马铃薯块茎还原糖含量与钾代谢关系的研究

通过田间试验和室内分析测定,对马铃薯块茎低还原糖形成的生理基础与钾代谢的关系进行了初步研究。结果表明,马铃薯块茎中还原糖含量随生育进程逐渐减少;叶片、茎秆和块茎中含K量随生育进程呈降低的变化趋势;克新1号茎秆含钾量与其块茎还原糖含量、夏坡蒂块茎中含钾量与还原糖含量相关性均达到了极显著水平。因此,可以把克新1号茎秆中的含钾量和夏坡蒂块茎中的含钾量作为油炸食品加工原料品质预测和新品种选育的重要生理指标。     

How Age of Transplants from In Vitro Derived Potato Plantlets Affects Crop Growth and Seed Tuber Yield After Field Transplanting

In vitro produced plantlets are used in potato seed systems for production of minitubers under protected conditions or for production of transplants to be transplanted to the field. Three field experiments were carried out to analyse how transplant age (Age) affected the field performance. In the main experiments, 2-, 3- and 4-week-old transplants of the very early cultivar Gloria (Exp. 1) and the mid-early cultivar Bintje (Exp. 2) were produced in a glasshouse. Exp. 3 was a check experiment in which 2- and 3-week-old transplants of cv. Gloria were produced in growth chambers under conditions that were non-inductive for tuberization (24-h photoperiod, high temperature). Ground cover (GC) was assessed weekly and weights of the tuber and canopy fractions were assessed at 0, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70 and 84 days after transplanting (DAT). Yield analysis [accumulated intercepted radiation (AIR), radiation use efficiency (RUE), total dry weight (TDW), harvest index (HI) and tuber dry matter concentration] was carried out; the fraction dry matter (DM) allocated to the tubers and the canopy was calculated for three 2-week intervals after field transplanting. When raised in the glasshouse, older transplants were more advanced in tuber formation and canopy growth than younger transplants and had a higher GC at transplanting. However, crops from younger transplants produced significantly higher fresh tuber yields than crops from older transplants in the later part of the growing period in Exp. 1; the same trend was observed in Exp. 2. AIR was the most important yield component affected by transplant age; RUE, HI and tuber dry matter concentration were not or not meaningfully affected by transplant age. In the first 2 weeks after field transplanting, a very high percentage of the DM produced (>85%) was allocated to tuber growth in crops from the oldest transplants. This reduced AIR severely. The results show clearly that seed crops from younger transplants will perform better than crops from older transplants or at least perform at par. Implications for transplant production management are discussed.     

钾肥在马铃薯上的肥效试验研究

半干旱地区在常规施肥基础上增施钾肥具有显著的增产增效作用 ,以施 6 0～ 90kg/hm2的K2 O效果较好 ,较无肥对照增产 75 4 9 5～ 94 0 0 5kg/hm2 ,净增产值 30 4 5 0 5～ 386 2 5 5元 /hm2 ,较单施氮、磷肥对照增产 2 799 0～ 4 6 5 0 0kg/hm2 ,净增产值 1183 5～ 2 0 0 1 0元 /hm2 ,使马铃薯商品薯率提高 0 1%～ 5 3%。     

Improving Potato Tuber Quality and Production by Targeted Calcium Nutrition: the Discovery of Tuber Roots Leading to a New Concept in Potato Nutrition

Calcium plays a major role in plant growth and development and in the maintenance and modulation of various cell functions, especially related to membrane structure and function and to cell wall structure. Calcium stabilizes cell membranes by bridging polar head groups of phospholipids at the membrane surface. Calcium is also an integral part of the cell wall where it provides stable intra-molecular linkages between pectin molecules, resulting in cell wall rigidity. A change in the cytosolic calcium concentration is also known to provide a cellular signal that regulates metabolism and mediates plant responses to stresses.     

