几种中药材对赤拟谷盗的致死作用及其趋避性研究

用中药材丁香、细辛、陈皮、吴茱萸、花椒、千年健对仓虫赤拟谷盗成虫的致死作用和趋避作用进行了研究。结果表明:6种中药材对赤拟谷盗成虫的致死效果为丁香>细辛>陈皮>吴茱萸>花椒>千年健。当丁香与其他5种药材一起同贮或分别贮存时,丁香里始终不见赤拟谷盗,在千年健里赤拟谷盗分布较多,而在其他几种药材中分布明显减少。各种中药材对拟谷盗的驱虫作用有明显差异。     

The toxicity of phosphine,methyl bromide, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and carbon dioxide alone and as mixtures to the pupae of red flour beetle,Tribolium castaneum herbst

The toxicity of phosphine, methyl bromide, 1,1,1-trichloroethane (methyl chloroform) and carbon dioxide and mixtures of phosphine + methyl bromide, methyl bromide + methyl chloroform, phosphine + carbon dioxide, and methyl bromide + carbon dioxide to one- to two-day-old pupae of Tribolium castaneum Herbst was studied. Joint action ratios estimated at LD₅₀ and LD₉₀ for a 24-h exposure indicated no enhancement of toxicity for mixtures of phosphine and methyl bromide, or methyl chloroform and methyl bromide on the pupae. Carbon dioxide up to 40% in air enhanced the toxic action of phosphine as well as of methyl bromide. Higher levels of carbon dioxide, however, failed to improve the toxicity of phosphine or methyl bromide proportionately. Carbon dioxide used alone produced a maximum of 11% mortality of the pupae exposed to 10–70% levels for 24 h. The order of toxicity of the fumigants both at LD₅₀ and LD₉₀ was phosphine > methyl bromide > methyl chloroform.     

Toxic and repellent effects of Baccharis salicifolia essential oil on Tribolium castaneum

Allelochemical effects were observed when Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) adults were treated with Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pavon) Pers essential oil. The main biological activities were toxicity and repellence. Terpenes present in the essential oil were identified by GC-MS, and some authentic samples were tested to assess their activity individually. The most acutely toxic compounds after 3 days were beta-pinene and pulegone. Most of the monoterpenes elicited symptoms indicative of neurotoxicity. The most repellent compound was alpha-terpineol. Toxic and repellent effects of chemical derivatives of the major sesquiterpene present in B salicifolia essential oil, as well as a series of monoterpenes, were evaluated in order to investigate structure-activity relationships. The reduced derivatives of the monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes were more repellent that their carbonyl analogues. In addition, unsaturation in the germacrane skeleton enhanced repellent activity.     

Enhancement of the toxicity of methyl bromide toTribolium castaneum adults by its admixture with carbon Monoxide

The effect of methyl bromide in admixture with 20%, 30% and 40% carbon monoxide (CO) onTribolium castaneum adults was tested. The combination of methyl bromide with 20% CO increased the toxicity of CH₃Br 1.4-fold, with 30% CO-1.5-fold, and with 40% CO-1.7-fold. It is supposed that the inhibitory effect of CO on the insect’s microsomal mixed-function oxidase and on other enzymatic systems causes this effect.     

常用杀虫剂对半闭弯尾姬蜂成虫和蛹的安全性

选择11种常用杀虫剂,采用药膜法与浸渍法,分别测定了其在田间防治小菜蛾推荐使用浓度下对半闭弯尾姬蜂成虫和蛹的致死率。测定结果表明,97%杀螟丹可湿性粉剂、5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油、10%虫螨腈乳油、5%氟虫腈乳油、2.5%多杀菌素悬浮剂的毒性较高,处理24h后的死亡率分别为100%、100%、100%、100%和79.6%;而5%茚虫威乳油、5%氟啶脲乳油、10%虫酰肼乳油的毒性较轻,24h后的死亡率分别为37.0%、36.1%和33.3%;、20%丁醚脲乳油、3%Bt可湿性粉剂和2%阿维菌素乳油对成虫无毒,24h后死亡率分别为27.8%、13.3%和3.3%,与对照无显著差异。不同供试杀虫剂制剂对寄生蜂蛹的羽化率均与对照无显著差异,表明所测药剂对半闭弯尾姬蜂蛹的毒性较低。     

