Evaluation of microalgal diets for the intensive cultivation of the tropical calanoid copepod,Parvocalanus crassirostris

As their natural prey, copepods are considered the ideal diets for hatchery culture of fish larvae. However, intensive cultivation of copepods has proven difficult and low culture productivity is the norm, which severely limits their use in aquaculture. This study investigated the effects of algal diets on a range of productivity‐related parameters, including egg production, hatching success, naupliar and copepodite survival, post‐embryonic development time, population growth and sex ratio of a small‐sized tropical copepod, Parvocalanus crassirostris, which has been identified as a high potential species for aquaculture. The diets tested included three live algal diets: Isochrysis sp. (T‐Iso), Pavlova 50 (Pav) and the diatom Chaetoceros muelleri (Cht); two algal paste diets: Isochrysis sp. (P‐Iso) and Thalassiosira weissflogii (P‐TW), as well as four mixed algae treatments composed of three binary algae diets (T‐Iso + Pav, T‐Iso + Cht and Pav + Cht) and a tri‐algal diet (T‐Iso + Pav + Cht). All parameters examined except sex ratio were significantly affected by the diets. The binary algal diet T‐Iso + Cht produced significant higher total egg production over female lifespan (121.0 ± 5.9 eggs) than all other treatments (P < 0.05). Survival during naupliar and copepodite stage was significantly superior when P. crassirostris were fed either the mixed diet of T‐Iso + Cht or the monoalgal diets of Cht or T‐Iso (P < 0.05) than other diets. These three treatments also had the fastest time of development to adults (ranging from 6.2 to 6.7 days). With an initial 100 adults, the T‐Iso + Cht treatment produced the highest population growth over a 15‐day cultivation period, which was significantly higher than other treatments (P < 0.001). In contrast, the algal paste treatments, including (P‐Iso) produced overall the worst results for various parameters examined. However, the sex ratio of P. crassirostris was not significantly affected by diets and was always heavily skewed towards females (>84% were females) across all treatments. Based on the results of this study, T‐Iso + Cht is recommended for intensive cultivation of P. crassirostris.     

Effects of on‐demand feeding on sea urchin larvae (Paracentrotus lividus; Lamarck, 1816), development,survival and microalgae utilization

This study compared the growth of sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus larvae cultured using two different rearing methods: a variable method based on a variable amount of feed (microalgae) and seawater exchange (30% or 50%) established according to the phytoplankton concentration in the larval cultures and a fixed method characterized by a fixed amount of feed and seawater exchange. Three microalgae diets, Isochrysis sp. (Tahitian strain, T‐Iso), Chaetoceros gracilis and a 50:50 mixed diet, were tested with both rearing methods. Larval development and survival were assessed at the 6‐arm pluteus stage (P6), competence (Cp) and metamorphosis (Mt). Data showed that the variable method reduced the requirements for phytoplankton and seawater exchange. Indeed, through the optimization of feed rations, it was possible to reduce the production of debris and settled phytoplankton, minimizing the need for water exchanges. Higher larval survival resulted at Cp and Mt stages for those reared with the variable method as opposed to the fixed one. Survival and development were also influenced by the tested dietary treatments: at Mt stage, the mixed diet resulted in a higher larval survival (63.3 ± 8.9%) than T‐Iso (19.7 ± 12.1%) and C. gracilis (23.4 ± 15.1%) (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the use of the variable method improves the larval survival and development and also it reduces resource consumption (phytoplankton, seawater use and work effort), which in turn could potentially improve the hatchery production of P. lividus.     

