共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 203 毫秒
1.
2.
3.
黄淮海夏玉米区是我国最大的玉米集中产区。对黄淮海地区夏玉米的生产现状和品种应用情况进行了论述,在此基础上探讨了黄淮海地区夏玉米新品种的选育技术。结果表明,黄淮海地区夏玉米生产的主要方式是小麦茬直播,主要品种优势明显。今后,夏玉米品种的发展趋势是耐密度、高产、机械化。新品种育种技术应以地方优势品种的质量为核心进行改进和创新,加强抗逆性育种研究,不断培育能够支持玉米生产可持续发展的新品种。 相似文献
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
旨在分析黄淮海夏玉米中后期实施一喷三防对其抗逆性、百粒重等农艺性状的影响,本研究以‘郑单958’中后期喷施混合药液作为研究对象,通过方差分析从中筛选出最佳喷药时间。结果表明:所有处理对夏玉米的农艺性状均有显著影响(P<0.05)。田间性状分析T4、T5、T6处理与T7比较均达到显著水平,T1、T2、T3处理的各性状均有所改善,处理T5综合性状最佳,T7综合性状最差;室内考种分析,除籽粒含水量外,其他性状处理间的差异均达到显著水平,出籽率、百粒重和产量性状的分析结果相近, T5显著优于T7;穗粒数、籽粒蛋白质含量和霉变率性状T7与T5比较均达级显著水平。夏玉米散粉结束后喷洒杀菌剂、杀虫剂和部分微肥的混合药液可以显著改善农艺性状,延长灌浆时间,为粮饲通用玉米栽培、提高玉米产量及品质提供理论依据。 相似文献
12.
产量提高过程中玉米品种特征研究进展 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
自20 世纪60 年代以来,世界玉米平均单产大幅度提高;而消费需求也是逐年增加。所以,作为世界重要的粮食作物之一,玉米高产潜力的挖掘势在必行。品种选育对玉米产量增益的贡献突出。为了给今后品种选育提供理论依据,归纳前人的研究试验,分析了不同年代玉米品种的结构与功能指标,结果如下:(1)在玉米品种更替过程中,穗位高或穗位系数明显降低,茎叶夹角变小、叶面积增大,叶片持绿期延长。(2)新品种与老品种相比,透光率增加,消光系数降低,倒伏率下降,干物质积累速率与收获指数增加。(3)国内外品种选育指标有差异,但品种的特征都向着优化的方向发展。基于以上结果提出,未来的玉米育种在考虑高耐密植的同时,应注重以种抗病、以种抗虫、以种抗草。 相似文献
13.
河北省不同生态区夏玉米丰产、稳产性品种筛选研究 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
针对河北省各地区生态条件差异大,适应不同生态条件的丰产、稳产玉米品种较少的突出问题,以当前推广的紧凑型、半紧凑型和松散型玉米为材料,采用高稳系数法对近几年河北省主要推广的夏播玉米品种在不同生态区的丰产、稳产性能进行研究和探讨。结果表明,不同生态区最适宜推广的品种如下:山前平原区为郑单958、雅玉12和浚单22,高稳系数(HSC)分别为0.85、0.87、0.86;冀东平原区为豫玉23、唐玉15和浚单20,HSC分别为1.02、0.97、0.96;黑龙港地区为蠡玉16、矮秆225,HSC分别为0.95、0.83。本研究为筛选适宜河北省不同生态区种植的丰产、稳产玉米新品种提供了依据。 相似文献
14.
15.
我国西南地区玉米育种面临的挑战及相应对策探讨 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
在剖析西南地区发展玉米产业面临挑战的基础上,反思了西南地区玉米杂交育种存在的主要差距,并根据国内外玉米杂交育种发展趋势和我们的实践,从育种层面提出了应采取的对策措施。育种目标上,重点是抗病与抗虫、耐旱与耐瘠、适合全程机械化生产和耕作制度改革,以及拓展利用营养体优势新型“饲草玉米”。种质创新上,应明确杂优类群、简化杂优模式,系统开展基础种质评价与分析,合成与改良育种用群体,创制育种特异新材料。突破性自交系选育上,应注重特异新基因的发掘与利用,把产量GCA作为重要选择标准,把自交衰退慢的株系作为主要选择对象,自交、姊妹交或混粉交替进行,提高优良基因型频率;加大选系的鉴定力度,并测定产量。育种方法上,应增加种植密度,加大选择压力,实施南北穿梭育种,加快我国南方玉米种子生产基地建设,同时加快高新技术在玉米育种上的应用。 相似文献
16.
