哈茨木霉防治花生、甜椒白绢病

1977年作者从水稻叶面分离得到哈茨木霉Trichoderma harzianum Rifai(即木霉82,以下简称木霉),经拮抗作用测定,发现其对白绢病菌(Sclerotium rolfsii)菌丝具有很强的溶解作用,对菌核有寄生作用。1981年以来,在各地应用木霉防治茉莉、白术白绢病取得了良好效果。本研究是     

木霉-植物互作机制的研究进展

木霉作为是一种重要的生防制剂已经成为化学农药替代化和减量化的主要产品,也是公认的最有前防治病害的目的。随着木霉-植物互作研究的深入,关于互作机制方面的研究已取得了明显的进展。木霉与植物的互作过程包括木霉对植物的感知、木霉在植物体表和体内的定殖并引起植物的一系列变化等复杂的过程,本文重点对木霉-植物互作过程中木霉在植物中的定殖、木霉和植物的生理生化变化以及激素信号传递模式进行综述,以明确木霉促进植物生长和防治植物病害的机理,明确木霉与植物的互作机制对进一步提高木霉的生防效果、扩大木霉的应用具有重要的意义。     

木霉菌对植物寄生线虫防治作用机制

生物防治不仅作为植物寄生线虫病安全有效的防治措施，而且其具有降低化学农药施用量和减少环境污染的作用。木霉菌作为一种生防潜力巨大的线虫病防治真菌，已被广泛研究并应用于植物寄生线虫病的防治。本文主要从木霉防治植物寄生线虫病的直接和间接生防机制的视角，综述了木霉对线虫的重寄生作用、毒杀作用以及木霉对植物的诱导抗性、促生作用等多种协同防治植物寄生线虫的机制，展望了今后需要继续扩大对杀线木霉资源种类的调查和挖掘、木霉菌对植物寄生线虫的作用机理以及从分子水平上加深对木霉防治线虫病机制的研究，旨在为科学利用木霉菌防治植物线虫病提供参考。     

长枝木霉对禾谷胞囊线虫卵的寄生和毒杀作用及其机制

为了明确长枝木霉Trichoderma longibrachiatum对小麦禾谷胞囊线虫Heterodera avenae卵的防治潜力和作用机制,在室内测定了长枝木霉分生孢子悬浮液对小麦禾谷胞囊线虫卵的寄生和毒杀作用,并通过温室盆栽试验测定了长枝木霉分生孢子悬浮液对小麦禾谷胞囊线虫卵的防治效果.室内试验中1.5×107 CFU/mL的长枝木霉分生孢子悬浮液处理12 d对小麦禾谷胞囊线虫卵的寄生率和卵孵化的相对抑制率分别为91.33％和88.35％.温室盆栽试验中1.5×107 CFU/mL处理对土壤中胞囊、线虫和根系中线虫的相对防治效果分别为89.84％、92.67％和88.30％;接种卵悬浮液和长枝木霉分生孢子悬浮液后,小麦幼苗株高、根系长度、地上部鲜重和根系鲜重的增长率分别为66.72％、159.31％、169.09％和170.19％;叶绿素总量和根系活力显著高于对照,分别为17.52 mg/g和356.25 μg·g-1·h-1.研究表明长枝木霉可作为小麦禾谷胞囊线虫的生防制剂.     

木霉对土传病原真菌的拮抗作用

 分别在体外及温室测定了筛选菌株哈茨木霉Trichoderma harzianum(T₈₂)和Tricho-derma sp.(NF9)对土传病原真菌的拮抗作用。体外测定表明,木霉菌株T₈₂和NF₉对白绢病菌Sclerotium rolfsii,立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani,瓜果腐霉Pythium aphanidermatum刺腐霉P.spinosum和尖镰孢Fusarium oxysporum在对崎培养中的拮抗系数分别为2或2~3和2。温室测定表明,用0、6%(W/W)T₈₂麸皮培养物(10⁷cfu/g)处理土壤。在人工接种白绢病菌,立枯丝核菌及瓜果腐霉20天后,黄瓜发病率分别比未用木霉处理的对照减少46、5%,28.4%和81。2%;用T₈₂和NF₉木霉孢子悬浮液(10⁸cfu/ml)处理黄瓜种子,人工接种白绢病菌11天后,黄瓜成苗率分别比未用木霉处理的对照增加14%的20%。分别在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下观察到木霉T₈₂对白绢病菌菌丝和菌核的重寄生以及木霉T₈₂和NF₉对立枯丝核菌菌丝的缠绕。穿入及寄生。作者认为重寄生可能是试验木霉菌株T₈₂和NF₉对白绢病菌和立枯丝核菌的主要拮抗机制。     

