利用/覆被类型栅格数据,结合区域经济发展、土地利用评价指标体系和灰色关联分析,量化东江流域2001-2013年间土地利用/覆被类型变化的时空特征和成因。[结果]①随着时间推移,东江流域土地利用/覆被类型格局由常绿阔叶林、草地和耕地共同主导型转变为常绿阔叶林主导型;②研究期内不同土地利用/覆被类型变化差异明显,灌丛、混合林、常绿阔叶林和草地变化剧烈且相互之间转化频繁,水域、耕地和城镇用地面积变化相对平缓;③非城镇用地转化空间差异显著,耕地的转化程度表现为：下游 > 上游 > 中游;④人口增加、城市建设、技术革新和经济增长是推动东江流域土地利用/覆被类型发生变化的主要原因。[结论]总体来说,最近10 a多东江流域的土地利用/覆被类型变化有利于流域生态环境和水资源的保护,进而有助于粤港澳大湾区的建设。     

黄土丘陵区土地利用变化动态与景观格局分析——以彭阳县为例

在退耕还林背景下研究土地利用/覆盖变化及其对景观格局的影响对宁南山区土地资源可持续利用和生态环境重建具有重要意义。以多时相Landsat TM/ETM 4期遥感影像数据为基础,借助GIS技术和景观生态学方法,分析彭阳县1991—2010年的土地利用变化动态及景观格局变化。结果表明:在研究时段内,彭阳县林草地面积持续增加的同时耕地和未利用土地持续减少;景观格局变化主要表现为景观破碎化程度、斑块混合分布程度、多样性指数和均匀度指数均呈先增加后减小的趋势,各斑块间连通性呈先减小后增加的趋势,景观形状趋于复杂;区域发展规划是该区2000年以后土地利用及景观变化的主要驱动力。     

流沙河流域土地利用变化研究

流域土地利用/土地覆被变化是区域土地利用变化研究的重要内容。通过数字化1965年的地形图和对1976年、1988年、2003年三期L andsatM SS/TM/ETM卫星影像的解译得到西双版纳流沙河流域土地利用信息,进而在A rc G IS的支持下,采用土地利用转移矩阵和几种景观指数,结合该区域民族分布和传统习俗对流域土地利用变化进行分析。结果表明:流域的自然条件决定了土地利用的空间分布格局,但民族传统习俗的影响也很大:靠近坝区的山区居民以傣族为主,人口密度较大,森林覆盖率却较高;距离坝区较远的山区,主要是山地民族,人口密度小,但森林覆盖率也小,民族因素对森林以及其他土地利用类型的影响要大于人口因素。政策对土地利用的时间变化影响较大,从1965~2003年,流域的土地利用/土地覆被发生了很大变化,1965年、1976年、1988年和2003年4年中流域的主要土地利用类型都是有林地,但有林地面积在减少,受人类活动影响较大的土地利用类型面积在增加,人类活动对土地利用的干扰增强,土地开发利用强度有增大的趋势。     

天目湖流域土地利用的动态变化及其景观响应

采用遥感、地理信息系统及景观分析的方法研究了天目湖流域1984年、1995年、2000年、2004年4个时段土地利用／覆盖变化及其景观响应。结果表明：20年来天目湖流域土地利用变化的阶段特征明显,2000-2004年这一时段的土地利用变化最为剧烈,共有14．75％的土地类型发生了变化,年均变化率为3．68％,且近期开发的空间范围广、强度大;各种景观指数对土地利用／土地覆盖变化呈明显的时空响应;迎湖地区景观格局指数的变化最为剧烈,背湖地区较为平缓;人湖河流流域的景观指数空间分异较为明显,下游地区变化较大,而其上游相对较小;土地利用变化剧烈的时段与近几年水质恶化的趋势相呼应。     

黄土高原丘陵区景观特征与景观指数粒度效应研究

选取黄土丘陵沟壑区高家沟流域为研究区,基于遥感图像绘制流域土地利用景观图,利用GIS相关软件以及景观格局分析软件Fragstats,计算高家沟流域的景观格局指数,并在景观水平上对指数的粒度效应进行了研究.结果表明:草地为高家沟流域土地利用类型的主体,园地稀少,各土地利用类型布局分散,斑块形状较复杂,土地利用结构不够合理;粒度变化对景观指数的计算具有重要影响,各景观指数均具有明显的粒度效应,不同的景观指数随粒度增加表现出不同的变化趋势:(1)景观指数随粒度的增加有明显的下降趋势;(2)景观指数随粒度的增加变化趋势不明显,或上升或下降,并呈现出一定的波动性.高家沟流域景观分析的适宜粒度范围为75～120m.     

艾比湖流域气溶胶光学厚度与土地覆被景观格局关联分析

土地覆被-景观格局直接或间接影响大气环境,了解大气环境对土地覆被-景观格局的响应,对维护和改善生态环境具有重要的意义。该研究基于环境一号卫星HJ-1B CCD数据,研究艾比湖流域土地覆被-景观格局与气溶胶光学厚度(aerosol optical depth,AOD)的关联关系,首先通过CCD数据反演AOD,然后利用分维数分析和贡献分析方法,定量分析土地覆被-景观格局对AOD的影响。结果表明:1)研究区AOD主要集中于绿洲及人口集聚区,从绿洲的中心到绿洲边缘气溶胶光学厚度逐渐降低,且在南部山区集聚呈带状;2)流域平均AOD与景观指数PD、ED、LSI和AI之间均存在着高度相关性,且景观的组成和空间结构都影响着流域AOD的空间分布;3)通过分维数分析,可知耕地和盐渍地的AOD密度从高值中心到外边界下降,但在其他的土地覆被类型上变化相反,盐渍地和耕地是流域主要空气污染的贡献者;4)应用贡献分析法进一步阐明了耕地和盐渍地可以增加空气污染,而林草地的效果相反。土地覆被变化和人类活动是影响艾比湖流域AOD空间分布主要原因,对AOD与土地覆被-景观格局变化的定量研究可以使研究者更好地了解AOD与土地覆被-景观格局的关系,进一步为土地政策的制定和土地利用规划提供参考。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.