Reproductive performance,survival and development of nauplii and copepodites,sex ratio and adult life expectancy of the harpacticoid copepod,Euterpina acutifrons,fed different microalgal diets

A series of laboratory experiments were conducted on the harpacticoid copepod, Euterpina acutifrons, to assess the influence of 10 different microalgal diets (four monoalgal and six mixed algal diets) on several parameters related to its productivity in culture. The four monoalgal diets were the Tahitian strain of Isochrysis sp. (T‐Iso), Pavlova salina (Pav), Tetraselmis chuii (Tet) and the diatom Chaetoceros muelleri (Chaet), the five binary diets were T‐Iso+Tet, Pav+Tet, T‐Iso+Pav, Tet+Chaet and Pav+Chaet, while the tri‐algal diet was T‐Iso+Tet+Pav. All diets were fed to copepods at 1500 μ gC L^?1 and in the case of binary or trialgal diets, carbon concentration was divided equally between the two or three algae offered. Among monoalgal diets, the diatom Chaet was excellent for E. acutifrons. Out of the 10 diets tested, the binary diet Tet+Chaet, which contained the diatom Chaet, was the best for naupliar production of single pair E. acutifrons (19.5±1.7 nauplii female^?1 day^?1), significantly (P<0.05) higher than all other treatments except for the Chaet treatment (P>0.05). Similarly, in the group naupliar production trial (50 adult E. acutifrons per replicate), Tet+Chaet produced a significantly higher number of nauplii (405.8±18.6 nauplii day^?1) than the other treatments (P<0.05). Tet+Chaet further supported the highest naupliar survival (82.0±2.8%) and copepodite survival (89.0±2.8%), while the mono‐algal diet Chaet produced the second highest naupliar (76.7±2.6%) and copepodite survival (83.5±2.6%). In contrast, Pav produced the lowest overall survival at the naupliar stage (30.0±2.9%), significantly lower than all other treatments (P<0.05). While development from newly hatched nauplii to copepodites was not significantly affected by diets, mean development time from nauplius to adult was significantly different among treatments. Mean development time from hatching (naupliar I stage; NI) to the adult stage was the fastest with Tet+Chaet and Chaet (6.8±0.0 days for both treatments), which was significantly faster than that of Pav, T‐Iso Pav+Tet and T‐Iso+Pav+Te treatment (P<0.05). E. acutifrons sex ratio was significantly affected by diets, and always skewed in favour of males. Feeding on Pav resulted in the lowest proportion of females (23.7±1.2%), significantly lower than for six of the other treatments (P<0.05). Adult females had longer average life expectancy than males for all treatments, and were the longest when fed Tet+Chaet (9.5±0.4 days), which was more than twice as long as the shortest lifespan recorded for the Pav treatment (4.2±0.6 days) (P<0.05). In summary, among 10 diets tested, the binary diet Tet+Chaet appeared to support the highest culture productivity of E. acutifrons while the diatom Chaet also performed well as a monoalgal diet.     

Digestibility of the defatted microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. and Desmodesmus sp. when fed to Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar

The aim of the study was to investigate the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of defatted biomass derived from microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. and Desmodesmus sp. when fed to Atlantic salmon postsmolts in seawater. Two experiments, one employing cold‐pelleted and the other employing extruded pellets, were carried out to determine the ADC of dry matter (DM), protein, ash and energy. The test feeds consisted of a fishmeal‐based reference feed and the algal biomass, at a ratio of 70:30, and yttrium oxide as the inert marker. The ADC of DM and protein in fish fed microalgae‐incorporated cold‐pelleted feeds were significantly higher for Nannochloropsis sp. compared with Desmodesmus sp. The Nannochloropsis sp. inclusion in extruded feeds also led to higher ADCs of DM and energy compared with Desmodesmus sp. The extrusion processing significantly increased the ADC of ash in both defatted microalgae biomass, as well as ADCs of DM in Nannochloropsis and protein in Desmodesmus sp. In conclusion, the microalga Nannochloropsis sp. was more digestible than Desmodesmus sp., and extrusion processing can be used as a means to improve digestibility of certain nutrients.     

