A note on Ozark migrants and nonmigrants

"This study documents the extent of the population shift in five Ozark counties in Missouri. It describes the structure of the population, compares migrants and nonmigrants on the basis of various sociological and demographic indicators, and examines the extent of agreement between migrants and nonmigrants on a number of community issues." The implications for rural areas of the phenomenon of urban-rural migration are considered     

Comparative Research Between HongJiang and PingYao

Different from research on a single ancient Town,this research choses 2 typical examples,which were the "organic" Ancient Town of Hongjiang located in the south mountain area,and the "regular" Ancient Town of Pingyao located in the north plain and planned under the theory of Kaogongji,and compared their city form on 2 levels,which were their material form and sociological characteristics behind.Through surveys,collecting documents,analyzing and summing up the fundamental information,it is discovered they are different in such aspects of their material form as the relation between town and natural environment,plan form of town,most important building type,building shape,relation among building units,relation between border zone and river in the vicinity,and the outer material differences originate from their different sociological characteristics including urban origins,urban functions,urban population make-up,urban developing rules,starting points and development of culture.     

Study on Spatial Structure of Traditional Villages from the Perspective of Clanism

"China's deep-rooted family culture and the resulting family spirit is one of the basic characteristics of Chinese society that differs from western society," said by Chinese sociologist Fei Xiaotong. German sociologist Max Weber defi nes Chinese society as "family structure society"[1]. And sociologist Fei Zhengqing believes that the villages in China are organized by families. In sociological studies, the traditional villages are divided into three types: single-clan villages with only one dominating family, main-clan villages which are mainly composed of several families, and multi-clan villages where some coequal families live together[2]. The authors believe that traditional villages are organized social communities with kinship as a link. They are products of the family system. There is a close connection between a village's family composition and its space construction. Single-clan village is an introverted spatial organization mode entirely based on kinship, ancestral hall is located in the center and the whole spatial structure grows toward it. Main-clan village is a decentralized family aggregate based on the ties of blood as well as region. And the organization of its village space depends on temples and pavilions where families enshrine and worship ancestors and gods. It owns obvious features of collage and collaboration. M ulticlan village is a collaborative and extroverted complex spatial system led by relationship of colleagues, where large public buildings are taken as the core to organize commercial activities. Its form is similar to the form of small towns. Taking sociological term "family" as the starting point and cases of national historic cultural villages including Hong Village, Zhuge Village, Zoumatang Village, Suzhuang Village and Guoyu Village into further study, this article analyses the correlation between kinship composition and spatial form of villages, tries to reveal the essential structure of traditional space of villages and to provide a new perspective on spatial study as well as basis for preservation of traditional villages.     

Integrating Civil Society and Economic Growth in Appalachia

ABSTRACT Building from a framework that incorporates ideas from the civil society perspective into market‐based sociological models of economic growth, this article examines the effects of three measures of civic engagement on measure of economic growth in Appalachian counties during the 1990–1995 period. The analysis shows that net of other market competition‐based measures, civic engagement does have a net positive impact on economic growth (increases in private non‐farm employment, private establishment, per capita income, earnings, etc.). The three measures of civic engagement are (1) percent of population in civically engaged denominations (1990), (2) number of national associations per capita (1990), (3) and number of third places per capita (1990). All three measures have significant positive effects in one or more models. Percent in civically engaged denominations has the most consistent effects. Implications are discussed.     

枣园节肢动物群落时间格局研究

本文将枣园节肢动物群落视为一个整体,根据群落内物种的组成和数量,采用各种群落参数和不同群落分析法对太谷地区枣园节肢动物群落的时间格局进行了研究,结果表明：枣园节肢动物群落在时间过程变化中,影响群落时间格局的主导因子及时间格局分化较为明显,根据研究结果将枣园节肢动物群落在时间过程中的变化划分为发展期、过度期、鼎盛期、衰减期四个阶段,并结合气候、物候变化,讨论了各阶段群落的发生特点和主要害虫的治理对策。     

民勤荒漠区白刺群落和沙蒿群落的自然更新能力研究

民勤是我国典型的荒漠化地区,白刺群落和沙蒿群落是民勤荒漠区两个最重要的天然植被群落,研究其天然更新能力对于荒漠区植被恢复与保护意义重大。笔者通过设固定样方,定位观测,研究了白刺群落的白刺和沙蒿群落中的沙蒿的自然能力,结果表明：1）白刺群落和沙蒿群落在沙丘和丘间滩地上均可产生更新苗,沙丘更适合白刺和沙蒿的更新;2）白刺群落中白剌小苗密度和沙蒿群落中沙蒿小苗密度差异为极显著,沙丘和丘间滩地之间更新密度的差异以及不同年份之间更新密度的差异均为不显著;3）不论是白刺群落中的白刺小苗密度还是沙蒿群落中的沙蒿小苗密度都与当年降水量存在一定的正相关关系,尤其是与当年5月份的降水量和全年降水量关系密切。     

