Unterschiedliche Reaktionen der Spermien vom Manne und vom Bullen auf spermizide Stoffe*,**

Inhalt 8-Hydroxychinolinsulfat mit Borsäure- und Glyzerinzusatz in wäβriger Lösung war von einer Präservativfabrik zur spermiziden Beschichtung von Humancondomen vorgesehen. Der Test an mehreren Ejakulaten von verschiedenen Bullen mit überdurchschnittlich guter Samenqualität und Befruchtungskapazität ergab cine vollständig spermizide Wirkung, während an Humanejakulaten unter gleichen Versuchsbedingungen kaum eine Verminderung der Bewegungsaktivität der Samenzellen zu verzeichnen war. Nach Testung von insgesamt 16 chemisch verwandten Stoffen erwies sick ein Cupreinderivat auch für Humanspermien als 100%ig spermizid. Auf die unterschiedliche Empfindlichkeit von humanen und bovinen Spermien deutet ebenfalls ihr verschiedenes Verhalten im Ablauf der Langzeitkonservierung hin: Zur Erzielung eines günstigen Auftauergebnisses bei der Tiefgefrierung von Bullensperma in Pelletform ist eine Anpassungszeit des verdünnten Samens von mindestens 2 Stunden bei + 5° C erforderlich; dagegen kann Humansperma ohne Adaption unmittelbar nach Verdünnerzusatz erfolgreich tiefgefroren werden. Contents A manufacturing firm planned to use a watery solution of 8-hydroxychinolinsulfate with boric acid and glycerol because of its expected spermicidal effects for coating the inner side of human contraceptives. The preparation was tested against sperm cells from man and bull. With several high quality ejaculates from different bulls the solution produced a complete spermicidal effect. However human semen treated in the same way showed hardly any effect regarding motility. After testing 16 chemically related compounds a derivate of cupreine proved 100% spermicidal with human sperm cells. A different reaction of semen from men and bulls is also obvious in the context of deep-freezing. For bull sperms to be frozen in pellets an equilibration time of at least 2 hours (5 Centigrade) is essential, whereas human sperm may be frozen immediately after dílution.     

Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen der Samenblasendrüse (Glandula vesicularis) des Bullen

Light and electron microscopical study of the vesicular gland of the bull
The vesicular glands of six adult bulls were studied grossly and with the microscope. Corrosion casts (of the duct system) examined with the dissecting microscope and the SEM clearly showed that the gland was tubulo-alveolar.
The light microscope showed two rows of tall glandular cells. The basal epithelial cells (termed "dwarf lipid-cells") contained uni- as well as plurivacuolar lipid droplets. In the tall glandular cells fine lipid droplets were seen mainly in the supranuclear cytoplasm.
Electron microscopical examinations permit division of the tall glandular cells into three compartments, shown in a semischematic drawing. The results of this study allow the conclusion that the basal "fat cells" and the peroxysomes of the tall glandular cells are related to the formation of prostaglandins.     

Effect of high temperature on physiological parameters of Nelore (Bos taurus indicus) and Caracu (Bos taurus taurus) cattle breeds

The climate-related problems that affect animal production in tropical countries have encouraged seeking solutions to increase herd productivity and one alternative is the use of breeds adapted to high-temperature environments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of temperature on 77 Caracu and Nelore males submitted to three different environments: morning period (8:00 to 10:00 AM), afternoon in the sun, and afternoon in a shaded environment (11:00 AM to 1:00 PM). The following physiological parameters were measured in each treatment: heart and respiration rates, rectal and dorsal surface temperatures, and cortisol level. The data were analyzed with the MIXED procedure (SAS) and the model included the fixed effects of treatment (morning, sun, and shade), breed (Nelore and Caracu), month of measurement (December and February), and the interaction between effects. A higher dorsal surface temperature was observed in animals of both breeds in the sun treatment compared with the shade treatment. Caracu animals had a higher dorsal surface temperature than Nelore animals, which probably caused the higher rectal temperature observed in the sun treatment compared with the shade treatment in both breeds over the 2 months of the study. All physiological parameters measured in this study were efficient to detect the thermal stress in both breeds. Despite the variations in rectal temperature observed during the treatments, the animals of the two breeds exhibited no significant changes in heart rate, respiration rate, and cortisol level for the maintenance of thermal homeostasis. In conclusion, both breeds were considered tolerant to sun exposure, demonstrating adaptation of these animals to high-temperature environments, without evidence of harm to its health and welfare.