Roles of microalgae on total egg production over female lifespan and egg incubation time,naupliar and copepodite survival,sex ratio and female life expectancy of the copepod Bestiolina similis

We examined the effects of 10 microalgal diets on a range of productivity‐related parameters of Bestiolina similis. The diets tested included four monoalgal diets: Tahitian strain Isochrysis sp. (T‐Iso), Pavlova salina (Pav), Tetraselmis chuii (Tet) and the diatom Chaetoceros muelleri (Chaet), five binary diets: Tet+Pav, T‐Iso+Tet, T‐Iso+Pav, Chaet+Tet and Chaet+Pav and a tri‐algal diet: T‐Iso+Tet+Pav. Except for sex ratio, microalgal diets significantly affected all parameters examined (P<0.05). The shortest egg incubation time was found for the tri‐algal diet treatment (1.91±0.04 days) while the longest (2.41±0.09 days) was from the monoalgal diet Tet. Survival at the naupliar stage ranged from the highest of 86.3±1.0% for the tri‐algal diet to a complete mortality for the Tet diet. Naupliar survival was consistently higher than that of copepodite stages for all diets examined and ranged from 86.3±1.0% for the tri‐algal diet to a complete mortality for the Tet diet. Copepodite survival was the highest for the T‐Iso treatment (69.0±4.3%) while Chaet+Tet produced the lowest survival (8.8±1.2%). Sex ratio of B. similis was strongly skewed towards females. Adult female life expectancy was highly dependent on diet. The shortest lifespan (3.1±0.3 days) of the Tet treatment was only about half of that of Pav (6.3±0.6 days) and the tri‐algal diet (5.9±0.4 days). Daily egg production during female lifespan was generally lower on the first day, but peaked over the subsequent days before decreasing towards the end of their lifespan. The highest total egg output over female lifespan was produced by the tri‐algal diet (156.0±11.5 eggs female^?1), while the lowest output came from the diet Tet (20.7±2.8 eggs female^?1).     

The effect of several microalgae isolated from East China Sea on growth and survival rate of postset juveniles of razor clam,Sinonovacula constricta (Lamarck, 1818)

Four species of microalgae (Thalassiosira weissflogii, Thalassiosira pseudonana, Nannochloropsis sp. and an unidentified species) were isolated from natural seawater of East China Sea. By studying the effect on growth and survival rates of two sizes of postset juveniles of razor clam, Sinonovacula constricta (Lamarck, 1818) (shell length 0.37 ± 0.05 mm and 1.07 ± 0.08 mm, respectively), the food value of these microalgae and four other commonly used microalgal species in China (Chaetoceros calcitrans, Isochrysis galbana, Platymonas subcordiformis and Nannochloropsis oculata) in single and two algal species diets were evaluated and compared. For smaller juvenile, when used as a monospecies diet, C. calcitrans and I. galbana supported the greatest shell growth and the highest survival rate, and P. subcordiformis, N. oculata and T. weissflogii produced the smallest shell growth and the lowest survival rate. Meanwhile, for the larger juvenile, single‐species algal diet had the greatest and weakest food value on T. weissflogii and N. oculata, respectively. Full‐mixed algal diets exhibited the strongest food value and most of the two species diets supported more food value than corresponding individual single microalgae diet. Moreover, shell growths and the survival rates of larger juvenile fed most of the two species diets were lower than fed single species of T. weissflogii.     

Dietary influence on growth and development of flat oyster,Ostrea angasi (Sowerby, 1871), larvae

The influence of algal diet on survival, growth and development of hatchery reared flat oyster, Ostrea angasi, larvae was investigated in a series of uni, binary and ternary algal diet trials. Early stage larvae (140–230 μm shell length) generally grew faster than late‐stage larvae (230–340 μm shell length) when fed unialgal diets. Of the 24 algal diets evaluated, larvae fed unialgal diets of Isochrysis sp. (T. Iso), Nannochloropsis oculata, Tetraselmis chuii or Pavlova lutheri; a binary diet of T. chuii+T. Iso; or ternary diets of T. chuii+T. Iso combined with P. lutheri or N. oculata had the greatest larval growth, survival, development and metamorphosis, in the respective trials. The correlation between growth rate and spat produced in late‐stage larvae was stronger when fed unialgal diets (r = 0.75) than when larvae were fed either binary or ternary diets (r = 0.44 and r = 0.45 respectively). Marked differences in proportion of spat produced (24 h post metamorphosis) were evident among diets producing similar growth rates. For hatchery production of O. angasi larvae, ternary diets of T. chuii+T. Iso combined with either P. lutheri or N. oculata were the best diets to maximize larval growth rate, development and survival 24 h post metamorphosis.     

