生姜对氦磷钾缺乏的反应

试验研究了N、P、K缺乏对生姜生长的影响以及缺素症的形态表现。结果表明，N、P、K对生姜生长的影响极大。其中以K处理影响最为严重，至旺盛生长期以后，地上部鲜重持续降低，根茎鲜重却有先增加后降低再增加的特殊现象。其次为N、P处理。在生长后期，N、P、K各处理的根茎鲜重只有CK的40．77％、46．65％和25．25％。     

钙镁缺乏对不同甘薯品种的生长及矿质元素吸收的影响

为了探索钙、镁元素缺乏对不同甘薯品种的生长及矿质元素吸收的影响,采用砂培的方法,以苏16和苏11为材料,在钙、镁缺乏条件下,对其外观症状、叶绿素含量、光合作用、地上与地下部分生物量及其根部和叶部矿质元素含量进行了研究。结果表明:钙、镁缺乏时苏16和苏11的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、地上和地下生物量均显著下降,苏11的下降幅度比苏16大,缺钙条件下,苏16的显著症状为烂根,并且只有根部和叶部的钙含量显著下降(P0.05),苏11的典型症状为老叶坏死的斑块沿着靠近叶柄的叶边缘不规则向外扩散,逐渐衰老枯落,并且根部钙含量显著降低伴随铁的显著降低(P0.05),可能伴有缺铁并发症,缺镁条件下,苏16和苏11的典型症状相同,叶片均失绿,老叶逐渐枯萎脱落,并且根部和叶部的镁含量显著降低伴随着硫含量的显著降低(P0.05),可能伴有缺硫并发症。     

芋对氮磷钾吸收分配规律的研究

芋幼苗期对氮磷钾的吸收较少,发棵期和球茎膨大期吸收速率迅速增加,球茎膨大后期吸收积累速率又有所下降。总的来说,芋植株对钾的吸收最多,氮次之,磷最少,全生育期对氮磷钾的总吸收比例为1∶0.28∶1.1。幼苗期和发棵前期氮磷钾主要分布在叶片和叶柄中;其中,氮以叶片中居多,而磷和钾则以叶柄中居多。发棵后期和球茎膨大期主要分配在芋球茎中,其中氮磷的分配率为子芋大于孙芋,而钾则是孙芋中分配多于子芋。     

生物有机肥对生姜生长及产量、品质的影响

试验结果表明，生物有机肥可以显著促进生姜植株的生长，使茎秆变粗，分枝数增多，茎叶生长量提高，产量增加。同等养分的生物有机肥与化肥配施处理生姜植株的茎粗、分枝数分别比纯施化肥处理增加13．6％和18．58％，茎、叶鲜重分别增加16．67％和32．52％，产量提高23．46％；等养分的普通有机肥与化肥配施处理的生姜长势也优于纯化肥处理，虽然其产量达60192kg/hm^2，较纯施化肥增加12．63％，但却比生物有机肥处理的生姜产量低8．77％。不仅如此，生物有机肥还可显著改善生姜品质，提高根茎干物质和挥发油等的含量，降低硝酸盐含量。     

不同氮磷钾配比对生姜脱毒苗生长和根茎鲜重的影响

为揭示生姜脱毒苗生长过程中的需肥规律,优选原原种繁殖的施肥配方,试验以"永福"生姜脱毒苗为材料,采用L_9 (3~4)正交试验设计方法,研究了不同NPK配比对盆栽生姜脱毒苗生长及根茎鲜重的影响。结果表明,脱毒苗整个生育期内对N、P、K的需求呈上升趋势,生长前期以喷施较低浓度效果较好,N、P、K的最佳施用浓度为N 60 mg·L~(-1)、P 20 mg·L~(-1)、K 100 mg·L~(-1),植株分枝数、株高、叶片增长数和根茎鲜重均达到较高值,随着喷施浓度增加,脱毒苗出现黄化和枯尖现象;相关性分析表明生姜脱毒苗生长前期分枝数、株高、叶片增长数与根茎鲜重的生长均呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.94～0.97。生长后期试验最佳施用浓度是N 200 mg·L~(-1)、K_200 mg·L~(-1),理论最佳N、K施用浓度为N 250 mg·L~(-1)、K 200 mg·L~(-1)。综上,适宜生姜原原种繁殖的前期最佳N、P、K施用浓度为N 60 mg·L~(-1)、P 20 mg·L~(-1)、K 100 mg·L~(-1)[ρ(N)∶ρ(P)∶ρ(K)=3∶1∶5];后期最佳施用浓度为N 200 mg·L~(-1)、K 200 mg·L~(-1)[ρ(N)∶ρ(K)=1∶1],理论最佳浓度为N 250 mg·L~(-1)、K 200 mg·L~(-1)[ρ(N)∶ρ(K)=5∶4]。     