肉桂醛对赤拟谷盗的熏蒸作用及对成虫保护酶活性的影响

为明确肉桂醛对赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum各发育阶段的杀虫活性及对成虫几种保护酶活性的影响, 本试验采用三角瓶密闭熏蒸法测定了肉桂醛对赤拟谷盗低龄幼虫、高龄幼虫、蛹和成虫的熏蒸作用及24 h致死中浓度熏蒸后成虫体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性。结果表明, 肉桂醛的熏蒸效果与其浓度和赤拟谷盗发育阶段有关, 肉桂醛2.5 μL/L熏蒸72 h对赤拟谷盗成虫的熏蒸效果最好, 幼虫次之。在24 h致死中浓度处理下, 赤拟谷盗成虫体内SOD、POD、CAT活性分别在48、12 h和36 h达到最高, 其活性分别为对照的2.70、1.03倍和1.96倍。随着熏蒸时间的延长, 成虫POD活性在处理36 h后低于对照, SOD、CAT活性分别在处理36~60 h和24~48 h显著高于对照。综上所述, 经肉桂醛熏蒸处理后, 赤拟谷盗成虫体内动态平衡受到破坏, 进而产生毒害作用。因此, 肉桂醛对赤拟谷盗的生物防治有较高的应用价值。     

铃斑翅夜蛾蛹及成虫性别的快速鉴定

本文通过观察比较铃斑翅夜蛾Serrodes campana Guenée蛹及成虫雌雄个体之间外部形态差异, 总结出其蛹及成虫个体雌雄鉴别特征与区分方法, 结果表明:雌蛹腹部末端第8腹节有生殖孔和产卵孔连接形成的纵裂缝, 形成“人”字形, 裂缝两侧平坦无突起; 雄蛹第8腹节无裂缝, 第9腹节靠近第10腹节中央有1纵裂缝, 裂缝两侧各有1个半圆形瘤状突起。雌成虫前翅亚中褶内侧的黑斑外侧半圆形, 前翅基线至外线间与前胸背板同色, 腹部末端圆锥状; 雄成虫前翅亚中褶内侧的黑斑外侧直线形, 前翅基线至外线间浅黄色, 颜色较前胸背板浅, 腹部末端圆筒状。此方法简易有效, 能极大提升野外区分蛹和成虫性别的效率, 对研究其生殖生物学和后续提取性信息素意义重大。     

Toxic and residual effects of Azadirachta indica,Tagetes erecta and Cynodon dactylon seed extracts and leaf powders towards Tribolium castaneum

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Direct and residual toxicities of seed extracts and leaf powders of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica), marigold (Tagetes erecta) and durba (Cynodon...     

温湿度对桃小食心虫蛹与成虫的影响

为探索温湿度对桃小食心虫(Carposina sasakii Matsumura)蛹与成虫的影响,在室内温度为20、23、26和29(±1)℃,土壤含水量5%、8%、11%、14%、17%条件下和相对湿度50%、60%、70%、80%、90%(±5%)条件下分别测定了桃小食心虫蛹的历期和羽化率以及雌虫的受精率、产卵量和寿命。结果表明:桃小食心虫蛹的历期随温度的升高而缩短,而羽化率则不受温度和土壤含水量的影响;在温度20~29℃、土壤含水量5%~17%的范围内,桃小食心虫蛹均能正常羽化;中温高湿是成虫交配和产卵的适宜条件,高温低湿不适宜成虫交尾;高温条件下雌虫寿命显著缩短且低湿条件可加剧高温对成虫寿命的影响。     

Synthetic pyrethroids: Toxicity and synergism on dietary exposure of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) larvae

The potency of six dietary pyrethroids, as toxicants and inhibitors of weight gain in first- and fourth-instar Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) larvae, decreased in the order of cis-cypermethrin and deltamethrin > trans-cypermethrin and cis-permethrin > fenvalerate and trans-permethrin. Dosages that reduced larval weight also delayed pupation and emergence, probably due to their antifeeding activity. Three oxidase inhibitors (piperonyl butoxide, O, O-diethyl O-phenyl phosphorothioate, and O-isobutyl O-prop-2-ynyl phenylphosphonate), at a dietary concentration of 100 mg kg^?1, had little or no effect on the toxicity of trans-permethrin, but strongly synergised the toxicity of cis-cypermethrin by about 3-, 3- and 10-fold, respectively. Piperonyl butoxide also synergised the toxicity of cis-permethrin, trans-cypermethrin and deltamethrin, but not that of fenvalerate. On the other hand, an esterase inhibitor, profenofos, did not enhance the potency of any of the α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl pyrethroids. Oxidases appear to be more important than esterases in pyrethroid detoxification by T. castaneum larvae.     