2种化学杀菌剂与木霉及其组配制剂对辣椒疫病防控效果研究

[目的]为对比化学杀菌剂、木霉及杀菌剂与木霉组配制剂对辣椒疫病的防控效果.[方法]通过田间药效试验,测试了50％烯酰吗啉可湿性粉剂、687.5 g/L氟菌·霜霉威悬浮剂两种杀菌剂,木霉及两杀菌剂分别与木霉的复配制剂对辣椒疫病的防控效果及持效性.[结果]烯酰吗啉与氟菌·霜霉威药后7 d对辣椒疫病的防治效果显著高于木霉,药后21 d的防治效果与木霉无显著差异.烯酰吗啉、氟菌·霜霉威分别与木霉复配后,其药后7 d对辣椒疫病的防治效果与两种杀菌剂单剂无显著差异,药后21 d的防治效果显著高于两种杀菌剂单剂及木霉.[结论]烯酰吗啉、氟菌·霜霉威分别与木霉复配能显著提高对辣椒疫病持效性且未降低其速效性,因此可以在辣椒疫病防治中推广应用.     

六种土传病原真菌被木霉抑制作用机理的初步研究

７０年代以来,关于木霉的拮抗作用及其机制有很多研究报道,同时温室和田间试验也从防治土传病原真菌进一步深入到叶面病原真菌研究,并且有商品化木霉制剂问世。我国在木霉研究和应用方面也有较大进展。本文通过比较木霉和土传病原真菌在单独和对峙培养中生长速度的差异...     

两株木霉菌株对茄黄萎病的防治效果

由大丽轮枝菌（Verticillium dahliae）引起的茄黄萎病俗称半边疯、黑心病，分布广泛，发病率一般为50％～70％，近几年来蔓延迅速，是茄子生产上的一种重要病害。目前对该病防治主要依靠化学农药，其抗茄黄萎病育种工作困难，因而极有必要开展茄黄萎病的生物防治。木霉是一种广泛存在的土壤真菌，能够拮抗多种病原真菌，尤其对许多土传真菌有很强的拮抗作用。木霉用于棉花黄萎病的防治已有报道，但用于茄黄萎病的防治未见报道。本研究从土壤中分离筛选出木霉菌株，进行了茄黄萎病的田间小区防病试验。     

木霉胞外蛋白酶的研究进展

木霉菌Trichoderma spp.是重要的农业微生物资源,在植物病原菌和根结线虫的生物防治中发挥重要的作用。木霉菌具有复杂的胞外蛋白水解系统,可以分泌大量多种胞外蛋白酶,是细胞壁降解酶的重要组分。胞外蛋白酶通过参与营养竞争,协同降解植物病原菌细胞壁和根结线虫体壁等多种途径参与木霉的生物防治。本文就国内外木霉胞外蛋白酶的研究现状及其在木霉菌防治植物病原菌和根结线虫中所起的作用进行了论述。     

木霉在植物病害生物防治中的应用及作用机制

木霉是植物病害生物防治中应用和研究非常广泛的一类生防真菌。本文阐述了木霉在多种植物病害防治上的应用及防治效果,并概括了木霉在生防过程中对植物病原物的生防机制,包括竞争、重寄生、抗生作用等,以及木霉与植物互作中对植物促生和诱导植物抗性的机制。目前,世界上含木霉的商品化制剂已超过250种,在不同国家地区都取得了良好的防治效果,更多的优秀生防木霉菌株也在通过野生菌株筛选或遗传改良等方式开发。木霉生物防治及机制研究对推广生物防治和减少化学农药有重要意义。     

5种杀菌剂对青贮玉米3种病害的田间防治效果

为有效防治青贮玉米Zea mays Linn.锈病、小斑病和大斑病, 筛选出低毒、无公害的高效防治杀菌剂, 选用哈茨木霉水分散粒剂(1亿cfu/g)、枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂(1 000亿孢子/g)、37%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂、15%三唑酮可湿性粉剂和80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂5种杀菌剂进行田间药效试验。结果表明, 1亿cfu/g哈茨木霉WG对青贮玉米3种病害的田间防效最优, 37%苯醚甲环唑WG对小斑病的防效最好, 15%三唑酮WP对锈病的防效最理想, 80%代森锰锌WP对大斑病的防效最优。     

Effect of Gliocladium and Trichoderma on damping-off and blight of snapbean caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in the greenhouse