土壤水分对不同季节番茄产量及氮磷钾吸收分配特性的影响

为进一步明确不同季节番茄肥水需求特性,本文采用主效应分析方法,研究了土壤水分对不同栽培茬口盆栽番茄生长发育及氮、磷、钾吸收分配特性的影响。结果表明,栽培茬口和土壤水分均显著影响番茄植株的生长、产量及氮磷钾的吸收,且两者之间存在极显著的交互作用。冬春茬番茄植株生长势较强,单株产量较秋冬茬提高40.23%,氮、磷、钾吸收速率分别增加118.97%、125.23%、146.14%,吸收量分别增加65.32%、70.68%、85.99%,且有利于氮磷钾向植株茎叶的分配,而秋冬茬则促进了氮磷钾向果实的分配。随土壤水分的降低,番茄植株生长量、氮磷钾吸收量和吸收速率呈下降趋势,且较低的土壤水分有利于氮磷钾向果实的分配,但秋冬茬番茄单株产量以65%土壤水分处理较高,而冬春茬则以80%土壤水分处理较高。本研究可为不同季节番茄高产、优质栽培提供理论依据。     

不同钾肥用量对生姜生长和营养品质的影响

采用田间试验研究不同施钾量对生姜生长、钾素吸收、营养品质及经济效益的影响。结果表明,施用适量钾肥能明显促进生姜生长发育,提高块茎产量、植株含钾量和钾素吸收量,改善营养品质,提高施肥经济效益。2年2地试验结果表明,施钾生姜块茎产量增长13.0%~27.2%和22.3%~37.7%,平均增产22.5%和28.7%,中等钾肥用量的K450处理获得了最高产量;块茎产量与施钾量间呈一元二次抛物线关系。施用不同数量钾肥后,生姜茎叶、姜块和全株含钾量分别提高33.4%~210.7%、2.9%~70.8%和18.4%~139.9%,钾素吸收量增加64.5%~342.2%、31.3%~118.7%和48.5%~209.0%。施用适量钾肥后,生姜块茎粗蛋白质、Vc和可溶性糖含量相应提高,K450处理最高。施钾增收13 626~23 286元/hm2,施用钾肥的产投比高达(2.27~12.60)︰1。     

不同基因型小麦对NaCl胁迫的反应

在液培条件下研究了NaCl胁迫对小麦生长及体内矿质营养含量的影响。结果表明 ,与对照相比 ,NaCl胁迫明显降低了小麦地上部、地下部的干、鲜重以及降低根中钾和镁含量 ,而茎叶中钾和镁含量仅在 200mmol/LNaCl处理时降低 ;提高了茎叶和根中钠含量和根中钙含量 ,茎叶钙含量在 50mmol/L时降低、200mmol/L时上升。植株茎叶钠含量与生物量高度负相关。4个品种抗盐性大小的顺序是 :J9428LK7LK6J411。     

两种含硒调理剂对生姜硒含量及营养品质的影响研究

为明确外源硒肥对生姜（Zingiber Officinale Roscoe）硒积累及营养品质的影响,本研究采用大田试验,研究了2种含硒调理剂（硅酸钾型和麦饭石型）及其用量对生姜硒含量、生长发育、抗氧化系统参数、营养品质和产量及土壤pH值和硒形态转化的影响。结果表明,两种含硒调理剂均显著提高生姜硒含量,生姜富硒效果随含硒调理剂施用量的增加而提高,硅酸钾型的效果优于麦饭石型,其中T3（硅酸钾型3.6 kg·hm-2）效果最好,分别使生姜地上部和姜块硒含量较对照提高254.87%和366.03%。两种含硒调理剂使姜块产量、N、P、K含量分别较对照增加22.25%～66.59%、7.71%～29.08%、15.83%～43.32%和18.29%～41.92%,姜块可溶性糖含量提高0.33～1.86个百分点,可溶性蛋白、姜黄素含量分别提高56.56%～115.47%和15.86%～68.07%;姜叶超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性分别提高38.07%～78.82%、26.80%～40.38%,而丙二醛（MDA）含量降低10.76%～50.51%。此外,含硒调理剂使土壤pH值较对...     