甲酸乙酯对面粉中赤拟谷盗的熏蒸效果

本文研究了甲酸乙酯对面粉中赤拟谷盗不同虫态的熏蒸作用。通过对熏蒸期间熏蒸剂浓度检测,计算浓度时间乘积(CT)计算不同时间下甲酸乙酯对赤拟谷盗各虫态达到99%控制的处理指标(Lct_(99))。结果表明甲酸乙酯熏蒸能有效防治面粉中的赤拟谷盗各虫态,赤拟谷盗不同虫态对甲酸乙酯的敏感性由强到弱依次为:卵>低龄幼虫>成虫>高龄幼虫>蛹。在23℃条件下处理6h和12h对面粉中赤拟谷盗的Lct_(99)分别为448.42和599.34mg·h/L     

一种快速鉴别草地贪夜蛾蛹及成虫雌雄的简易方法

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith)是新近入侵我国的重大迁飞性害虫。本研究通过比较草地贪夜蛾雌、雄蛹及成虫的外部形态差异,总结出一种快速鉴别草地贪夜蛾蛹及成虫性别的方法。结果表明:草地贪夜蛾雄蛹在第9腹节腹面中央有一纵裂缝,并连接两个半圆形瘤状突起,且纵裂离肛门的距离较近,腹部末端较尖,分节较为明显;雌蛹在第8腹节腹面近前缘有一短纵裂缝,两侧平滑且无突起结构,裂缝离肛门的距离较远,腹部末端钝圆,分节不明显。雄蛾腹部狭长,腹部末端有一圈黄色长毛簇;雌蛾腹部较雄蛾浑圆,腹部末端黄色毛簇较短。经检测,该鉴定方法的准确率高达100%。对草地贪夜蛾蛹及成虫性别的快速鉴定,将有助于改进后期草地贪夜蛾室内饲养方法,并为田间草地贪夜蛾的预测预报提供参考。     

甲酸乙酯的施药高度对仓内空间杀虫效果的影响

在储粮容量7000t的高大平房仓空仓内,设置一个高7.50 m、直径300mm的熏蒸室,分别在7.50m、5.61m、3.74m、1.87m和0.1m的高度放置试虫,先后从0.10m、3.74m和7.50m的高度施药,测定了甲酸乙酯对处于不同高度的赤拟谷盗(Tribolium castaneum(Herbst))和谷蠹(Rhyzopertha dominica(Fabricius))成虫的杀虫效果。结果为:在0.10m高度施药,甲酸乙酯对于靠近施药点的试虫可完全致死,而在1.87m及其以上高度处的害虫死亡率均显著低于施药点的死亡率。在高度3.74m处施药,施药点及其以下两种害虫的死亡率均显著大于施药点以上的害虫死亡率,3.74m及其以下的谷蠹均完全死亡,赤拟谷盗的死亡率则出现了0.1m处100%,1.87m和3.74m处则分别只有96.7%和81%。经7.50m高度施药,0.10m高度处的害虫死亡率达100%,且害虫死亡率出现自下而上递减的结果。本实验表明,作为熏蒸剂的甲酸乙酯在空间被施用后,静态条件下向上扩散且有效杀虫的高度小于2m;在高空施药后主要扩散趋势为向下运动(下沉),对施药点以下的害虫效果较好,建...     

Uptake and distribution of three insect growth regulators — diflubenzuron, flucycloxuron and halofenozide — in pupae and adults ofTenebrio molitor

In a topical bioassay with pupae and adults of the mealwormTenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), an important pest in stored products worldwide, three insect growth inhibitors (IGRs) were tested: the two chitin synthesis inhibitors diflubenzuron and flucycloxuron, and the ecdysone agonist halofenozide (RH-0345). To address differences in toxicity, we determined with the use of a¹⁴C-labeled isotope, the pattern of absorption through the cuticle and then the distribution in the different body tissues of gut, hemolymph, integument and reproductive organs (ovaries, testis). The rate of absorption through the cuticle was highest for flucycloxuron, and this concurred with its high toxicity. In general, the patterns of absorption followed a similar trend in young and old pupae and in the adult stage. Accumulation in the reproductive system of females and males was relatively high, which may explain the strong reproductive effects of the IGRs tested. In addition, we recorded large differences in the clearance of insecticide from the insect bodyvia the excrements, with the chitin synthesis inhibitors exhibiting higher rates than halofenozide.     

