通过剪叶改变源库关系对玉米子粒营养组分含量的影响

2004～2005年在吉林省梨树县大田条件下以吉单209(普通玉米品种)、吉油199(高油玉米品种)、郑单958(高淀粉玉米品种)为试材,在授粉后25d和35d将植株全部绿叶剪掉1/2,玉米成熟后对子粒淀粉、蛋白质、油分等营养组分含量的变化进行了测定分析。结果表明:各类玉米品种的源库关系在线性灌浆期改变为源小库大后,单粒淀粉积累量均显著减少,但淀粉百分含量除供试高油品种外则有明显提高;单粒蛋白质积累量均显著减少,同时蛋白质百分含量显著下降;单粒油分积累量显著减少,但油分百分含量变化不大;赖氨酸/蛋白质显著提高,与蛋白质百分含量的变化趋势相反。改变源库关系对子粒淀粉、蛋白质和油分百分含量的效应不同,各类玉米品种均表现为子粒蛋白质百分含量变化受到的影响最大,对源库关系改变的反应最敏感;淀粉百分含量次之;油分百分含量一般不易受源库关系改变的影响,表现稳定。     

种植密度对绿洲农区高油玉米子粒品质的影响

选用普通玉米SC-704(对照)和3个不同株型高油玉米为试验材料,分别采用5种不同的种植密度,探讨群体密度对高油玉米品质的影响。研究结果表明,同一品种不同密度处理随密度的增加子粒含油率、蛋白质和淀粉含量呈下降趋势。高油115和高油298子粒含油率在授粉后20～30d达到最高,高油XY-1在授粉后50d达到最高;高油298和高油XY-1子粒蛋白质含量授粉后40d达到峰值,高油115子粒蛋白质含量成熟期蛋白质含量达到最大值。高油115和高油298子粒淀粉含量积累在授粉后40d,高油XY-1为授粉后50d。     

玉米F0代子粒品质性状杂种优势的研究

用4个不同来源的自交系花粉分别与4个母本自交系杂交,分析杂交当代子粒中蛋白质、淀粉、赖氨酸含量和百粒重的当代杂种优势。试验结果表明:当代子粒的蛋白质含量、淀粉含量、赖氨酸含量和百粒重均存在当代杂种优势。其中F0子粒中蛋白质当代杂种优势最高达54.1%。     

玉米F0代子粒品质性状杂种优势的研究

用4个不同来源的自交系花粉分别与4个母本自交系杂交，分析杂交当代子粒中蛋白质、淀粉、赖氨酸含量和百粒重的当代杂种优势。试验结果表明：当代子粒的蛋白质含量、淀粉含量、赖氨酸含量和百粒重均存在当代杂种优势。其中F₀子粒中蛋白质当代杂种优势最高达54.1%。     

基于黄早四与掖478衍生的双向BC3回交群体的品质分析

以玉米骨干自交系黄早四与掖478分别作为轮回亲本构建的双向BC3回交群体为试验材料,系统分析在不同遗传背景下的玉米子粒淀粉、蛋白质、油分以及赖氨酸含量的变化及其相关性。结果表明,在不同遗传背景下,玉米子粒的淀粉含量与蛋白质、赖氨酸含量均呈极显著负相关,蛋白质与赖氨酸含量呈极显著正相关,蛋白质含量的改良在一定程度上可以促进赖氨酸含量的提高。     

不同类型玉米产量及子粒营养组分含量的种植密度效应

2004～2005年以吉单209(普通玉米品种)、吉油199(高油玉米品种)和郑单958(高淀粉玉米品种)为试验材料,研究了种植密度对不同类型玉米产量及子粒淀粉、蛋白质和油分含量的影响。结果表明:①供试3个(类)品种的群体产量相比较,以高淀粉品种郑单958最高,最高产量接近12000kg/hm2,其次为普通玉米品种吉单209,高油品种吉油199产量最低。通径分析结果显示,群体粒数均是各类品种产量的主要贡献因子,百粒重对产量的直接效应均小。②随种植密度增加,各类品种的子粒淀粉、蛋白质、油分含量均呈现出复杂的增减变化趋势,且品种间表现不同,无规律性。种植密度对子粒淀粉、蛋白质和油分含量的影响程度不同,各类玉米品种均表现为子粒蛋白质含量变化受种植密度的影响最大,对密度变化的反应最敏感;淀粉含量次之;油分含量一般不易受密度变化的影响,表现相当稳定。     

高油玉米花粉直感效应对普通玉米品质的影响

通过两个高油玉米品种与5个普通玉米品种混种,利用高油玉米品种为普通玉米品种授粉,研究高油玉米对普通玉米的花粉直感效应。两年的研究结果表明:通过花粉直感效应,增加了普通玉米的含油量和粗蛋白含量,改变了淀粉含量。与通油1号玉米杂交的5个普通玉米产量均增加,增加幅度最高的是吉单180,其经济效益也最大。与四油199玉米杂交的5个普通玉米,除吉单180外,产量均降低,经济效益最高的是吉单180。由此可见,高油玉米通油1号比四油199更适合与普通玉米进行花粉直感效应,而吉单180是与高油玉米进行花粉直感效应最为合适的普通玉米品种。     

浅谈高油玉米的发展前景及利用

高油玉米是指子粒中含油量比普通玉米高50 %以上的玉米类型 ,是一种人工创造的新型玉米。普通玉米的含油量 4 %～ 5% ,而高油玉米一般为7%～ 10 % ,最高可达 2 0 %以上[1] 。高油玉米含有丰富的蛋白质、赖氨酸、色氨酸等多元化合物 ,具有较高的经济价值和食用价值。因而被人们誉为“珍珠米”。1　高油玉米的研究进展美国伊利诺斯大学最先开始培育高油玉米 ,到本世纪 4 0年代已育成一批含油量 6 3%的高油玉米杂交种 ,但由于农艺性状欠佳 ,生产上没有应用。 70年代末 ,美国费斯特种子公司才开始出售高油玉米杂交种 (含油量 5 5%～ 7 0 % ) [2…     

种植密度与施氮水平对高淀粉玉米郑单18淀粉含量的影响

在四种种植密度和四种氮肥水平下研究了种植密度和氮肥对高淀粉玉米品种郑单18子粒淀粉含量的影响.随种植密度增加,玉米(郑单18)子粒淀粉含量增加;随施氮量增加,玉米子粒淀粉含量的变化不显著;不同种植密度条件下,玉米子粒淀粉含量与单株产量、千粒重均呈显著负相关,与子粒蛋白质含量、脂肪含量亦均呈显著负相关.     

高油玉米花粉直感等遗传效应对普通玉米产量及品质的影响

通过大田试验筛选出了高油玉米为普通玉米单交种授粉来达到增产和提高普通玉米含油量、蛋白质含量的组合。所筛选出的3个组合(SN3×HO115、SN3×HO298、SN98-1×HO298)中,与普通玉米自身相比较,子粒产量分别提高1 457.6、1 465.1和1 363.1 kg/hm²,油产量分别提高296.1、323.3和300.8 kg/hm²,蛋白质产量分别提高296.0、15.6和389.6 kg/hm²。高油玉米的花粉直感及与普通玉米杂交的杂交优势效应在大田玉米生产中应用前景广阔。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).