木薯氮磷钾营养特性及其施肥效应研究

以传统木薯品种‘华南205’及新育品种‘华南5号’为材料,通过田间试验,研究了不同时期植株养分含量状况,探讨了施肥措施对不同品种养分含量的影响。结果表明,木薯产量与块根生长阶段(块根形成期、块根生长早期、块根快速膨大期)的氮含量和苗期、块根快速生长期和快速膨大期的钾含量显著正相关(P0.01)。淀粉含量与块根形成期的氮含量显著正相关,与苗期及成熟期的磷含量以及成熟期的钾含量显著负相关(P0.01)。施用氮肥显著提高了木薯的氮含量,施用磷肥和钾肥对氮含量没有显著影响。施用磷肥可使木薯的磷含量小幅提高,而仅苗期达到显著水平,氮肥、钾肥对木薯的磷含量也有一定影响。钾肥显著提高了木薯钾含量,氮肥、磷肥对钾含量没有显著影响。‘华南205’和‘华南5号’的氮含量和磷含量对氮肥、磷肥的响应相对一致,但‘华南205’的钾含量对钾肥的响应明显强于‘华南5号’。‘华南205’和‘华南5号’的氮含量和磷含量水平相对一致,但‘华南205’在块根形成期的氮含量显著高于‘华南5号’,而苗期的磷含量显著低于‘华南5号’,‘华南5号’从苗期至块根膨大期的钾含量均高于‘华南205’,其中块根形成和快速生长期的差异达到显著水平。因此,木薯推荐施肥过程中,在均衡氮磷钾养分的基础上,还需结合考虑品种特性。     

生姜对氮、磷、钾吸收分配规律研究

通过田间试验研究了高产生姜生长特性及对氮、磷、钾的吸收分配规律。结果表明,生姜幼苗期生长缓慢,虽持续时间占全生育期的52.6%,但干物质积累量较少,对N、P2O5、K2O的吸收速率较低,吸收量仅占全生育期的24%左右; 发棵期植株生长迅速,N、P2O5、K2O的吸收速率分别达3.5、1.3 和4.9 kg/(hm2·d),吸收量约占全生育期的30%左右; 根茎膨大期对N的吸收速率略有降低,而P2O5、K2O则仍分别高达1.3和5.1 kg/(hm2·d),N、P2O5、K2O吸收量分别占全生育期的44.0%、45.5%和47.1%。随生长的进行,N、P2O5、K2O在茎、叶中的分配率呈降低的趋势,而在根茎中的分配率则逐渐增加; 在根茎膨大期,根茎中的N、P2O5、K2O分配率分别达50.0%、61.0%和46.5%。生姜全生育期对N、P2O5、K2O的吸收比例约为2.5∶1.0∶3.8。本试验条件下,每生产1000 kg生姜根茎产品,分别吸收N、P2O5、K2O约4.67、1.90和7.25 kg。     

Root phosphatase activity of sorghum genotypes grown with organic and inorganic sources of phosphorus 1

Abstract

Relatively insoluble sources of phosphorus (P) may require solubilization, and organic P (P_o) may require hydrolysis to inorganic P (P_i) before P can be readily absorbed by plants roots. The mechanisms for these processes, however, are unknown. Root phosphatase (Pase) activity was measured to assess its relationships to P uptake by seven sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] genotypes grown with P_o (ethylammonium phosphate, glycerophosphate, and phenylphosphate) and P_i (KH₂PO₄, calcium tribasic phosphate, calcium pyrophosphate, aluminum phosphate, and ferric phosphate) in nutrient solutions in a greenhouse.

Plants grown with P_o had lower root Pase activities than plants grown with P_i NB9040 and SC369–3–1JB (tolerant to low levels of P) had lower root Pase activities than CK60‐Korgi and SC33–9–8‐E4 (sensitive to low levels of P), with the other genotypes having intermediate root Pase activities. Higher root Pase activity was associated with lower root P concentrations, but Pase activity was not related to dry matter yield of roots. In experiments where genotypes were grown three weeks with KH₂PO₄ before being transferred to other sources of P, within four days root Pase activity patterns were similar to those for plants grown initially in the particular P_o or P_i compound. Root Pase activity of sorghum plants appeared to be an indicator of P status or P deficiency stress in the plants, and not associated with making P_o or P_i compounds more available for plant use.     