Effect of different dietary microalgae combinations on growth and survival of black‐lip pearl oyster (Pinctada margaritifera) larvae and the feasibility of replacing microalgae with a dietary lipid emulsion

A 10‐day experiment was performed to examine different mono, binary and ternary dietary combinations on survival and growth of D‐shaped and umbone black‐lip pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera, larvae. The three tropical microalgae species were the flagellate Isochrysis galbana clone T. Iso (CS‐177) and diatoms Chaetoceros calcitrans (CS‐178) and Chaetoceros muelleri (CS‐176) which were fed to D‐shaped and umbone larvae at a density of 7000 and 14 000 cells mL^?1, respectively. A second experiment was performed to investigate the feasibility of replacing T. Iso with a lipid emulsion for both D‐shaped and umbone larvae for 10 and 12 days, respectively. The treatments included only T. Iso, unfed and lipid emulsion to substitute T. Iso at levels of 10% (LIP10), 30% (LIP30) and 100% (LIP100). In the first experiment, results showed that a monospecific diet of T. Iso led to significantly higher (P < 0.05) survival and growth of D‐shaped larvae than all the other treatments. Meanwhile, D‐shaped larval survival was significantly lower when only fed C. calcitrans as well as growth for those fed C. calcitrans or in combination with C. muelleri. However, for umbone larvae, survival and growth were significantly higher when fed a binary combination of T. Iso and C. muelleri or the ternary combination of T. Iso, C. muelleri and C. calcitrans compared with all other treatments. For the second experiment, results showed that with increasing lipid emulsion replacement, survival of both D‐shaped and umbone larvae significantly decreased (P < 0.05); however, the LIP100 treatment was not significantly different (P > 0.05) from the unfed treatment. For D‐shaped larvae, no significant growth difference was detected (P > 0.05) between the T. Iso and LIP10 fed treatments while for umbone larvae, the T. Iso, LIP10 and LIP30 were not significantly different (P > 005). These results indicate that microalgae combinations appear more necessary for later staged P. margaritifera larvae. In addition, the use of a lipid emulsion appeared to provide some nutrition to the larvae, although more research should be conducted to improve the use of such replacements.     

The Effects of Live and Artificial Diets on Feeding Performance of Cultured Winter Flounder,Pseudopleuronectes americanus,in the Wild: Survival,Feeding, Growth,and Nucleic Acid Analyses

This research, which is part of a larger study designed to assess the feasibility of winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, stock enhancement in New Hampshire, identifies hatchery feeds that optimize feeding‐related performance of fish once released in the wild. Fish reared on post‐nauplii of brine shrimp, Artemia sp., white worms, Enchytraeus albidus, common burrower amphipods, Leptocheirus plumulosus, and formulated pellets were evaluated post‐release from in situ cages using survival, growth rate, feeding onset and incidence, stomach fullness, diet composition, and nucleic acid‐based condition as indicators of hatchery diet suitability. Amphipod‐reared fish had the highest mean stomach content index of all feed types, including wild fish. Wild and worm‐reared fish exhibited the most similar survival, overall stomach fullness, and diet composition profiles over time. Amphipod‐reared fish ranked highest in overall performance; however, if wild fish performance is viewed as the ideal for a stocked fish, worm‐reared fish performed optimally. This study describes hatchery feeding strategies that may ease the transition of flatfish released into the wild for stock enhancement.     