渭源县半干旱区马铃薯施用多元钾肥试验结果

渭源县是甘肃省主要的马铃薯种薯及商品薯基地。目前种植面积达2．3万hm^2，马铃薯已发展成为渭源县的支柱产业。随着市场的进一步拓展和马铃薯加工业的迅速发展，我县北部半干旱地区马铃薯的种植面积成倍增加。但由于我县北部半干旱山区地广人稀，多年来农民对农家肥的投入量有限，加上农民偏重N、P化肥的投入，致使土壤中钾素含量降低。     

二季作区春播马铃薯块茎膨大进程的初步研究

通过连续 3年测定二季作区春播马铃薯块茎形成过程 ,拟将块茎膨大分四个时期 ,4月中旬为膨大始期 ,4月下旬至 5月初为膨大初期 ,5月上中旬为膨大盛期 ,5月下旬至 6月上旬为膨大后期。在此基础上 ,提出了二季作区春播马铃薯配套的高产栽培技术     

马铃薯早熟品种选育的实生籽播种期研究

前　言中原二季作地区马铃薯生产需要选用早熟或中早品种 ,中、晚熟品种在这一地区产量非常低 ,甚至没有产量。其主要原因是这些品种生长期长 ,结薯所需要的环境条件比较严格。在中原地区 ,春季马铃薯播种出苗后日照时数逐渐增多、气温逐渐增高 ,不利于中、晚熟品种结薯。 6月中旬以后高温雨季到来 ,结薯和块茎膨大受到影响 ,同时植株开始感病 ,不等植株正常成熟就已死亡。因此 ,在品种选育上应根据这一地区的特点选育早熟、休眠期短、结薯对温度、光照长短不敏感、秋季播种耐高温的株系。中原地区在利用杂交实生籽育种工作中 ,由于受长日照…     

闽东南沿海炸片用马铃薯品种"大西洋”的栽培综合农艺措施研究

采用二次通用旋转回归设计方法,研究了炸片用马铃薯品种"大西洋”的主要栽培措施(种植密度、农肥、N肥、P肥和K肥)与产量的关系,结果表明,各参试因子对产量影响的大小程度依次排序为:农肥＞K肥＞密度＞N肥＞P肥.经计算机模拟寻优,获得了高产数学模型和最佳农艺措施组合方案.667 m2产量大于1550kg的农艺组合方案有345套,其95%的置信区域是: 密度3626～3800穴,农肥2243.5～2379.5 kg,N肥6.164～6.820 kg,P肥3.851～4.149 kg, K肥11.122～11.611 kg.农艺措施的中心值是:密度3717穴,农肥2311.5 kg,N肥6.492 kg,P肥4.0 kg,K肥11.39 kg.     

Progress and Successes of the Specialty Crop Research Initiative on Acrylamide Reduction in Processed Potato Products

Acrylamide, a suspected human carcinogen, is a Maillard reaction product that forms when carbohydrate-rich foods are cooked at high temperatures. Processed potato products, including French fries and potato chips, make a substantial contribution to total dietary acrylamide. Health safety concerns raised by acrylamide in food increased financial risks to the potato industry and encouraged industry to take a proactive approach toward acrylamide mitigation. The USDA National Institutes of Food and Agriculture Specialty Crop Research Initiative (SCRI) on acrylamide reduction in potato was a cooperative endeavor in which industry partners worked at a systems level with university and government researchers to develop acrylamide mitigation strategies. Short-term goals focused on identifying advanced breeding clones and recently released varieties that have lower acrylamide-forming potential than standard potato varieties. Research was also directed at developing more efficient potato breeding methods, including marker-assisted breeding, genome wide selection, and improved phenotyping methods. Data from the National Fry Processing Trial (NFPT) and SCRI agronomic trial have shown that dramatic reductions in acrylamide are achievable through the use of new varieties that maintain low concentrations of tuber reducing sugars. Chipping potato trials coordinated by Potatoes USA and data from breeding populations suggest that maintaining low tuber reducing sugars through extended storage and lowering tuber asparagine content are options for decreasing acrylamide content in potato chips. To have an impact, new varieties must have exceptional agronomic performance and must produce finished products that meet requirements for consumer attributes including color, texture and taste. Data consistently show that this is more easily achievable in chipping potatoes than in fry processing potatoes.     