民勤沙区绿洲-荒漠过渡带典型植被群落物种多样性特征分析

为了探索绿洲-荒漠过渡带植被群落物种多样性特征,以及不同生活型植物在维持物种多样性和群落稳定性方面的机理,对民勤沙区绿洲-荒漠过渡带8种典型植被群落的物种组成、群落结构特征、物种多样性进行研究。结果表明：（1）灌木层在物种组成和数量上占有绝对优势,除红砂群落外,其他群落中灌木所占比例均在56.86%以上,多年生草本植物所占比例较小,在整个群落中仅占0.30%~3.14%（除沙蒿群落6.65%）,数量较稳定;（2）8个群落中白刺重要值最高,达84.41%,猫头刺群落最低为20.70%,其余6个群落在56.78%~68.07%之间;（3）8个群落多样性指数由大到小排列顺序为：猫头刺群落>绵刺群落>红砂群落>沙蒿>沙拐枣群落>珍珠猪毛菜群落>膜果麻黄群落>白刺群落,群落多样性指数均偏低,物种丰富度较低,生态优势度较高,种间相遇率偏低,群落中物种分布不均匀。说明民勤沙区绿洲-荒漠过渡带群落物种主要以矮化的小灌木、小半灌木为主,多年生草本植物所占比例较小,优势种群在荒漠灌木群落中的地位和作用非常突出,对群落结构、生态系统的功能过程和群落的演替方向,具有比其他物种更重要的作用,荒漠灌木群落由于缺乏冗余物种的支持,是一类不稳定的群落。     

Comparative Analysis of the Evolution of Community Space in Chengdu-Chongqing Region: A Case Study of Main Urban Areas in Chengdu and Chongqing

Due to the integrated development between Chengdu and Chongqing,there are a large number of residents flowing into the two cities from their surrounding areas,so community renewal is imminent.Because of the similarity in the historical and cultural background of the two places,a comparative analysis of the evolution of community space in Chengdu-Chongqing Region enables Chengdu and Chongqing learn from each other and speed up the pace of renewal.This paper analyzed the evolution of community space in main urban areas of Chengdu and Chongqing.Specifically,the evolution of community space in Chengdu and Chongqing went through three stages.The starting time of community renewal in the two places was very close,but the duration of each stage varied.The second stage of Chengdu continued for a longer time,so its renovation and renewal of the community space was more detailed and thorough,and the emphasis and extension direction of the evolution of the community space were different.The evolution of community space in both Chengdu and Chongqing went through"mechanical renewal of demolition and construction—small-scale gradual renewal",but the path of renewal and development of the community space in Chengdu was faster.This paper,from the perspective of the evolution of community space,put forward the framework and content of community renewal in Chengdu and Chongqing based on community development and elaborated the community research content based on community development.     

农村社区股份经济合作社产权分析

内容摘要：我国部分经济较发达的农村地区,农村社区股份经济合作社取代了已存续五十多年的农村集体经济组织。本文以江苏省陈巷村股份合作社为例,对这种新型的农村社区股份经济合作社进行产权结构分析。农村社区股份经济合作社产权较明晰,股东拥有所有权、控制权和剩余索取权。股东权益不因迁移而被剥夺,集体资产不因社区合并而被简单合并或平调。农村社区股份经济合作社与原来的农村集体经济组织相比具有诸多制度绩效;农村社区股份经济合作社有利于农村民主制度建设,有利于集体资产保值增值和农民收入的增加,有利于农村人口流动和农村城镇化。农村社区股份经济合作社是建设社会主义新农村的一个制度选择。     

Community Level Multipliers for Rural Development Initiatives

ABSTRACT The success of economic development initiatives in achieving a significant and sustained improvement for a target area is strongly influenced by the size of the local multiplier. New economic activity is generally site specific and the proportion of spending and re-spending that generates local multiplier effect will vary with the hierarchical level of community in which the activity is located. Leakages in the form of outshopping by community residents and expenditures in the community that constitute payments to agents outside the home community are estimated for communities in six functional levels that, combined, represent the complete trade center hierarchy in Saskatchewan. The resulting multipliers are found to vary with functional level, with the smallest communities having the smallest multipliers. When rural areas are being targeted for economic development, more rural economic activity can be generated by focusing on relatively large rural communities.     