Aqueous suspensions of conidia of 285 wild-type strains and mutants of Gliocladium virens, Trichoderma hamatum, T. harzianum and T. viride were tested against Sclerotium rolfsii in the greenhouse. Ten strains of G. virens and four strains of T. harzianum suppressed damping-off of snapbean by 30-50% and blight by 36-74%. All strains of T. hamatum and T. viride tested as conidia were ineffective. In general, strains of G. virens were more effective in suppressing disease in the greenhouse than strains of T. harzianum. Several strains of G. virens and T. harzianum used alone were equal to or more effective than double and triple mixtures of such strains in disease suppression. Of four formulations of G. virens tested, germlings, alginate-bran-fermenter biomass pellets, and Pyrax-fermenter biomass mixtures reduced disease considerably and all three formulations were more effective than conidia in aqueous suspension. Strain G1-3 of G. virens added to soil as Pyrax-fermenter biomass mixtures in amounts to provide colony-forming units ranging from 1 -5 × 10³ to 1 -2 × 10⁴ per g soil provided statistically significant protection of the host at all concentrations. The extent of biological control with strains G1-3 and G1-21 of G. virens also depended on the strain of the pathogen used. Both strains effectively suppressed disease caused by strain Sr-1 (small sclerotia) of S. rolfsii. They were partially effective against strain Sr-116 (medium size sclerotia) and ineffective against strain Sr-3 (large sclerotia). Although strains G1-3 and G1-21 colonized the sclerotia of all three strains of S. rolfsii in soil effectively, they only reduced germinability of sclerotia of strain Sr-1.     

哈茨木霉SH2303防治玉米小斑病的初步研究

哈茨木霉SH2303是本实验室分离获得的1株具有生防效果的菌株,该菌株能够较好的防治玉米小斑病。通过离体叶片试验确定哈茨木霉SH2303诱导玉米抗小斑病的持效期达15 d。盆栽及大田试验表明,防治玉米小斑病防效分别达到78.1%和56.3%。盆栽试验表明,哈茨木霉 SH2303处理的叶片在挑战接种小斑病菌后第36 h,玉米体内防御反应酶系PAL和SOD活性达到峰值。同时,防御基因Pal和Sod的表达水平也明显上升。综合分析表明,哈茨木霉SH2303的诱导抗性作用是防治玉米小斑病的重要机制之一。     

哈茨木霉防治水稻纹枯病研究

为测定哈茨木材霉菌株ＴＣ３和ＮＦ９对水稻纹枯病的防治效果及防治过程中不同因素对防治效果原影响,于中国水稻研究所富阳基地的温室和网室内通过人工接种诱发水稻纹枯病,分别用茨木霉菌株ＴＣ３和ＢＮ和ＮＦ９进行防治。研究结果表明,菌株ＴＣ３和ＮＦ９对水稻纹枯病均具有一定的防治效果,最高防效分别为７７．５６％和８３．０９％,同时还分析了哈获准木霉防治水稻纹枯病的施用方法、施用适、施用数量及其对不同水稻品种苗期     

Integrated control of Rhizoctonia solani by methyl bromide and Trichoderma harzianum

Under laboratory conditions, isolate TH–203 of Trichoderma harzianum was found to be tolerant of up to 20 000 ppm methyl bromide (MB) (v/v), whereas the plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani was susceptible to a dose of less than 9000 ppm (v/v). Exposure to sub–lethal concentrations of MB had no effect on the in vitro antagonistic ability of T. harzianum . Soil fumigation with MB at the equivalent of a commercial dose of 500 kg/ha did not reduce the population of Trichoderma in soil and allowed rapid colonization of Trichoderma to develop in the soil.
Under greenhouse conditions a combination of T. harzianum and a reduced dose of MB (equivalent to 200 kg/ha) completely controlled disease incidence of R. solani in bean seedlings compared with controls in untreated soils. Similar disease control was achieved with the recommended dose of MB. Under field conditions, the combination of 200 kg/ha MB and T. harzianum gave a significant synergistic effect on damping–off of carrot seedlings caused by R. solani , and had a similar effect on growth, yield and disease control to that of the recommended dose.
T. harzianum was also able to prevent reinfestation by R. solani in fumigated soils.     

Incorporation of Weather Forecasting in Integrated, Biological-Chemical Management of Botrytis cinerea