     

Spermatogenesis in Bali cattle (Bos sondaicus) and hybrids with Bos indicus and Bos taurus

Semen quality, testis size and efficiency of sperm production in Bali cattle (Bos sondaicus) and hybrids with Bos indicus and Bos taurus were determined. Mean (+/- SEM) daily sperm production per gram of testis parenchyma (DSPG) in six purebred Bali bulls was 12.2 +/- 0.7 x 10(6). F1 B sondaicus cross B taurus bulls and F1 B sondaicus cross B indicus bulls were sterile. Spermatogenesis was arrested at the late primary spermatocyte stage. In 11 B sondaicus cross B indicus crosses, mean DSPG was lower than in the purebred B sondaicus, although four (one 1/4 B sondaicus, one 3/4 B sondaicus, one 5/8 B sondaicus inter se and one 3/8 B sondaicus inter se) exhibited DSPG levels similar to the foundation stock. Semen from those crossbreeds which exhibited complete spermatogenesis was more variable in terms of spermatozoal concentration, percentage of spermatozoa exhibiting progressive motility and levels of spermatozoal abnormalities. In crossbreeds where sperm production was reduced or absent, there was seminiferous epithelial dysfunction, manifested as an increased frequency of degenerative late pachytene and diplotene primary spermatocytes and germinal cells occurring later in the cycle, or in extreme cases, as complete arrest of spermatogenesis at the late primary spermatocyte stage.     

Nachweis der hydrodynamisch wirkenden Tensulae in der Substantia spongiosa des Caput femoris bei Bos taurus und Ovis aries

The authors show the presence of CC-Tensulae in Bos taurus and Ovis aries. They define CC-Tensulae as tense membranes in openings between the trabeculae of spongy bone. These structures were interpreted in man as a hydrodynamic subsystem which serves the flow and the impulses of mechanical forces. The authors point especially to the similarity that exists between their findings and what has been seen in man.     

Über die frühfetale Entwicklung der Dünndarm-Mukosa des Rindes (Bos primigenius taurus).

The development of the bovine small intestine was examined in 24 embryos and fetuses by light microscopic, scanning and transmission electron microscopic methods. Special reference was paid to the genesis of the epithelium and particularly of the villi intestinales. The primitive intestine consists of one layer of epithelial cells surrounded by mesenchym and tunica serosa. The fetal intestine (up to the 24th week of gestation) shows all the morphologic structures of the adult. In small intestine the development of cryptae and villi intestinales starts before the 7th week of gestation and progresses with a proximo-distal gradient. Epithelial proliferation that gives rise to primary epithelial villi makes epithelium become temporarily stratified. Finger-like secondary villi develop by proliferation of the mesenchym. In addition to this process mucosal folds occur in duodenum giving rise to villi by segmentation. At the same time the differentiation of epithelium starts. The fetal small intestine, like many other fetal tissues displays masses of glycogen.     

Rumen parameters of yaks (Bos grunniens) and indigenous cattle (Bos taurus) grazing on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau

Yaks and indigenous Qaidam cattle and cattle‐yak crosses (C × Y) graze on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau (QTP) throughout the year, but yaks are raised at higher elevations than cattle. Yaks do not receive supplementary feed whereas cattle require supplementary feed during harsh winter. We hypothesized that yaks would cope with the severe conditions of the QTP better than cattle and utilize the pasture more efficiently. We also hypothesized that differences between species would be pronounced in winter, when conditions are particularly harsh. To test these hypotheses, seasonal rumen fluid parameters of yaks, C × Y and cattle (n = 3 for each) were examined. Rumen fluid was collected in summer and winter from each genotype 2, 5 and 12 hr after a day of grazing. Concentrations of total volatile fatty acid (VFA), acetate, propionate, isobutyrate and isovalerate were greater in yaks than in cattle in summer (p < 0.05), while propionate concentration was lower in yaks than in cattle in winter (p < 0.05). Concentrations of ammonia and urea were greater (p < 0.001) in yaks than in cattle (p < 0.001) in summer, whereas, concentrations of free amino acids (AA) were greater in cattle than in yaks in summer and winter (p < 0.001). Concentrations of total VFA, acetate, propionate and butyrate decreased linearly (p < 0.05), whereas concentrations of isobutyrate and isovalerate increased linearly for yak and C × Y with sampling time (p < 0.05) in summer. In summer, concentrations of isobutyrate and isovalerate were greater in yaks than in cattle (p < 0.05). In conclusion, rumen fermentation characteristics of yaks showed that they coped better than cattle or C × Y in the harsh climate as we hypothesized. However, in contrast to our hypothesis, this emerged only in summer, when pasture was plentiful and not in winter, when pasture was scarce.     

