污泥对赤红壤坡地磷素随地表径流流失的影响

在人工模拟降雨条件下,研究了污泥施用量对赤红壤坡地磷随径流流失的影响.结果表明,污泥撒施1d后的径流中混匀样总磷(MTP)、静置样总磷(STP)、颗粒态总磷(TPP)、悬浮态总磷(TSP)和可溶性总磷(TDP)浓度均达到峰值.撒施(60 t/hm~2)对应峰值分别为4.22,1.58,3.84,1.20,0.38 mg/L.为撒施(120 t/hm~2)对应峰值的40%～96.8%,此后撒施径流磷索浓度呈递减趋势,施用量引起的撤施径流磷素浓度差异逐渐变小.模拟试验期内,随污泥用量的增加,撒施径流磷素平均浓度不同程度随之升高.但撒施径流磷素流失量未必随之升高;污泥用量对穴施径流磷索浓度和流失量无明显影响.撒施径流46.0%～67.8%MTP和62.2%～74.6%STP流失量发生在污泥施用前期(1d和18d)径流中.MTP径流流失系数依次为撒施(60t/hm~2)>撒施(120t/hm~2)>穴施(120t/hm~2)>穴施(60t/hm~2).颗粒态磷是磷随径流流失的主要形式.     

不同施用方式下酸性土坡地污泥氮素随径流迁移的研究

研究了以撒施和穴施方式施用于酸性赤红壤坡地上的污泥氮素在人工降雨条件下随径流的迁移情况。试验结果表明,污泥撒施后24 h径流中TN、TDN、TPN和NH4 -N的浓度和流失量最高,其中TN浓度为57.0 mg/L,TN流失量为1 086.5 mg/m2,占撒施TN累积流失量的70.6%,分别是穴施对应峰值的6.0倍和2.4倍,此后浓度和流失量均逐渐降低。穴施径流中氮素及撒施NO3--N浓度与流失量则呈先上升后逐渐下降趋势。撒施和穴施TDN/TN累积流失量分别为38.7%和65.0%,NH4 -N是TDN流失的主要形式(≥55.7%)。控制颗粒物流失是防止氮流失的重要内容,此外,污泥氮素在土壤中的转化及污泥对坡地土壤理化性状的改变均影响着径流中氮的迁移。     

坡度对酸性土坡地上污泥铜随径流迁移的影响

研究了人工模拟降雨条件下,坡度对撒施于酸性赤红壤坡地的污泥铜随径流的迁移情况。结果表明,污泥撒施1 d后的径流中混匀样总铜(MTCu)、静置样总铜(STCu)、颗粒态总铜(TPCu)、悬浮态总铜(TSCu)浓度和流失量均达到峰值,大小依次为25°>20°>15°>10°,其中25°MTCu、STCu浓度和流失量峰值分别高达6 475.8,300.2μg/L和90.78,4.32 mg/m2,分别是10°对应峰值的4.6,3.4倍和5.7,4.6倍。随时间推移,各坡度撒施径流MTCu,STCu,TPCu,TSCu浓度和流失量总体呈递减趋势,坡度引起的径流同期铜浓度和流失量差异逐渐变小。10°~25°处理径流中75.4%~92.9%MTCu和65.1%~73.5%STCu流失量发生在污泥撒施前期(1 d和18 d)径流中,MTCu径流流失系数为0.48%~1.75%,颗粒态铜是铜随径流流失的主要形式。     

施用方式对赤红壤坡地上污泥铜随径流迁移的影响

研究了以撒施、撒施+草和穴施方式施用于赤红壤坡地上污泥中的Cu在人工降雨条件下随径流的迁移情况。结果表明,污泥撒施后的前期(1d和18d)径流中混匀样总Cu(MTCu)、静置样总Cu(STCu)、颗粒态总Cu(TPCu)、悬浮态总Cu(TSCu)和可溶性总Cu(TDCu)浓度和流失量均达到峰值,其中MTCu、STCu浓度和流失量峰值分别为1674.9μg·L-1、105.4μg·L-1和21.59mg·m-2、1.32mg·m-2,分别是穴施和撒施+草对应峰值的4.2～13.7倍和5.4～24.9倍;此后Cu浓度和流失量均逐渐降低。与撒施相比,撒施+草径流中各形态Cu浓度和流失量削减率可分别达72.8%～91.7%和91.4%～97.1%,穴施对应削减率则可分别达78.2%～89.9%和68.6%～82.9%。撒施、撒施+草和穴施MTCu径流流失系数分别为0.83%、0.03%和0.26%,穴施和撒施+草均可有效防止污泥Cu的流失,但以撒施+草效果最好。颗粒相Cu是Cu流失的重要形式。     