Response of apple and pear trees to nitrogen,phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers

Apple (Malus domestica, Borkh) and pear (Pyrus communis, L.) trees responded to nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers. In low P soils, leaf, and fruit P concentrations were increased and yield was improved with moderate rates of mono‐ammonium phosphate (MAP) fertilizers. Improved fruit quality including fruit firmness, red fruit color of ‘Delicious’ apples, and a lower incidence of fruit disorders of apples (bitter pit) and pears (alfalfa greening and cork spot) was frequently associated with trees that were fertilized with calcium nitrate [Ca(NO₃)₂] (CN). Although yield was often improved in experiments containing N‐P‐K or MAP fertilizers, long‐term use of N‐P‐K or MAP could be associated with a higher incidence of fruit disorders and a lower soil pH than with CN fertilizer at equivalent rates of N.     

赣南华盛顿脐橙果实发育中几种矿质营养含量动态的研究

赣南红黄壤的土壤条件导致柑橘树体缺素现象比较普遍,而华盛顿脐橙缺素症状并不明显.本文以赣南华盛顿脐橙为试验材料,对其果实发育中果实不同部位(果皮和果肉)的B、Ca、K、Mg和叶片(越冬老叶和当年春梢叶)的B、Ca、K、Mg、Fe、Mn和Zn含量变化进行了对比测定.结果表明:果皮和果肉B含量均于果实膨大期出现显著上升高峰;而对应的Ca含量在幼果期至果实膨大初期相对较高,之后趋明显下降.老叶的B、Ca、Fe和Mn含量均相对稳定,对应春梢叶四者含量均于花后100 d(高温干旱期)出现大幅度下降,之后呈类似的变化趋势;而春梢叶的K、Mg和Zn含量并无此显著下降过程,且老叶的Mg和Zn含量均低于缺乏临界值.     

Yield and nitrogen use efficiency of wheat increased with root length and biomass due to nitrogen,phosphorus, and potassium interactions

Balanced applications of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) are known to increase grain yield of wheat but the impact of the interactions among N, P, and K on root growth and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) have not been proven. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of balanced applications of N, P, and K on the rooting patterns and NUE of wheat. Two glasshouse experiments were conducted. A rhizobox study was used to assess the impact of interactions among N, P, and K fertilisers on total root length, biomass, specific root length, root length density, N use efficiency (NUE), and N uptake efficiency of the shoots (NUpE_shoot) and N nutrition index. In a separate pot study, plants were grown to maturity to confirm the effect of the observed changes in root growth on NUE, NUpE_grain, and grain/biomass yield. In the rhizobox experiment when plants were supplied with N+P+K, total root biomass increased approximately six‐fold relative to plants grown with N alone or with no fertiliser. Plants exposed to N+P+K had NUpE_shoot and NUE values that were five and ten times higher, respectively, than plants that received just fertiliser N. Plants supplied with N+P or N+P+K had N nutrition indices close to one (N‐adequate), while plants that only received N had an index of 0.62 (N‐deficient). The pot study confirmed that the changes in root length and biomass in plants exposed to N+P+K resulted in significant increases in NUE, NUpE_grain, shoot biomass, and grain yield at maturity. Interactions among fertiliser N, P, and K played a critical role in influencing root biomass and length, which was associated with increases in NUE, NUpE_shoot and NUpE_grain.     

氮素对冬小麦生长发育及产量的亏缺和补偿效应

通过盆栽试验研究了正常灌水条件下不同生育阶段氮素亏缺对冬小麦生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明,越冬期不施氮能明显减少冬小麦的分蘖数和地上、地下部生物量,对地上部影响大于地下部,使根冠比增大;越冬期和拔节期不施氮能显著降低冬小麦的产量,而后期缺氮对产量的影响不大;越冬期不施氮能明显降低冬小麦的有效穗数,拔节期不施氮对千粒重影响较大;而抽穗期和成熟期不施氮则对穗粒数具有显著的影响。总的来看,冬小麦对氮素的亏缺敏感期在越冬期和拔节期,补偿有效期在拔节期。     

Response of maize to nitrogen,phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers in the savanna zones of Nigeria