Effects of dietary Nannochloropsis sp. powder and lipids on the growth performance and fatty acid composition of larval and postlarval kuruma shrimp,Marsupenaeus japonicus

The current study evaluated the effects of fish oil replacement with eicosapentaenoic acid‐enriched single‐cell microalgae in the diets of larval and postlarval kuruma shrimp. Experimental diets containing different level of Nannochloropsis sp. powder (10, 40, 70 g/kg) and lipids (2, 8, 10, 14, 35, 58 g/kg) were evaluated. The substitution of fish oil with algal powder significantly improved shrimp growth compared to that in the control group, with the highest final body weight recorded at 70 g/kg in larvae and 40 g/kg in postlarvae. Larvae fed algal lipids with a dry weight percentage in the diet of greater than 10 g/kg showed significantly lower performance than those in the control group. The neutral lipids in the tissue of the postlarvae that had been fed algal lipids had an improved fatty acid profile, as the content of highly unsaturated fatty acids increased compared to that in the other groups. The content of docosahexaenoic acid increased in the tissue, indicating the possible occurrence of the metabolism and accumulation of Nannochloropsis sp. essential fatty acids. Algal powder could replace FO up to 140 g/kg in shrimp diets without compromising growth and FA profiles.     

Food value of Brachionus plicatilis fed three selected algal species as live food for milkfish, Chanos chanos Forsskal, fry production

Abstract. The effects of three selected algal species, Tetraselmis tetrahele, Isochrysis galbana and marine Chlorella sp. on the population growth of Brachionus plicatilis was evaluated after 3, 5 and 7 days of culture. The rotifers fed on T. tetrahele showed superior growth with mean peak density of 92.5 individuals per ml to those fed on I. galbana (48.2 individuals per ml) and Chlorella sp. (47.2 individuals per ml) in 5 days. In another experiment, milkfish. Chanos chanos Forsskal, fry with initial mean body weight and standard length of 6.26 ± 1.07mg and 13.04 ± 1.40mm, respectively, were fed B. plicatilis reared on the three algal species for 30 days. Results showed that growth, measured in terms of gain in weight and length, was significantly different (P > 0.05) among treatments. Fastest growth was obtained in fry fed B. plicatilis cultured on T. tetrahele with mean gains in weight and length of 61.48 ± 8.40mg and 9.37 ± 1.68 mm, respectively, followed by fry fed B. plicatilis reared on I. galbana (43.56 ± 8.35mg and 6.25 ± 0.48mm). Milkfish fry fed B. plicatilis cultured on Chlorella sp. gave the poorest growth with mean gains in weight and length of 11.05 ± 1.82mg and 2.33 ± 0.29mm, respectively. Percentage survival ranged from 93.1 to 95.3 percent and was not significantly different between treatments (P < 0.05). The differences in population growth of B. plicatilis and consequently growth of milkfish fry was almost certainly attributed to the differences observed in the biological values of their algal diet, and in particular their protein and lipid contents. T. tetrahele and I. galbana improved the food value of B. plicatilis as live food for the milkfish fry. Their high dietary value was related to the higher algal protein and fat levels and contents of n-3 HUFA particularly 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 compared to B. plicatilis cultured on Chlorella sp. The results of the present study point to T. tetrahele as the most suitable food for the mass culture of the rotifer, B. plicatilis.     

Evaluation of microalgae and industrial cheese whey as diets for Tapes decussatus (L.) seed: effects on water quality, growth, survival, condition and filtration rate

As reference diets for bivalve molluscs are missing, this study first evaluated the best mixed algal diet (Tetraselmis suecica Butch/Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin) concentration for 4‐mm‐length Tapes decussatus (L.) clams. It also assessed the performance of an industrial by‐product (cheese whey) as a single diet or supplement for the best algal ration previously determined. Growth, survival, condition index and filtration rate were used to compare the different diets. Implications of rations tested on rearing water quality were also investigated, especially ammonium and heterotrophic bacteria levels. With a food concentration as algal dry weight per total seed live weight of 0.7% day^?1, seed for grow‐out (7 mm) could be obtained within 1 month. A mixture of 25% algal ration and 75% cheese whey gave the best performances. Artificial diets resulted in lower growth rates than live food (20 % to 40% of the best algal ration), but could be considered good maintenance rations in energetic terms. Using cheese whey, and without any algae, hatchery produced seed can be kept economically indoors for at least 30 days without loss in condition.     