不同氮肥运筹模式对稻田田面水氮浓度和水稻产量的影响

通过构建包括不同氮肥类型、氮肥用量、施肥方式和施肥次数的6种氮肥运筹模式,分析了不同氮肥运筹模式对稻田田面水各形态氮浓度变化和水稻产量的影响。结果表明:不同时期施用缓控释肥和尿素后,总氮和铵态氮浓度均在1天达到峰值,硝态氮浓度在2～3天达到峰值,之后逐渐下降趋于稳定。铵态氮为各处理施肥后初期的主要氮形态,1天时铵态氮占总氮比例达50.6%～92.8%,而硝态氮仅占3.8%～22.6%。田面水总氮和铵态氮峰值浓度大小与氮肥类型、施用用量和施肥方式均存在相关性,等氮量施用条件下,田面水总氮和铵态氮峰值浓度大小顺序为撒施尿素处理撒施缓控释肥处理侧深施缓控释肥处理,在N施用量48 kg/hm~2条件下,撒施尿素处理、撒施缓控释肥处理、侧深施缓控释肥处理的总氮和铵态氮平均峰值浓度分别为38.44,16.44,7.55 mg/L和34.39,13.00,3.82 mg/L。等氮施用量和相同施肥次数条件下,基肥采用侧深施缓控释肥的处理4,5,6比相应的撒施缓控释肥的处理1,2,3的产量分别提高2.8%,3.5%,2.7%。基肥采用侧深施缓控释肥和"一基一穗"2次施肥的处理6的水稻产量,在氮肥总施用量减少30%条件下,仅比基肥采用撒施缓控释肥和"一基一蘖一穗"3次施肥的处理1的水稻产量减少0.3%。侧深施缓控释肥可以有效降低施肥初期田面水铵态氮峰值浓度,从而减少氨挥发和降低径流流失风险,并在一定程度减量条件下不会对水稻产量产生影响。     

重庆市城市污泥中的重金属及其农用环境容量

城市污泥农用的环境风险取决于城市污泥中的污染物含量及土壤理化性质。该文分析了重庆市10个城市污水处理厂污泥中的Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd含量及形态,根据土壤环境容量及氮肥施用量计算了重庆主要旱地土壤的最大施用量和年施用量。结果表明,重庆市城市污泥中的Zn、Cu、Pb和Cd含量分别为362.12～725.32mg/kg,69.84～170.22mg/kg,21.25～107.24mg/kg和1.26～4.25mg/kg。污泥中不稳定态Zn、Cu、Pb和Cd的比例分别为42.89%～44.74%,2.69%～9.45%,0.95%～12.06%和61.05%～79.91%。根据土壤重金属的静态容量,计算出重庆主要旱地土壤紫色土和黄壤城市污泥的一次性最高施用量分别为384.62t/hm2和98.90t/hm2。根据土壤重金属动态容量,以15、20、50为年限,计算出的城市污泥的年施用量,紫色土为66.10,60.91和55.71t/(hm2·a),黄壤为30.32,28.99和27.53t/(hm2·a)。根据作物的需氮量计算城市污泥的年施用量为3.04～6.40t/(hm2·a),该施用量低于根据土壤环境的动态容量计算的施用量,按此用量施用城市污泥更安全。     

稻麦两熟农田茬口衔接期养分径流流失特征

采用田间小区定位试验研究自然降雨条件下稻麦两熟农田"稻季-麦季-稻季"茬口衔接期养分径流流失规律。结果表明:麦季常规施肥条件下麦稻茬口衔接期径流水量达77.59m3/hm2,径流侵蚀泥沙量达48.30kg/hm2,麦季少免耕处理较常规施肥处理增加径流水量达41.41%;径流水氮磷浓度分别达2.22,0.46mg/L,径流侵蚀泥沙氮磷浓度分别达1.15,1.65g/kg;麦稻茬口衔接期氮素径流流失量达227.84g/hm2,以径流水流失为主,占氮素总径流流失量的75%以上;磷素径流流失量达115.57g/hm2,以径流侵蚀泥沙流失为主,占磷素径流流失总量59%以上;麦季秸秆还田、秸秆还田减肥处理减少麦稻茬口衔接期氮素和磷素径流流失量分别达6.04%～9.74%和5.73%～11.54%,而麦季少免耕处理则增加21.75%和13.42%。     