ABSTRACT A strategy for integrated biological and chemical control of Botrytis cinerea in nonheated greenhouse vegetables was developed. The biocontrol agent used was a commercial preparation developed from an isolate of Trichoderma harzianum, T39 (Trichodex). Decisions concerning whether to spray the biocontrol agent or a fungicide were made based on a weather-based disease warning system. The integrated strategy (BOTMAN [short for Botrytis manager]) was implemented as follows: when slow or no disease progress was expected, no spraying was needed; when an outbreak of epidemics was expected, use of a chemical fungicide was recommended; in all other cases, application of T. harzianum T39 was recommended. Future weather information (a 4-day weather forecast provided by the Israel Weather Forecast Service) was more useful for disease warnings than immediate past weather. The integrated strategy was compared with weekly applications of fungicide in 11 experiments conducted over 3 years in greenhouse-grown tomato and cucumber. Disease reduction in the integrated strategy (63.9 +/- 3.0%) did not differ significantly (P < 0.05) from the fungicide-only treatment (70.1 +/- 3.6%). The number of fungicide sprays in the integrated strategy ranged from 2 to 7 (mean 4.2) compared to 7 to 13 (mean 10.5) in the fungicide treatment. The integrated strategy averaged 5.9 sprays of T. harzianum T39. For the integrated strategy, one treatment omitted use of T. harzianum T39 to estimate the contribution of this agent to disease control. Disease reduction in that treatment (49.1 +/- 4.8%) was significantly (P < 0.05) inferior to the combined chemical and biological strategy, indicating that the T. harzianum T39 sprays had a measurable effect on disease control.     

Integrated control of Rhizoctonia solani and fusarium solani in tobacco transplants with Trichoderma hurziunum and triadimenol

Trichoderma cultures were isolated locally from soils and screened on potato-dextrose agar against Rhizoctonia solani. Several isolates of T. harzianum reduced the growth and build up of populations of R. solani and to a lesser extent of Fusarium solani in sterilized soil. In field experiments, biological control of R. solani and F. solani infections in tobacco transplants was achieved by adding T. harzianum (T77) to methyl-bromide-fumigated seedbeds before seed was sown. There was also increased growth and leaf yield that was not directly correlated with disease control. Triadimenol fungicide, integrated with the Trichoderma treatment, enhanced disease control.     

哈茨木霉拌种对冬小麦生长、土传病害及根际真菌群落的影响

为了明确哈茨木霉LTR-2拌种处理冬小麦的田间效果,为木霉拌种剂的推广应用提供依据,本试验从2016年－2018年连续3年,研究了哈茨木霉LTR-2拌种对小麦出苗率、幼苗生长、小麦纹枯病和茎基腐病发生情况和产量的影响,通过高通量测序和FUNGuild预测分析了木霉拌种对小麦根际土壤中真菌群落组成的影响。结果表明,哈茨木霉LTR-2拌种可以提高小麦的出苗率和冬前分蘖数;对小麦纹枯病的平均防效60%以上;对小麦茎基腐病的平均防效65%以上,优于6%戊唑醇悬浮种衣剂;与不拌种对照相比,哈茨木霉LTR-2拌种处理增产4.3%~6.34%,增产效果略高于6%戊唑醇悬浮种衣剂;木霉拌种可以降低小麦根际土壤中病原真菌的相对丰度,特别是土壤中镰孢属真菌的相对丰度。因此,哈茨木霉LTR-2可以作为化学拌种剂的绿色替代产品用于小麦生产。     

紫外-氯化锂复合诱变哈茨木霉产生多菌灵抗药性菌株的研究

多菌灵是植物病害防治中常用的化学杀菌剂,野生型哈茨木霉对多菌灵比较敏感。为了能够更好地将哈茨木霉菌应用于实践,本试验采用紫外线-氯化锂复合诱变的方法,实现哈茨木霉菌株对多菌灵的抗性改良。试验共获得315株正向突变菌株,其中hcb-35菌株抗性能力较强。利用毒力测定方法检测了多菌灵对hcb-35有效抑菌中浓度,及hcb-35对多菌灵的抗药遗传稳定性;并利用对峙试验及显微观察检测其抑菌能力。结果显示,与哈茨木霉出发菌株hc相比,多菌灵对哈茨木霉突变株hcb-35菌株的有效抑菌中浓度提升285%;连续转接12代后,hcb-35菌株抗药性相对稳定且抑菌效果较出发菌株无明显差异,表明应用紫外-氯化锂复合诱变哈茨木霉可以获得遗传稳定的耐多菌灵突变株。     

Trichoderma harzianum TUV-13对鱼腥草白绢病的防治及其促生长作用

应用抗腈菌唑标记的Trichoderma harzianum TUV-13的分生孢子制剂对鱼腥草Houttuynia cordata进行种茎浸泡和土壤处理。结果表明,两种处理均可促进鱼腥草种茎提早发芽、发根,并提高植株生物量。种茎浸泡处理对芽根萌发、地上部分生长的促进效果较好,而土壤处理则对提高地下茎产量效果更明显;两种方法当年对由Sclemtium rolfsii引起的白绢病的田间防效均可达70%以上,两年后在田间自然状态下,对该病仍有较好的防治作用。其中土壤处理两年后,对白绢病的防效为68.2%。木霉回收试验结果表明,TUV-13菌株可在土壤中较好地定殖,2年后其种群数量为2.31×105cfu.g-1,是土著木霉菌数量的289倍。