Differences in copper and selenium metabolism between Angus (Bos taurus) and Brahman (Bos indicus) cattle

A 2-yr study was conducted at the Range Cattle Research and Education Center, University of Florida – Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) (Ona, FL), to evaluate differences in the metabolism of Cu and Se of Angus (Bos taurus) and Brahman (Bos indicus) cattle. Thirty-two pregnant beef cows (n = 8 Brahman and 8 Angus/yr) were enrolled in the study in the first trimester of gestation. This study consisted of three phases: 1) restriction (day 0 to 90), 2) supplementation (day 91 to 150), and 3) calving. During all three phases, cows were individually fed and housed in partially covered drylot pens. During the restriction and supplementation phases, cows were provided a 1.5 kg/d of a grain-based concentrate supplement, which was fortified with flowers of S (50 g of supplemental S/cow daily; restriction phase) or Cu and Se (100 and 3 mg/d of Cu and Se, respectively; supplementation phase). Blood and liver samples were collected from all cows at 30 d intervals and from both cows and calves within 24 h of calving. Colostrum and milk samples were collected at calving and 7 d after birth. All data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS, where cow and calf were the experimental unit. During the restriction phase, a breed × day effect (P = 0.03) was observed where Brahman had greater liver Cu concentration than Angus cows in all sampling days. For liver Se concentration, a tendency (P = 0.07) for a breed effect was observed where Angus cows tended to have greater liver Se concentration than Brahman. During the supplementation phase, breed (P < 0.001) and day (P < 0.01) effects were observed, where Brahman cows had greater liver Cu concentration than Angus. For liver Se concentration, a day effect (P < 0.001) was observed, where liver Se concentration increased (P < 0.001) from day 90 to 120 and remained unchanged (P = 0.86) until day 150. At calving, no effects of breed (P = 0.34) were observed for liver Cu concentration of cows; however, Brahman calves tended (P = 0.09) to have greater liver Cu concentration than Angus calves. For Se liver concentration at calving, Angus cows tended (P = 0.07) to have greater liver Se concentration than Brahman cows; however, no breed differences (P = 0.70) were observed for liver Se concentration of calves at birth. In summary, substantial differences in multiple indicators of Cu and Se status were observed between Angus and Brahman cattle, implying that Angus and Brahman cattle possibly have different mechanisms to maintain adequate Cu and Se status.     

Etude Morpho-fonctionnelle des Papilles Linguales chez le Boeuf (Bos taurus)

The morpho-functional and topographical features of the lingual papillae situated on the dorsal surface of the bovine tongue, were studied utilizing LM and SEM techniques. In the bovine species, the functional differentiation of the lingual papillae in their gustative and mechanical modes, seems to be related to the position of the papillae rather than to their morphological features. The gustative function predominates over the mechanical one on the caudal tract of the tongue body (lateral to the lingual torus and associated with circumvallate papillae). The gustative function also involves the conical papillae situated on the caudal tract of the tongue body. This gustative function is aided by additional anatomical structures: 1. The grooves situated on the rostro-lateral side of the conical papillae; 2. The microcraters located on the top of the fungiform papillae; and 3. The furrows of the circumvallatae papillae vallum. The contact between saliva soluble food particles and taste buds is aided and made more efficient by these structures. Furthermore, a large variety of conical papillae were observed, whereas no filiform papillae were noted.     

Immotile Short‐Tail Sperm Defect in Nelore (Bos taurus indicus) Breed Bulls

This case study reported the presence of short tail sperm defect in the semen of three Nelore breed bulls. The sperm presented 0% of motility in the three animals evaluated and a total of 70%, 61% and 34% of pathologies of the intermediate piece of the tail respectively for animals 1, 2 and 3. It was identified that animals 2 and 3 had high degree of inbreeding, although no relationship was found with animal 1. Animal 2 was the only one that presented inbreeding coefficient (6.25%). His half‐sib (animal 3) and animal 1, from the same herd, had shown no inbreeding, showing that inheritance is not the only determinant factor for its incidence on Nelore males.     