Use of Nannochloropsis sp. isolated from the East China Sea in larval rearing of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus)

The supply of microalgae to hatcheries is a limiting factor for the mass larval production of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) in Fujian Province, China. In this study, Nannochloropsis sp. isolated from the East China Sea was tested as food for A. japonicus larvae. The first trial compared the effect of mono‐, bi‐ and trialgal diets comprising three microalgae (Chaetoceros muelleri, Dunaliella tertiolecta and Nannochloropsis sp.) on A. japonicus larval growth, survival, settlement and juvenile growth. The results showed that there were no significant differences in survival and settlement between larvae fed with Nannochloropsis sp. and other diets. All diet treatments yielded similar juvenile sea cucumber output. In the second trial, A. japonicus larvae were fed equally four times daily at three different rations (5000, 20 000 and 40 000 cells mL^?1 day^?1). Larvae fed 20 000 cells mL^?1 day^?1 were significantly larger than larvae in other groups and experienced the highest survival rate. In the third trial, A. japonicus larvae were fed 20 000 cells mL^?1 day^?1 in three different frequency (2, 3 and 4 meals day^?1). The greatest body length was observed in larvae that received 3 meals day^?1. Survival and settlement of larvae fed 2 meals day^?1 were significantly lower than other two groups. These results suggest that Nannochloropsis sp. can be used as a diet for the large‐scale production of A. japonicus seed, and larvae fed three times daily at a ration of 20 000 cell mL^?1 day^?1 are recommended for hatchery production of A. japonicus.     

Effect of Rotifer Enrichment on Sunshine Bass Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis Larvae Growth and Survival and Fatty Acid Composition

The effect of enriching rotifer prey with highly unsaturated fatty acids on sunshine bass Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis larval survival and growth from ages 4 to 12 d posthatch was determined. Comparisons were made among larvae fed (1) rotifers cultured with Nannochloropsis paste versus rotifers cultured with Nannochloropsis paste and enriched with Culture Selco 3000; (2) no rotifers versus rotifers cultured with Nannochloropsis paste and enriched with Culture Selco 3000; and (3) rotifers cultured with Nannochloropsis paste and enriched with Culture Selco 3000, rotifers cultured with Nannochloropsis and Pavlova pastes and enriched with Culture Selco 3000, and rotifers cultured with Nannochloropsis paste and enriched with Culture Selco 3000 and Super Selco. The only differences in survival were unfed larvae with practically no survival compared to 55.4% survival for larvae fed rotifers cultured with paste plus Culture Selco 3000. Larvae fed rotifers cultured with paste plus Culture Selco 3000 were longer and had greater condition than those fed rotifers cultured with paste. Additional enrichment with Pavlova sp. or Super Selco had no affect. A canonical analysis of fatty acid contents of diets, rotifers, and fry supported evidence from harvest results. Distances between centroids indicated distinct differences among diets, less distinction among the rotifers, and little difference among fry. Enrichment enhanced growth, but additional enrichment beyond that done during rotifer culture did not increase survival, growth, or condition.     

Evaluation of partial and total replacement of formulated feed by live insects,Trichocorixa sp. (Heteroptera: Corixidae) on the productive and nutritional response,and postharvest quality of shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone 1931)

A 7‐week study was performed to evaluate the partial and total replacement of formulated feed (FF) by live insects (Trichocorixa sp.), during intensive culture of Litopenaeus vannamei. Production response, physiological status and postharvest quality were evaluated. Five treatments consisting of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of FF replacement (T‐0, T‐25, T‐50, T‐75 and T‐100) were performed. Better production responses were observed in T‐50, followed by T‐0 and T‐75 respectively. Also, no negative effect of insect supplying was detected on the physiological status of shrimp (evaluated by haemolymph parameters). However, shrimp fed exclusively on insects (T‐100) had poor growth and physiological performances, and lower postharvest quality compared with the rest of treatments. Regarding organoleptic characteristics, no effect of treatments was detected on the colour, odour and taste of shrimp muscle. In conclusion, the insect Trichocorixa sp. can contribute to the nutritional requirements of shrimp and could be used as complementary natural food, improving productive responses, without affecting the physiological status or the post mortem quality of shrimp; however the total substitution of FF by insects is not recommendable.     