白三叶草坪春季昆虫群落构成的研究

对白三叶(Trifolum repens.L.)草坪春季昆虫群落系统进行了调查及分析,结果表明：白三叶草坪春季昆虫群落由9目28种组成。其中蚜虫、叶螨是春季昆虫群落的优势种。在白三叶草坪昆虫群落演替中,通过对N, S, T, H四个指数的分析,表明4月份昆虫群落比较旺盛,但5月份昆虫群落结构更稳定协调。这些研究为白三叶草坪害虫综合治理提供依据。     

美国市民农园的发展、功能及建设模式初探

城市农业的发展日益受到人们关注,市民农园作为其重要形式之一,是由一群人在同一地块上开展耕种的社区活动,已成为协调城市人地关系的一种有效途径。为借鉴国外城市农业发展经验,本文对美国市民农园的发展、功能、类型进行了梳理,对洛杉矶14个市民农园营建模式进行了系统调查。研究得出：美国市民农园已有百年历史,对美国社会、经济和文化的发展影响深远;不仅具有生产、生态和景观功能,而且有较高社会文化价值;有多种营建模式,管理体系较为完善,用地属性多为公有,以种植食用植物为主,重视节约管理和有机种植;同时亦有诸如租约等弊端影响其长远发展。这对中国城市农业发展、绿地规划具有借鉴意义。该文从城市化、老龄化及和谐社区建设等角度,认为市民农园是中国城市农业和城市规划重要的实施方式,具有一定社会需求,并提出了一些建议。     

The imported underclass: poverty and social exclusion of black African refugees in Aotearoa New Zealand

Abstract: Changes in immigration and refugee policy since 1991 have led to an increasing number of minority ethnic groups settling in Aotearoa New Zealand. The number of Black African migrants and refugees granted permanent residence in New Zealand has increased substantially from about six in 1982 to over 770 in 1998 (New Zealand Immigration Services, 2001). The socio‐economic, professional and cultural characteristics of this emerging Black African minority ethnic community are complex but fascinating. In mid 2000 the majority of the Black African community in New Zealand were refugees ( Chile 1999A ). This paper is part of a broader study to analyse the nature and structure of Black African migration and settlement in New Zealand. It is an attempt to undertake applied migration research from a participatory methodology framework that addresses the expressed needs of the grass‐roots level client community. The paper examines the socio‐economic status of Black African refugees in New Zealand and analyses the factors and processes that create an impoverished community that is increasingly excluded from mainstream society. Strategies to reverse the process of marginalisation and create a healthy, vibrant community with the capacity to participate effectively in New Zealand society are examined.     

不同强化处理措施对铜污染土壤微生物多样性的影响

通过探究不同强化处理措施对铜污染土壤微生物多样性的影响,以期为解释土壤微生物影响植物吸收累积重金属的机理以及提高植物-微生物联合修复重金属污染效率提供了基础数据和参考。研究采用田间小区试验,基于高通量测序技术对不同强化处理措施下的土壤微生物进行16SrDNA测序,揭示其微生物群落组成和差异。结果表明：5种处理下微生物群落共覆盖42个门,145个纲,359个目,562个科,1060个属,2290个种。在门水平上,不同处理土壤微生物群落组成较为相似,优势物种相同,丰度较大的门类为酸杆菌门、变形菌门、放线菌门、绿弯菌门和厚壁菌门。在OTU水平上,不同处理土壤微生物群落组成具有显著差异,对微生物群落影响排序为：铜胁迫>螯合剂>有机物覆盖;不同处理出现了特异物种,空白对照和其他处理差异性最大,铜胁迫处理和有机物覆盖处理土壤微生物群落组成最为相近。铜胁迫均增加了土壤微生物群落的丰富度;螯合剂处理下土壤微生物群落的多样性和丰富度均最大,且群落多样性和有机物覆盖处理的差异达到了显著水平。     