Abstract

Field trials were conducted for three years on the response of maize to nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers on Oyo Soil Series (Arenic Haplustalf) and Iregun series (Aquic Haplustalf) in the derived savanna and southern guinea savanna zones of Nigeria, respectively. Nitrogen fertilizer as granulated urea at rates 0–300 kg N/ha, P fertilizer as single superphosphate at rates 0–120 kg P/h, and K fertilizer as muriate of potash at rates 0–180 kg K/ha were used for the different nutrient combinations. The base rates for N, P, and K were 100 kg N/ha, 40 kg P/ha, and 60 kg K/ha, respectively. The results of the trials showed that annual application of the blanket recommended N, P, and K rates to maize grown under intensive land use system could not produce optimum yield. Fertilizer efficiency varied along with soil test values from year to year. The highest response by maize in these zones was to N, the optimum rate ranged from 50–100 kg N/ha. Application of high rates of P and K fertilizers on soils with fairly sufficient nutrient level showed no significant effect on maize yield. But when P and K were applied at low rates (20 kg P/ha and 30 kg K/ha), their contents in the leaf and maize yield, in most cases, increased significantly. The results, however, showed that N, P, and K recommendations for optimum maize yield in both zones are 50–100 kg N/ha, 20 kg P/ha, and 0–30 kg K/ha, respectively.     

不同施氮量下缺钾对水稻叶片营养及生理性状的影响

【目的】氮和钾是作物生长所必需的大量元素,在水稻生长发育、产量形成等过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。南方稻田缺钾以及氮钾肥不合理施用已成为限制水稻高产的重要影响因子。本研究在田间条件下,探讨了不同施氮量下缺钾对水稻生长发育与叶片生理特性的影响,进而阐明缺钾导致营养生长期水稻叶色暗绿的营养及生理机制。【方法】采用两因素完全随机设计田间试验,因素A为不同施氮水平,包括不施氮、低氮（N 90 kg/hm2）和正常施氮（N 180 kg/hm2）;因素B为不同施钾水平,包括不施钾和正常施钾（K₂O 120 kg/hm2）。测定水稻分蘖期和幼穗分化期地上部干物质,叶面积指数,叶片氮、钾、镁和叶绿素含量（叶色值）,叶片含水率、叶片可溶性糖含量、比叶重以及叶片SPAD值。【结果】1）在不施氮条件下缺钾对水稻分蘖期和幼穗分化期干物质、叶面积指数均无显著影响,而在施氮条件下显著降低水稻分蘖期和幼穗分化期干物质、叶面积指数;随施氮量的增加,缺钾对干物质及叶面积指数的影响加剧,其中N₁₈₀K₀处理的降幅最为明显;氮钾交互作用对水稻各生育期的干物质和叶面积指数均有显著或极显著影响。2）在不施氮条件下缺钾对分蘖期和幼穗分化期叶片氮含量和叶绿素含量、叶片可溶性糖含量、比叶重以及叶片SPAD值均无显著影响,而在施氮条件下以上各指标显著增加,其中N₉₀K₀处理的叶片氮含量和叶绿素含量均可以达到N₁₈₀K₁₂₀处理水平;无论施氮与否,缺钾均显著降低分蘖期和幼穗分化期叶片钾含量,而显著增加叶片镁含量。3）回归分析结果表明,比叶重与叶片可溶性糖含量呈极显著正相关关系（P < 0.01）。【结论】水稻干物质、叶面积指数、叶片营养及生理状况、叶色表现等对缺钾的响应明显受到施氮量的影响。在施氮条件下缺钾造成叶片中可溶性糖大量积累,进而导致比叶重增加;结合田间试验观察及叶片营养及生理性状可知,水稻叶色（叶绿素含量）在不施氮条件下不受缺钾的影响;而在施氮条件下,缺钾造成水稻叶片单位质量及单位叶面积氮含量和叶绿素含量显著增加,这是田间条件下水稻叶色呈现暗绿的主要原因,从而也影响生育期植株氮素营养诊断。     

氮、磷、钾肥配施对紫花苜蓿产量及营养物质含量的影响

2008年在内蒙古西辽河平原灰色草甸土上,采用"3414"二次回归最优设计试验方案,研究施肥对不同品种紫花苜蓿的产量效应及营养物质含量的影响。研究结果表明,紫花苜蓿产量最高的施肥方案为N 0 kg/hm2、P2O5 63.56 kg/hm2、K2O 110.00 kg/hm2,并筛选出WL-232HQ为适宜通辽地区种植的最佳苜蓿品种。同时分析不同施肥水平对紫花苜蓿营养物质含量的影响,14个处理组合中,处理N0P2K2、N1P1K2、N2P2K0、N2P1K2和N2P2K3是试验条件下获得粗蛋白含量较高的组合。