Influence of different diets on the growth,survival, fecundity and proximate composition of brine shrimp Artemia franciscana (Kellog, 1906)

Artemia franciscana was studied under in vitro conditions, and fed with five different microalgae species, two organic diets and one mixed diet to evaluate the nutritional profile and growth performance. The A. franciscana instar‐I nauplii were stocked at a density of 100 per litre of ground borewell water with a salinity of 70 ppt in a plastic container and the culture continued for 12 days. The A. franciscana was fed with five microalgal species, such as Tetraselmis sp., Chaetoceros sp., Isochrysis sp., Thalassiosira sp. and Nannochloropsis sp., and organic diets of rice bran, soybean meal, and a mixture of Tetraselmis sp. and Chaetoceros sp. with rice bran, giving a total of eight experiments. The growth of A. franciscana was measured by length, and was observed to be the greatest (10,850 μm) in the group that was fed the mixed algae combination, and the lowest (7,290 μm) in the group that was fed Nannochloropsis sp. Among the different treatments, the highest survival value of 76% was seen in the group that was fed Chaetoceros sp. The fecundity was higher in A. franciscana that were fed with algae Chaetoceros sp., while the lower rate was observed with the group that was fed Nannochloropsis sp. Analysis of proximate composition showed increased levels in the animals fed with Chaetoceros sp. (lipid, 19.40%; eicosapentaenoic acid, 6.70 mg; docosahexaenoic acid, 10.20 mg; amino acids: proline, 2.06 μg; histidine, 0.77 μg, arginine, 0.65 μg, glycine, 0.80 μg, glutamic acid, 1.75 μg; threonine, 1.42 μg) and the mixed diet (protein, 58.59%; carbohydrate, 21.30%; amino acids: asparagine, 0.90 μg; serine, 1.65 μg; tryptophan, 1.66 μg; leucine, 1.50 μg; phenylalanine, 1.14 μg; valine, 0.66 μg). All components showed the lowest level in the diet fed with Tetraselmis species. These A. franciscana populations showed better survival, higher fecundity and biochemical profiles when cultured with microalgae Chaetoceros sp. These data are useful to improve A. franciscana culture in aquaculture to produce quality cysts and biomass, especially in feeding larvae of marine species.     

Growth performance,survival, feed utilization and nutrient utilization of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) larvae co‐fed Artemia and a micro‐diet containing freshwater atyid shrimp (Caridina nilotica) during weaning

Problems of limited number of dry feeds as supplement or replacement of live feeds have led to poor larval nutrition in many species of fish. Therefore, the suitability of co‐feeding 8‐day‐old African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) posthatch larvae using live feed (Artemia salina) and formulated dry diet containing freshwater atyid shrimp (Caridina nilotica) during weaning was investigated. The experiment ended after 21 days of culture and respective groups compared on the basis of growth performance, survival, feed utilization and nutrient utilization. Larvae co‐fed using 50%Artemia and 50% formulated dry diet resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) better growth performance, food gain ratio (FGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and productive protein values (PPV) than other treatments. The lowest growth performance occurred in larvae weaned using 100% formulated and commercial dry diets. Better survival of over 90% was obtained in larvae weaned using 50%Artemia and 50% dry diet, while abrupt weaning using 100% dry diets resulted in lower survival (<75%). These results support a recommendation of co‐feeding C. gariepinus larvae using a formulated dry diet containing C. nilotica and 50% live feed when weaning is performed after 8 days posthatching period.     