果园带状生草对果园面源污染的控制效果

利用径流小区法观测琯溪蜜柚园套种不同宽度草带果园土壤流失量、径流量,并研究其对氮、磷面源污染的控制效果及不同施肥水平下适宜草带的调控效果.结果表明:(1)不同处理中,全园生草控制果园面源污染效果最好,径流、土壤、总氮、总磷年流失量分别为422.7 m3/hm2,26.0 t/km2,0.793 kg/hm2,78.8g/hm2;2.0m草和1.5m草带处理效果居中;1.0m草带处理最差,分别为927.0 m3/hm2,57.4t/km2,2.050 kg/hm2,279.3 g/hm2.(2)各处理都可极显著或显著降低径流量、土壤流失量、径流总磷、可溶性磷浓度和流失量,且控制磷流失效果相同,而1.0m草带处理时径流可溶性磷浓度和流失量与其他3个处理差异达极显著或显著水平.(3)人工生草(全园、带状生草)处理都可极显著降低径流总氮、铵态氮、可溶性氮浓度和流失量.(4)1.5m和1.0m草带处理径流硝态氮浓度显著高于全园生草和自然生草处理,而全园生草、2.0m和1.5m草带处理都可极显著降低径流硝态氮流失量.(5)不同施肥水平下,全园生草高肥、草带高肥、中肥、低肥处理径流总氮流失量分别为对照的16.46％,49.09％,41.60％,41.11％;磷总流失量分别为对照38.58％,41.73％,33.86％,35.43％;土壤流失量分别为对照18.29％,47.78％,53.97％,67.78％;径流量分别为对照25.14％,47.98％,48.53％,58.93％;草带高肥处理径流总氮、硝态氮浓度明显或显著高于低肥处理,超过了果园种植1.5m草带时百喜草的控制氮流失能力.     

施肥对煤矸石风化物微生物活性的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了施用污泥与化肥种植苇状羊茅后煤矸石风化物的微生物活性,结果表明:污泥与化肥配施比单纯施用化肥能更好地提高煤矸石风化物的微生物总数量4～23倍(达到2.39×107个/g矸石),脲酶活性1.8～2.8倍,生物量碳0.3～2.4倍,煤矸石风化物有效养分提高,并且各指标随污泥施用量增加而提高,6%(135t/hm2)的污泥施用量对矿区生态系统的重建最有积极意义.     

增施有机肥对稻田田面水磷素形态和径流流失量的影响

选取浙江省嘉兴市双桥农场的稻田开展田间试验,结合降雨等自然条件研究增施有机肥对稻田田面水中不同粒径磷素的浓度和磷素径流流失量的影响,并利用液态磷核磁共振(31 P NMR)技术对施肥前、后1d田面水中磷素的化学形态进行分析。结果表明,施用有机肥显著提高了稻田田面水中总磷(TP)的浓度,施肥后第1天迅速达到峰值:高(M3)、中(M2)、低(M1)3种施肥量处理的田面水TP浓度(8.37~17.77mg/L)分别是不施肥处理(ck)的18.6,32.8,39.5倍。施肥后前5d田面水TP浓度较高,随着时间的推移,TP、溶解态磷(DP)和胶体态磷(Pcoll)的浓度变化规律相同,都呈现逐渐下降的趋势;3种施肥处理中DP占TP的百分比波动较大(25%~80%),总体呈现随时间逐渐下降的趋势,但是Pcoll占TP的百分比稳定在9%~22%。31P NMR谱检测结果表明,施肥前、后1d田面水中磷素主要的赋存形态是正磷酸盐(占TP的88%~96%),磷酸单酯次之(占TP的4%~11%);在施肥后第1天,正磷酸盐所占比例随着有机肥用量增加而增加,磷酸单酯所占比例随有机肥用量增加而减少;磷酸二酯和聚磷酸盐的含量较少,增施有机肥对两者的影响不大。稻田TP径流流失量随有机肥施用量的增加而增加,最高值(0.983kg/hm2)出现在M3处理下;M1,M2,M3处理下的TP径流流失量存在显著性差异(P0.05),但磷素径流流失率均不超过当季施磷总量的2%。     