不同温度条件下红颈常室茧蜂蛹和成虫过冷却点和结冰点的测定

通过比较不同温度下红颈常室茧蜂Peristenus spretus Chen et van Achterberg蛹、雌蜂、雄蜂以及不同日龄的滞育蛹的过冷却点和结冰点,以明确红颈常室茧蜂蛹、成虫和滞育蛹耐寒能力的差异。结果表明:蛹的过冷却点和结冰点均显著低于成虫、滞育蛹的过冷却点和结冰点均显著低于非滞育蛹;相同温度下,雄蜂和雌蜂之间的过冷却点、结冰点差异不显著;滞育蛹的过冷却点和结冰点随着滞育时间延长而逐渐降低,在滞育150d时,其过冷却点和结冰点最低,分别为(-23.36±0.60)℃与(-22.92±0.65)℃。该研究结果有助于推测此蜂在我国的越冬分布区,并对其大规模繁殖和滞育蛹的保存具有重要的实用价值。     

Susceptibility of cocooned pupae and adults of the parasitoid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Microplitis mediator</Emphasis> to selected insecticides

The braconid parasitoid Microplitis mediator (Haliday) is a key natural enemy of the cabbage moth, Mamestra brassicae (L.), in Europe. In the context of an Integrated Pest Management approach, the use of selective insecticides is essential for the conservation of naturally occurring beneficial arthropods. The present laboratory study investigated the side effects of six insecticides applied at recommended field rates on adults and cocooned pupae of M. mediator. Male and female parasitoids were paired in drum cells contaminated with dry residues of insecticides. Besides lethal effects after 24 h, parasitization capacity and longevity of the surviving parasitoids was evaluated. Lethal effects on cocooned pupae were also investigated by assessing adult emergence from treated cocoons. Pirimicarb caused 100% adult mortality after 24 h, whereas the other tested insecticides caused no direct toxic effects. However, sub-lethal effects in terms of reduced parasitization activity, percentage of parasitism or female longevity were found for flonicamid, pymetrozine, spinosad and thiacloprid. Spirotetramat shortened only male longevity. Adult emergence from treated cocoons was reduced only by flonicamid and pymetrozine.     

Laboratory selection of resistance by the Red Flour Beetle,Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), To a carbon dioxide-enriched atmosphere

Adult populations of the red flour beetle,Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), were exposed for 40 generations to an atmosphere containing 65% CO₂, 20% O₂ and 15% N₂ at 95% RH, in order to select a strain resistant to a high carbon dioxide content (HCC) atmosphere. Selection pressure was maintained at between 50% and 70% mortality. At the 40th generation, comparison of sensitivity between the selected strain and the original non-selected strain indicated a resistance factor at the 50% mortality level (LT₅₀) of x 9.2. Throughout the selection process, log-time against probit-mortality lines remained roughly parallel and the slope remained low and similar to that of the non-selected strain until the last generation. Implications are that at a high level of selection, multiple genetic factors continued to act together even at the 40th generation to select for adaptation to survival at high CO₂ concentrations. Removal of selection pressure from a sub-population of the selected strain from the 13th to 21st generation revealed that resistance was partially retained with a decrease of 17% in the resistance factor. The modified atmosphere chosen in this study does not represent real-life situations where O₂ concentrations are reduced by flushing with CO₂, and intergranular relative humidities are generally not above 70%.     

Gamma radiation susceptibility of strains of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) resistant and susceptible to fenvalerate

Gamma radiation susceptibility of adults of the fenvalerateresistant strain of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae) was studied under laboratory conditions. Selection for resistance to fenvalerate in adult beetles was carried out up to the sixth generation. In each generation of selection, adults of the fenvalerateresistant strain were evaluated for susceptibility to gamma radiation and compared with their fenvalerate-susceptible counterparts. Susceptibility to 60Co gamma radiation was evaluated on the basis of dosage-mortality (LD) and time-mortality (LT) responses. We found the LD values 50 50 50 for the fenvalerate-resistant and-susceptible strains to be 89.16 and 97.46 Gy respectively, showing no significant difference in susceptibility to gamma radiation. LT values were 7.58 and 17.20 days for the 50 fenvalerate-resistant and-susceptible strains respectively, showing that mortality in the resistant strain occurred markedly earlier than in the susceptible strain.