Impact of food type on growth,survival and reproduction of the cyclopoid copepod <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyclopina kasignete</Emphasis> as a potential live food in aquaculture

This study compared the efficacy of different dietary algae on the growth and reproduction of the cyclopoid copepod Cyclopina kasignete, a potential live food species for fish larvae in aquaculture. The experimental diets for the copepod consisted of three monoalgal diets (Nannochloropsis oculata, Tisochrysis lutea and dry Melosira sp.) and two mixed algae diets (T. lutea?+?N. oculata, T. lutea?+?dry Melosira sp.). The experiment was carried out for 30 days, and the population growth, survival and reproductive performance (generation time, hatching rate, life spawning times, daily offspring production, eggs per sac, lifespan and sex ratio) were used to assess the responses of C. kasignete to different food types. Population growth, survival and reproductive capacities of C. kasignete were significantly affected by the mono and binary species of algal diets. The results showed that copepods exhibited superior growth, survival and productivity when fed on fresh T. lutea, dry Melosira sp. and a mixture of both species compared to other dietary treatments. Copepods produced comparable growth, survival and productivity when fed on diatoms (dry Melosira sp.) as a single or in combination with other algae. This study indicates that cyclopoid copepod C. kasignete grow fast and have the potential to serve as a live food for aquaculture. The algae T. lutea, dry Melosira sp. and their combination are appropriate food to sustain the growth and reproduction of this copepods in mass culture as a potential live food in fish hatchery.     

Fine tuning of feeding practices for hatchery produced Persian sturgeon,Acipenser persicus and Beluga sturgeon,Huso huso

In this work, we investigated the effects of various feeding treatments on the survival and growth of Huso huso and Acipenser persicus larvae during a 20‐day culture period. Three replicate groups (250 fish/replicate) of first‐feeding larvae were fed according to four main feeding regimes: (1) live food (live nauplii of brine shrimp Artemia urmiana); (2) indirect transition (5–7 days live food followed by gradual transition to formulated diet); (3) direct transition (using different combinations of live and formulated diet from the start feeding onwards); and (4) formulated feed (FD) from the start of feeding. In H. huso larvae, combining live food and manufactured diets (co‐feeding) from the first feeding stage onwards (direct transition) resulted in significantly higher weight gain than the other regimes. Survival was significantly higher in H. huso larvae fed solely live food or the direct transition regimes compared with indirect transition and FD. In A. persicus larvae, growth and survival were higher in the indirect transition feeding regime than in the other regimes. On the basis of the results of this study, we recommend co‐feeding of H. huso immediately from the commencement of exogenous feeding, but co‐feeding of A. persicus should start 7 days after prior feeding with live food.     

Association between bacterial community structures and mortality of fish larvae in intensive rearing systems

Bacterial community structures were analyzed in water used for rearing fish larvae by fluorescence in situ hybridization. In Experiment 1, red sea bream Pagrus major larvae were reared in two commercial seed production tanks. The survival rate in Tank 1 was higher than in Tank 2, even though phytoplankton, Nannochloropsis sp., was added to both tanks. In Tank 2, γ-proteobacteria became dominant (∼70% of total bacteria) on day 13, there after heavy larval mortalities occurred. In Tank 1, however, α-proteobacteria and the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium cluster were predominant from day − 1 until day 13; no significant mortality was recorded. In Experiment 2, marble goby Oxyeleotris marmoratus larvae were cultured with or without Nannochloropsis sp. At the end of the experiment, larval survival rates in aquaria with Nannochloropsis sp. were significantly (P <0.05) higher than those without. In rearing water without Nannochloropsis sp., γ-proteobacteria increased during rearing. In rearing water with Nannochloropsis sp., α-prote obacteria and the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium cluster were predominant at the beginning of the experiments and the relative abundance of γ-proteobacteria was maintained at a lower level throughout the experiments. The predominance of α-proteobacteria and the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium cluster appears to be a good indicator of successful larval production.