Inorganic nitrogen in a tropical soil with frequent amendments of sewage sludge

Accurate prediction of plant-available N release from sewage sludge is necessary to optimize crop yields and minimize NO₃^– leaching to groundwater. We conducted a 1.5-year study with three maize crops to determine N mineralization from an urban sewage sludge from Barueri, State of São Paulo, Brazil, and its potential to contaminate groundwater with NO₃^–. The soil at the experimental site was a loamy/clayey-textured Dark Red Dystroferric Oxisol. The treatments consisted of: plots without chemical fertilization or sludge, plots with complete chemical fertilization, and plots receiving four different doses of sewage sludge. Dose 1 was calculated at the agronomic N rate, while doses 2, 3 and 4 were, respectively, two, four, and eight times dose 1. The inorganic N addition increased with the rate of biosolid application. The high NO₃^– concentrations in relation to NH₄⁺ were associated with intense soil nitrification. High N losses occurred for the first 27 days after soil sludge incorporation, even at the lowest dose, suggesting that land application of sewage sludge based on the N requirement of the crop may be overestimating the amount of sewage sludge to be applied.     

Evolution of the Soil and Vegetation Cover on Road Embankments after the Application of Sewage Sludge

This research study used sewage sludge from urban wastewater treatment plants to restore road embankments. The results have been used to propose a series of basic principles for the application of sludge in this context. In the study, six experimental plots (each composed of one cut slope and one fill slope) were set up on a highway located in the province of Jaen (Spain). The soil and vegetation in the plots were restored by a conventional hydroseeding process, with each plot receiving a different sludge dosage. A control plot did not receive any treatment at all, whereas another plot was hydroseeded, but without any sludge added to the slurry mix. In the plots, soil evolution was controlled from the moment that the embankment was created and hydroseeded until the present. As part of the soil monitoring process, agronomic parameters and the heavy metal content of the soil were analyzed in the laboratory. Another parameter of analysis was the vegetation cover, which was studied on the basis of on-site visual inspections and the rasterization of images with a view to calculate the percentage of vegetation cover on each plot. Results showed the effectiveness of sewage sludge as an organic complement in the restoration of road embankments. Its viability is enhanced by the fact that the sludge can be applied with the same methods used in public highway construction. The results also showed the optimal sludge dosage to be used in the slurry mix during the hydroseeding process.     

上海市浦东新区土壤及蔬菜重金属现状调查及评价

对上海市浦东新区非污灌区的4个蔬菜园艺场和张江镇2个污灌区的土壤及其对应生长的蔬菜中的7种重金属进行检测。结果表明4个蔬菜园艺场符合无公害食品生产的园艺场环境要求,而张江镇污灌区的土壤Cd污染严重,其次是Cu、Zn和Hg污染,其上生长的蔬菜中Cr和Cd100%超标,属轻度污染。张江镇污灌区土壤和蔬菜的污染主要是由于上世纪70年代应用黄浦江疏浚底泥吹泥和污水灌溉等因素,致使土壤及农产品中重金属遭受污染。     

Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal associations with barley on sewage-amended plots

Barley plants grown on field plots amended with sewage from two sources were examined for vesicular-arbuscular (VAM) infection. Three treatments (control. 8.2 tonnes sludge ha⁻¹ and 32.9 ha⁻¹) were applied annually for 8 yr with no additions during years 9 and 10. A barley crop was grown on the site during each of the 10 yr of the study. Percent VAM infection on barley roots showed no effect of nonindustrial sludge application. The urban-industrial sludge treatments, however, produced a 6-fold drop in infection rate. Little correlation was found between percent VAM infection and available soil P content. Zn concentration in the soil were found to be negatively correlated with VAM infection. This study suggests that there are factors within sludge, in addition to P, that affect mycorrhizal occurrence 2 yr after the last application of sludge to soil.     