南方旱地多熟间套作马铃薯喷施多效唑的增产效果试验

试验结果表明:马铃薯喷施多效唑后有抑制地上部生长,促进植株粗壮和提高产量的作用。其适宜浓度应控制在75￣125mg.L-1之间,同时有利于旱地多熟套种后熟作物的生产。说明这是一条实现旱地全年多熟高产增收的重要技术措施之一。     

Advances in Modelling the Potato Crop: Sufficiency and Accuracy Considering Uses and Users, Data, and Errors

When we consider complex, multi-step processes such as crop growth or the progress of a disease then simple mathematical functions are inadequate to describe them and we generally use some kind of mathematical model. The commonest form in use is one that we call a simulation model although there are other forms of model such as Rule-based, (e.g. Gu et al. AI Appl 10:13–24, 1996), Bayesian (Gold, Plant Disease Epidemiol 4:84–122, 1989) and ‘fuzzy’ (Burrough, J Soil Sci 40:477–492, 1989), depending upon the application. Models may sometimes be combined into packages that we call decision support systems. This paper will consider simulation modelling and also the combination of complementary models. Mathematical models of the potato crop have been devised, in a range of sophistication, over a long period of years and a quite proper question is: “Where next? What are the developments that are sought or, more importantly, that are needed?”     

整薯与切块播种对河西走廊加工型马铃薯品种生长及品质和产量的影响

以‘大西洋’、‘荷兰15’、‘夏坡蒂’3个加工型马铃薯为供试材料,探讨整薯与切块播种对河西走廊加工型马铃薯品种生长发育及品质和产量的影响。结果表明,整薯播种较切块播种生长优势明显,出苗率高5～7个百分点,单株根数多2.0～3.2条,芽长长0.5～0.8cm,株高高2.3～2.7cm;整薯播种经济性状优于切块播种,平均单株结薯数多0.8～1.8个,单株主茎数多0.7～1.6个,平均单薯重高15.5～16.0g,大薯率高12.9～19.9个百分点,商品薯率高20.3～22.9个百分点,增产率18.17%～26.00%;整薯播种干物质、可溶性总糖、淀粉含量显著高于切块播种,分别高1.59～3.87,0.17～0.21和2.10～3.07个百分点。该研究结果为推广整薯播种提供了理论依据。     

Epidermal Cell Wall Biogenesis with Emphasis on Cuticular Layer Formation during Direct Somatic Embryogenesis in Rice

Abstract

Epidermal cell wall biogenesis with emphasis on cuticular layer formation during direct somatic embryogenesis in rice was examined by transmission electron microscopy. The first phenomenon noticed in the early globular stage of somatic embryos was a high activity of cell wall formation. In this stage, many endoplasmic reticula, Golgi bodies and their vesicles were present and epidermal cells were covered by fibrillar material. Cutin was initially deposited on the epidermal cell wall of late globular or early elongate stage embryos. In the late elongate stage, a lamellated cuticular layer formed, and in the late scutellar stage, a more homogenous continuous cuticular layer formed. The cuticular layer disappeared gradually from the scutellum cell wall as the somatic embryo germinated. The disappearance of the cuticular layer was similar to that of the zygotic embryo. There is no cuticular layer on the scutellar epithelial cell wall of the immature zygotic embryo 5 days after germination. Our observations lead to the conclusion that one of the structural and physiological markers of direct somatic embryogenesis is the transformation of fibrillar material into the cuticular layer.     

Projecting Future Crop Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Requirement of Potato in Lower Gangetic Plains of India using the CROPWAT 8.0 Model

A study on evapotranspiration from potato fields was conducted in the Lower Gangetic Plains of India. The input data required for the CROPWAT irrigation management model was collected, and evapotranspiration (ET) and irrigation water requirement (IWR) for potato crops were calculated using the model. Firstly, the CROPWAT model was validated by comparing simulated crop evapotranspiration (SET) with actual ET calculated through the field water balance method. Thereafter, SET and IWR for nine locations in the lower Gangetic plains of India were calculated for the period from 1996–1997 to 2008–2009, for the current situation (using 20-year-average weather data of the stations), and for elevated thermal conditions, i.e. considering 2 and 3 °C increases over the current temperature. The future change in IWR for potato up to 2050 was also calculated considering the projected climatic scenario generated by the PRECIS model. The CROPWAT calculated IWR values showed an increasing, though not statistically significant, trend in requirement of irrigation water for potato across the nine locations during the period from 1996–1997 to 2008–2009. At a temperature increase of 2 °C over normal, the mean SET of potato would increase by 0.06 mm per day and the average IWR would be 6.0 mm per season more. If the mean temperature would be 3 °C more than normal, the SET would be 0.16 mm day^?1 higher and the IWR 16.6 mm. Also based on the projected climatic scenario generated by the PRECIS model, the future SET up to 2050 showed an increasing trend. The present study indicates increasing demand for irrigation water, which may significantly affect the agricultural scenario in the region.     