鲥鯸淀秋季浮游植物群落与水环境相关性分析

为充分了解鲥鯸淀浮游植物群落结构及其与环境因子之间的关系,采用物种相似性指数、均匀度指数、多样性指数等指标分析2018年秋季鲥鯸淀浮游植物的群落结构特征。结果表明：鲥鯸淀检出绿藻(Chlorophyta)、硅藻(Bacillariophyta)、蓝藻(Cyanophyta)、裸藻(Euglenophyta)、隐藻(Cryptophyta)、甲藻(Pyrrophyta)6门99种,浮游植物的数量在3.68×10⁷~8.22×10⁷ cells/L,生物量在18.96~200.9 mg/L;各采样点相似性指数变化在0.26~0.52,介于轻度相似和中度相似,相似性较低;优势度分析显示值在0.07~0.31,该水域浮游植物优势度较低,种类较多;多样性和均匀度分析结果分别在4.05~4.82与0.7~0.85,表明该地区秋季浮游植物群落结构较稳定;水体综合营养状态指数值（TLI值）表明该地区处于轻度富营养与中度富营养状态之间,相关性分析结果显示以氮、磷为主的环境因子影响着浮游植物群落结构的变化。鲥鯸淀秋季水体呈中度富营养状态,浮游植物群落结构较稳定,氮、磷为主的营养元素对浮游植物群落结构的变化有较大的影响。     

民勤盐渍荒漠草地盐爪爪群落和芦苇群落的季相变化特征

为了掌握民勤荒漠草地盐生植物群落的季相变化特征,为民勤荒漠草地保护、生产力的恢复与合理利用提供科学依据。采用样线法和样方法对民勤盐渍荒漠草地盐爪爪群落和芦苇群落进行调查,通过对5月、7月和9月调查数据的统计,分析2个群落的组成及季相变化特征。结果表明：民勤荒漠草地盐生植物群落灌木层伴生物种组成相对稳定;盐爪爪群落灌木层和草本层的盖度7月份最大;芦苇群落灌木层和草本层的盖度9月份达到最大。从5月到9月份盐爪爪群落和芦苇群落草本层伴生种组成随季节变化不大,盐爪爪群落草本层植物的种数、盖度和冠幅7月份最大;芦苇群落草本层植物的种数、盖度和冠幅逐渐增大,9月份植物种最多、盖度和冠幅最大,结构变得复杂。这主要是由于民勤盐渍荒漠草地气候特点、植物自身生理生态特性、分布的立地条件的差异所决定的。     

Study on Community Ecological Security

This paper argues that community ecological security(CES) includes personal security, public safety and humanistic ecological security. The personal security is to protect the resident's life and physical health, public safety means that the residents don't suffer from physical damages or property damages in daily life, and humanistic ecological security is interpreted as that ideas of harmony, fairness, balance implied in ecology are used to coordinate the social relations of settlements, alleviate the increasingly serious social problems of residential space differentiation. In light of serious community ecological safety issues in China, the corresponding measures are pointed out: road system of "separating people and vehicles"; consideration of disaster prevention and mitigation in residential space design; the community construction from culture, environment, management and service; response to the residential space differentiation.     

跳虫在茶园生态系统中的生态作用

跳虫是茶园土壤生态系统中分布极广的一类小型至微型节肢动物。它们在茶园土壤中与其它土壤动物对土壤物质循环、结构、理化性质、能流、降解化肥与农药和生物群落的维护等发挥十分重要作用。土壤跳虫的多样性以及群落结构、物种构成都反映了土壤质量和受污染状况。     

Regime Network Restructuring in Akron,Ohio, 1975–2009: A Longitudinal Social Network Analysis

The purpose of this paper is to explore the impacts of extra‐local economic and political forces on the business community participants of the governing regime coalition in Akron, Ohio, and in turn, how other regime partners responded to and engaged with the changing constitution of Akron's business community. Unlike the UK where municipalities receive substantial fiscal support from regional and national governments, American cities are more readily forced into regime partnerships with other public and private actors for fiscal solvency, including, primarily, the local business community. In the case of Akron, the local business community experienced a prolonged and ongoing period of comprehensive deindustrialization and economic restructuring, forcing the city into partnerships with less traditional non‐private sector actors as Akron's business community structure continues to transform. A secondary objective is to forward the utility of social network analysis in regime theory applications. Social network analysis offers a way to situate arguably the most influential actors in a regime coalition. Utilizing the directories of Standard and Poor's Index of Corporations and Directors from 1975 through 2006, social network analysis is performed on the interlocking network of corporations and civic organizations based in Akron for each decade, allowing a longitudinal view of the changing business community partners of Akron's governing coalition.     

乡镇农村居民点布局优化研究——以重庆市黔江区石会镇为例

农村居民点是农村经济社会活动的中心区域,同时也是农民生活的场所和生产的基地.为了推进新农村建设,集约节约利用土地,统筹城乡发展,提高农民的生活水平,以黔江区石会镇为例,通过景观生态学理论和Mapgis空间分析技术,对2009年该镇的现状农村居民点用地进行分析,得出农村居民点的分布特征及存在的问题,并依据农村居民点优化布局的原则,提出了农村居民点合理布局的模式,为农村居民点的优化布局提供了具体的措施.