玉米自交系一年三代种植与选育技术研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为确立玉米自交系一年三代种植的新模式,采用了温室与大田试验等研究方法,对玉米自交系加代种植与选育技术进行了研究。研究结果表明:玉米自交系山东大棚春播、山东夏播、海南冬繁一年三代种植与选育模式可靠,可操作性强,在不同环境条件下选育自交系扩大了选育范围。利用该加代模式,山东春季大棚2月25日左右播种,5月1日左右授粉,6月12日左右收获,灌浆期42天以上,籽粒基本饱满;夏季6 月15 日左右播种,10 月5 日左右收获,及时暴晒考种;海南冬季11 月8 日左右播种,2 月20日左右收获暴晒3 天及时运回山东大棚春播,完成一年三代。利用该模式选育出的自交系性状表现可靠,生产上可以利用。 相似文献
17.
We evaluated the re-establishment of an Italian ryegrass pasture by self-seeding on a no-till integrated crop–livestock systems (ICLS) in the southern region of Brazil. This work is part of a long-term experimental protocol initiated in 2003. We tested the effects of various management practices, such as summer crop systems (soybean vs. maize–soybean rotation), stocking methods (continuous vs. rotational) and grazing intensities (low vs. moderate), on Italian ryegrass pasture establishment. In addition, we tested resilience of the system by testing pasture's ability to re-establish following a year without seed head production. The experiment consisted in the rotation, on the same area, of Italian ryegrass pasture grazed by sheep during the winter and up to the end of the grass production cycle, and soybean or soybean–maize grain crops rotation cultivated during the summer. The pasture established itself by self-seeding since 2005. Data were collected in 2011 and 2012 stocking season. The soybean summer crop, continuous stocking and low grazing intensity, all positively affected the production of reproductive tillers in 2011. Grazing intensity in 2011 strongly influenced early vegetative tiller densities (before crop harvest) in 2012. However, none of the grazing intensity or the stocking method treatments affected herbage mass at the end of pasture establishment in 2011 or 2012. On the other hand, the soybean summer crop positively affected pasture establishment, both in term of tiller densities and herbage mass at the end of pasture establishment. The removal of all seed heads in 2011 (preventing seed production) resulted in the total failure of pasture establishment in 2012. Overall, Italian ryegrass establishment by self-seeding relies on the annual replacement of the soil seed bank. This experiment demonstrated that under various stocking methods, moderate grazing intensity and maize or soybean summer crop, Italian ryegrass pasture establishment by self-seeding remains successful even when the stocking periods extended up to the end of the grass production cycle. Self-seeding with moderate grazing intensity ensures successful pasture establishment, reduces labour and costs and allows to increase the stocking period and so animal live weight gain over the grazing season. 相似文献
18.
冬小麦–夏玉米高产模式周年气候资源分配与利用特征研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
探明周年产量20,000kghm–2以上冬小麦–夏玉米种植模式周年气候资源分配与利用特征,并建立资源优化配置定量指标,为进一步提升黄淮海该模式周年产量潜力和气候资源利用效率提供理论依据,具有重要意义。本研究利用2006—2010年黄淮海区9个高产点共45个田间试验的数据,定量分析了冬小麦–夏玉米模式高产形成与季节间光温水资源分配的关系。结果表明,三省9个试验点冬小麦–夏玉米均实现了周年20,000kghm–2以上高产,但区域间差异较大,河南和山东小麦产量最高,山东夏玉米产量最高,河南和山东周年产量分别高于河北16.9%和21.5%。产量的变化主要由光温水分配差异造成,河南和山东小麦季积温量在1924.2~2608.0°C和降雨量小于201.1mm范围时产量均高于河北,山东玉米季辐射量在2168.5~2953.8 MJ m–2、积温量小于2990.7°C和降水量小于591.3 mm范围时产量均高于河南和河北。然而省份间冬小麦–夏玉米模式季节间热量资源分配率和分配比值相对固定,即小麦季和玉米季积温分配率分别为43%和57%,两季间积温比值为0.7,这是该区当前生产和生态条件下冬小麦–夏玉米模式季节间资源合理配置的定量标准。在不增加任何投入的前提下依据该定量指标来指导黄淮海不同生态区冬小麦–夏玉米种植模式的资源优化配置,对促进黄淮海该种植模式可持续发展具有重要意义。 相似文献
19.