The Effect of MSW Compost and Fertilizer on Extractable Soil Elements, Tuber Yield, and Elemental Concentrations in the Plant Tissue of Potato

Municipal solid waste (MSW) compost is readily available in eastern Canada and may be a good source of fertility. A 3-year experiment evaluated the effects of MSW compost and fertilizer on soil fertility, elemental composition and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) grown in a sandy loam soil. Three rates of compost (MSW1, MSW2, and MSW3), one rate of fertilizer (NPK), and one mixture of 1/2 MSW1 compost and 1/2 NPK fertilizer were applied annually to plots in a three-crop rotation; each year the MSW1 rate attempted to match the rate of P applied in the NPK treatment. Mehlich-3 extracts were evaluated for 11 elements at two soil depths (0?C15 and 15?C30 cm). Potato shoots and roots or whole plants were assessed for 16 elements. Treatments had no consistent significant influence on marketable tuber yields although the NPK treatment produced mathematically the highest yields. After 3 years, treatments had influenced soil concentrations of K, Ca, S, Cu, Zn, and Na in Mehlich-3 extracts at the 0?C15 cm depth, but only the concentration of Na at the 15?C30 cm depth. The concentration of Mg in the plant tissue was consistently highest in plants fertilized with NPK; this treatment also produced higher Mn concentrations in the last 2 years. Shoot Cu concentrations were highest in the MSW3 plots. The compost did not increase heavy metal concentrations in shoot, root or whole-plant tissue and would be safe to use at agronomic rates of application.     

茶树叶片氟亚细胞分布及其与细胞壁结合特性的研究

茶树具有较强的聚氟能力,叶片是主要聚集部位。为探讨茶树叶片聚氟的特性,分析了茶树叶片中氟的亚细胞分布,氟与细胞壁结合的可能方式。结果表明,3个品种茶树叶片中氟都主要分布于细胞壁(39.74%~56.49%),其次分布于可溶性组分(28.35%~37.32%)。果胶和半纤维素组分聚集了细胞壁90%以上的氟,是细胞壁富集氟的主要组分。细胞壁中的氟与Ca、Mn和Al等金属离子含量具有显著的正相关。甲基化和酯化处理能显著降低细胞壁中F、Mg、Fe、Ca、Mn、Al离子含量,而纤维素酶、果胶酶酶解处理对细胞壁中F、Fe、Ca、Mn、Al离子含量影响较小。说明细胞壁中-NH2和-COOH基团在氟与细胞壁结合中起着重要作用,而果胶和纤维素分子链的大小对结合氟影响不大。因此,茶树叶片细胞壁和可溶性组分是氟重要累积部位,二者的区隔化作用降低了氟毒害;氟可能与细胞壁中-OH、-NH_2和-COOH以氢键形式结合或者与细胞壁中金属离子以离子键结合而被固定在细胞壁中。     

Effects of Calcium Concentration in Potato Tuber Cells on the Formation of Cross-Links between Pectin Molecules by Ca<Superscript>2+</Superscript>

The formation of cross-links between pectin molecules via Ca²⁺ in the potato tuber cell wall is a determinant factor on processing properties of potato and the quality of its products such as French fries. Thus, in this study, potato tubers varying significantly in their calcium concentrations were analyzed to investigate whether an increased absorption of calcium by a potato tuber led to an increase in the calcium concentration in the cell wall and how the calcium concentration in the cell wall influenced on the formation of cross-links between pectin molecules via Ca²⁺. Correlation analysis revealed that calcium absorbed by a potato tuber was bound to the cell wall as a water insoluble form 99 days after planting or later. Furthermore, with an increase in the calcium concentration in the cell wall, the content of chelator soluble pectin increased throughout tuber bulking and maturation stages. However, the degree of methylation was not a limiting factor in the formation of cross-links between pectin chains via Ca²⁺. Atomic force microscopy images of parenchyma cell walls prepared from mature potato tubers indicated an increase in the amount of calcium cross-linked pectin molecules with an increase in the calcium concentration in the cell wall. The present study demonstrated that the calcium concentration of the cell wall of potato tubers significantly affected the formation of cross-linkages between pectin molecules and, consequently, contributed to an enhanced formation of pectin-calcium networks in the cell wall.