施用污泥堆肥对土壤环境及高羊茅生长的影响

以上海曲阳水质净化厂污泥堆肥为研究对象,采用盆栽和土柱模拟的方法研究了污泥堆肥土地利用对土壤环境和植物生长的影响。结果表明,污泥堆肥和滩涂土混配后可降低土壤pH值,提高土壤养分含量,增加高羊茅生物量,同时也增加了土壤Ph、Cu和Zn3种重金属元素含量,但各混合土壤中重金属含量均远低于土壤环境质量Ⅱ类标准。另外,污泥堆肥混配土壤基本不存在病原菌扩散的风险;土柱淋溶试验表明,污泥堆肥施用比例为10％时,不会导致地下水NO3-N和重金属含量超过地下水Ⅱ类标准。综上,污泥堆肥施用比例只要控制在10％以内,可安全进行土地利用。     

Contribution of sewage sludge to erosion control in the rehabilitation of limestone quarries

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of high doses of municipal sludge on soil aggregation and to assess its value for soil erosion reduction, both under natural and in simulated rainfall conditions. Doses of 200 and 400 Mg ha⁻¹ sewage sludge (dry weight) were applied to the soil of experimental plots situated on a 28 degree slope. Two sludge application procedures were tested: pre-mixing into the soil before disposal on the slope, and direct application on the soil surface. Sheet erosion was measured by collecting the sediment carried down to a Gerlach trough situated at the base of the plots. Simulated rainfall, with an intensity of 64 mm h⁻¹, was applied to evaluate soil erodibility. When the soil had no vegetation, the erosion measured on plots treated with sludge represented less than 10 per cent of the erosion from the control plot. Even when the vegetation was well developed, the erosion was also lower in the plots where sludge had been applied. In simulated rainfall, the soil loss was inversely proportional to the sludge dose, and when sludge was applied directly on the soil surface the erosion rates and particle mobilization caused by raindrop impact were minimal. Sludge amendments increase infiltration rates and improve soil structure, increasing the mean weight diameter of aggregates and their water resistance.     

堆肥污泥连续施用对酸性砂土肥力影响及养分积累风险

为研究添加堆肥污泥对酸性砂土养分和肥力的影响,并探究污泥施用后的养分积累风险,本研究采用盆栽试验,通过施用不同量堆肥污泥,研究两年连续小麦-玉米轮作模式下酸性砂土养分和肥力变化规律,并利用有机指数(OI)和单因子标准指数(S_i)分别针对砂土有机碳(OC)和全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)进行积累风险评价。结果表明,连续两年在酸性砂土上施用污泥提高了土壤的有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷、有效钾含量、pH值和土壤综合肥力指数(IFI),均随污泥施用量的增加呈上升趋势。砂土中连续两年污泥施用,土壤有机指数(OI)等级表现为Ⅰ级清洁型,故污泥添加导致土壤有机碳的淋失风险较小;全氮的S_i等级同样为Ⅰ级清洁型,而土壤全磷的S_i在2017年小麦和玉米季污泥施用量为37.50 t·hm^-2时,达到Ⅱ级较清洁型,因此与氮素相比,污泥施用增加了砂土磷素淋失风险。可见,污泥农用可以改善酸性砂土的养分状况,但也需要注意污泥过量施用造成的养分积累风险。本研究结果为污泥在酸性砂土的合理施用提供了依据。     

污泥农用对土壤理化性质及作物产量的影响

为了研究污泥农用的有效性,通过田间试验,开展了污泥农用前后土壤理化性质及作物产量变化研究.结果表明,随着污泥施用量的增加,土壤容重最大降低了14.8%;水稳性团粒总量达31.5%;速效氮、磷的含量和土壤中的有机质含量明显增多;小麦和玉米都增产,其中污泥施用量为56.25 t/hm~2时,小麦增产达极显著水平;玉米的产量都比对照要高,而且产量随施肥量的增加而增大.     

Effects of Sewage Sludge and Acacia dealbata Composts on Soil Biochemical and Chemical Properties

We studied the effects of different composts made of different mixtures of sewage sludge and Acacia plants on the soil biochemical and chemical properties. The proportions of mixed acacia plant and sewage sludge were: AL1/1 (50% acacia/50% sewage sludge), AL1/2 (33.3% acacia/66.6% sewage sludge), and AL1/3 (25% acacia/75% sewage sludge). Composts were added to the soil at a rate of 2%. Soil samples were collected during 150 days and analyzed for soil enzyme activities and chemical properties. An unamended soil was used as the control. Compared to the AL1/1 treatment, soil dehydrogenase, urease, phosphatase and β-glucosidase activities decreased respectively by 14.6%, 15.4%, 12.5%, and 19.3% for AL1/2 treatment and by 20.7%, 25.6%, 23.7%, and 28.4% for AL1/3 treatment. Soil water-soluble carbohydrates and polyphenols were the greatest in AL1/1. The lowest contents of heavy metals in the AL1/1 compost may be responsible for the increase of soil biochemical and chemical properties.