Milk protein loci polymorphism in taurine (Bos taurus) and zebu (Bos indicus) populations bred in hot climate

The genetic variation at four milk protein loci α_s1‐casein (CSN1S1), β‐casein (CSN2), κ‐casein (CSN3) and β‐lactoglobulin (LGB) was investigated in 358 animals belonging to seven populations well adapted to hot climatic conditions, reared in Africa and Italy. Bos taurus (Somba, Lagune and Modicana), Bos indicus (Sudanese Zebu Peul, Azaouak and Adamawa), and B. taurus × B. indicus (Borgou) were studied by adapting different molecular methodologies to evaluate their genetic variability. All loci were polymorphic and a new CSN2 synonymous variant, named A²′, was detected and characterized. Noteworthy differences in the distribution of alleles and haplotypes were observed between zebuine and taurine cattle showing that milk protein polymorphism is suited for discriminating B. taurus from B. indicus efficiently, and also taurine breeds. Milk protein loci, being positively selected loci, can also provide information about the occurrence of germplasm particularly useful for breeding strategies and production improvement.     

Intracranial,extraneural ectopic lymph node in a bovine (Bos taurus)

The brain from a field necropsied 8‐month‐old feedlot heifer presenting with an acute history of depression, lethargy, dyspnoea and anorexia was evaluated grossly and by histopathology. The meninges overlying the left cerebral hemisphere contained a 12 × 26 × 32 mm, dark red, soft, ovoid mass. Histologic examination of this tissue revealed a well‐organized lymph node with normal architecture. Organization of reactive lymphoid tissue resembling normal lymph node architecture may occur under chronic stimulation. However, there are no known aggregates of lymphoid tissue present within the cranial vault in any veterinary species. This is the first reported case of an intracranial ectopic lymph node in any species.     

Variations of the Dorsal Intercostal Arteries in the Ox (Bos taurus)

This paper describes the origin of the dorsal intercostal arteries of 24 young male and female Zebu cattle in Costa Rica. Percentages of the various patterns are given. Their possible significance is given.     

Comparative bone histology of adult horses (Equus caballus) and cows (Bos taurus)

Bone microstructure of domestic herbivores is still not completely understood. Indeed, works focused on the bone histology of numerous Mammalian species frequently led to misunderstandings because of the high number of variations such as the kind of bone, section orientation, species, breed and age. Moreover, attempts to identify the species in archaeozoological studies by a mere qualitative approach have not been encouraging and in recent years quantitative methods, based on image processing and statistical analysis, have appeared. The present study was undertaken to determine whether morphometrical and morphological differences exist in the compact bone structure of the femur and humerus between horses and cows. Measurements such as area, perimeter, minimum and maximum diameter of osteons and Haversian canals as well as the osteonal density were carried out on cross sections of eight humeri and eight femurs of the two herbivores investigated. In agreement with other authors, the qualitative investigation confirmed that the compact bone of horses and cows can be classified as dense Haversian tissue. Osteons of the horse were more numerous and composed of a higher number of well-defined lamellae when compared with the cow. Diameter, perimeter and area of osteons and Haversian canals were always higher in horses than in cows and this pattern could be related to the different locomotor behaviour of these animals.     

Über die pränatale Entwicklung der Lamina epithelialis in der Phase der Vakuolisierung villärer Epithelzellen. Untersuchungen am Darm des Rindes (Bos primigenius taurus L., 1758)

The development of the bovine small intestine was examined in 39 embryos and fetuses by light microscopic and transmission electron microscopic methods. Special reference was paid to the histogenesis of the ephithelium. In contrast to the duodenum the epithelium of jejunum and ileum undergoes a degeneration by vacuolation of its villous epithelial cells. The demonstration of the acid phosphatase activity of these vacuoles shows their lysosomal character. This degenerative process of the small intestinal epithelium is also known in large intestine where it leads to the destruction of the intestinal villi. Both seem to be part of a ‘principle of construction of the intestine of the vertebrates’(Wille, 1984).