近35年湖北省低丘平原区玉米需水量及旱涝时空变化 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
利用湖北省低丘平原区8个长期基准气象台站35年(1980—2014)气象资料,对湖北省不同区域春玉米、夏玉米及秋玉米的需水量、旱涝发生频率及其年际变化趋势进行了分析。结果表明玉米各生育阶段需水量区域间差异较小,而不同种植季玉米间差异较大。秋玉米需水量显著低于春玉米和夏玉米,春玉米需水量与夏玉米相近,且三季玉米的需水量随年份呈显著下降趋势,尤其是以鄂中地区需水量下降最多,平均达-18.62 mm(10a)~(–1)。鄂北、鄂中及鄂东南区域三季玉米播种-拔节阶段均以发生涝灾为主,其中重涝发生频率较高;鄂北及鄂中地区三季玉米拔节-完熟期主要以发生轻度干旱为主,尤其是灌浆期间旱灾发生频率较高;在鄂东南春玉米与夏玉米拔节-吐丝期间涝灾发生频率要高于旱灾,灌浆期间三季玉米均以旱灾较多,尤其是夏玉米与秋玉米旱灾要重于春玉米。各地区三季玉米不同生育时期旱涝年际变化趋势不显著。从降低旱涝胁迫风险考虑,建议鄂北地区主要发展夏玉米、鄂中及鄂东南地区主要发展春玉米,适当控制秋玉米面积;三季玉米拔节前均要注意防涝,拔节后注意防旱。 相似文献
20.
We evaluated the re-establishment of an Italian ryegrass pasture by self-seeding on a no-till integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS) in the southern region of Brazil. This work is part of a long-term experimental protocol initiated in 2003. We tested the effects of various management practices, such as summer crop systems (soybean vs. maize–soybean rotation), stocking methods (continuous vs. rotational) and grazing intensities (low vs. moderate), on Italian ryegrass pasture establishment. In addition, we tested resilience of the system by testing pasture's ability to re-establish following a year without seed head production. The experiment consisted in the rotation, on the same area, of Italian ryegrass pasture grazed by sheep during the winter and up to the end of the grass production cycle, and soybean or soybean-maize grain crops rotation cultivated during the summer. The pasture established itself by self-seeding since 2005. Data were collected in 2011 and 2012 stocking season. The soybean summer crop, continuous stocking and low grazing intensity, all positively affected the production of reproductive tillers in 2011. Grazing intensity in 2011 strongly influenced early vegetative tiller densities (before crop harvest) in 2012. However, none of the grazing intensity or the stocking method treatments affected herbage mass at the end of pasture establishment in 2011 or 2012. On the other hand, the soybean summer crop positively affected pasture establishment, both in term of tiller densities and herbage mass at the end of pasture establishment. The removal of all seed heads in 2011 (preventing seed production) resulted in the total failure of pasture establishment in 2012. Overall, Italian ryegrass establishment by self-seeding relies on the annual replacement of the soil seed bank. This experiment demonstrated that under various stocking methods, moderate grazing intensity and maize or soybean summer crop, Italian ryegrass pasture establishment by self-seeding remains successful even when the stocking periods extended up to the end of the grass production cycle. Self-seeding with moderate grazing intensity ensures successful pasture establishment, reduces labour and costs and allows to increase the stocking period and so animal live weight gain over the grazing season. 相似文献