干旱胁迫下外源油菜素内酯对玉米幼苗光合作用和D1蛋白的调控效应

为了揭示干旱胁迫下外源油菜素内酯对玉米幼苗光合作用的保护机制,采用溶液培养的方法,以驻玉309为试验材料,研究外源油菜素内酯(BR)预处理及20% PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫后玉米幼苗的生长参数、叶绿素含量、光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数及D1蛋白含量的变化。结果表明,与干旱胁迫处理(PEG)相比,BR+PEG处理的玉米苗株高增加45.87%,根长增加20.56%,总干物质积累增加8.01%,叶片相对含水量提高4.50%,叶绿素a含量增加26.32%,光合参数(Pn、Gs、Ci、Tr)分别提高9.57%,38.23%,30.19%,28.12%,光合系统Ⅱ(ΦPSⅡ)活性提高了20.48%,最大光化学效率提高了0.66%,光合系统Ⅱ绝对电子传递速率(ETR(Ⅱ)和相对电子传递速率r ETR(Ⅱ))分别提高20.40%和31.02%;D1蛋白含量增加37.34%(P0.05)。说明在干旱胁迫条件下叶片喷施BR可以改善玉米幼苗的生长发育,减缓光合系统的损伤,促进D1蛋白质的稳定,从而提高玉米幼苗对干旱胁迫的适应性。     

保水剂对旱地作物种子发芽的影响

保水剂对于旱地作物种子发芽具有很大的影响。经过保水剂涂覆处理的种子,可以分别提高发芽率、发芽势6.2%和8.0%,增加幼苗根长21.37%,使幼苗单株鲜重、单株干重分别平均增加7.4%和14.9%。在干旱条件下还可以相对缩短出苗时间。由此,保水剂在旱地作物的抗旱保苗,节水栽培中具有很重要的作用。     

保水剂对水稻耐干旱、盐碱的生理作用

研究表明:保水剂在干旱条件下,能够保证水稻种子吸胀的水分供应,提高含水量,增加胚的呼吸,促进种子萌发,且0.5%涂层效果最好;同时对保持水稻幼苗水分含量,提高叶绿素含量、根冠比均具有显著作用,其中1%涂层效果最好.在盐碱条件下,保水剂对防止幼苗叶绿素破坏,保证植株生长发育具有显著作用;对提高幼苗根冠比具有一定作用.在正常水分条件下,保水剂对促进水稻种子萌发.幼苗生长发育均具有一定作用,其中0.5%涂层     

保水剂施用方式对杨树苗根系特性和土壤酶活性及生长的影响

为探讨在减量灌溉条件下保水剂不同施用方式对杨树根系特性与生长的作用效果,以一年生杨树苗为试材,通过盆栽试验研究了在仅有常规灌溉量60%的条件下不施肥和保水剂(CK)、单施尿素(U)、单施保水剂(S)、保水剂-尿素混施(SUM)与保水剂-尿素凝胶(SUG)等处理对杨树苗根系特性、根际土壤酶活性及生长的影响。结果表明：同U处理相比,SUG处理显著提高了杨树苗的根系活力、根系总吸收面积与活跃吸收面积及根系分泌物含量,其中根系总吸收面积分别比CK、U、S与SUM处理显著高出189.73%、26.44%、34.97%与15.56%;同时,SUG处理亦明显增强了根际土壤脲酶、脱氢酶、多酚氧化酶和蔗糖酶活性。此外,SUG处理还显著促进了杨树苗株高与地径的生长,其中株高相比CK、U、S与SUM处理分别提高42.96%、14.67%、26.42%与7.72%,地径分别提高41.86%、17.88%、24.31%与10.37%。与SUG处理相比,S、SUM处理对杨树苗根系特性与生长的影响作用较小。综上,在减量灌溉条件下(60%常规灌溉量)施用保水剂的3种不同方式中,保水剂-尿素凝胶方式更利于改善杨树苗根系特性和增强土壤酶活性,并促进生长。这对于干旱、半干旱地区杨树人工林的节水高产栽培具有重要参考价值。     

不同种植模式下根系分泌物对玉米生长及产量的影响

为探究大豆和甘薯的根系分泌物对玉米生长及产量的影响,通过盆栽根系分泌物吸附试验,研究了不同活性炭处理方式对玉米/大豆(B1)、玉米/甘薯(B2)及玉米净作(B3)3种种植模式下玉米光合特性、荧光参数及生物产量的变化规律。结果表明:加活性炭处理(A1)较未加活性炭处理(A2)抑制了玉米生长,但玉米产量差异不显著。加活性炭时,由于根系分泌物被吸附,玉米的光合速率、荧光参数和产量在各种植模式之间差异不显著;未加活性炭时,大豆的根系分泌物促进玉米生长和提高玉米产量,甘薯的根系分泌物抑制玉米生长和降低玉米产量,B1处理下玉米的根干重、根系活力、净光合速率和子粒干重比B3处理分别高15.81%、53.20%、19.94%和60.84%,而B2处理则比B3处理分别低19.92%、4.33%、16.96%和24.32%。     

氯化胆碱提高玉米幼苗抗旱性研究

以不同浓度氯化胆碱(CC)溶液叶片喷施玉米幼苗,然后进行轻度干旱胁迫(PEG 10%)处理.干旱胁迫下,喷施氯化胆碱的玉米叶片丙二醛含量和电解质外渗率显著低于干旱处理但未喷施氯化胆碱的对照,其叶绿素含量、根系活力显著高于干旱处理但未喷施氯化胆碱的对照.氯化胆碱还能使玉米幼苗在长期轻度干旱条件下存活.     

生物质炭输入对盐胁迫下玉米幼苗生长和光合生理特征的影响

为探讨生物质炭输入对盐胁迫下玉米幼苗生长和光合生理特性的影响,在温室以轻、中、重度盐渍化土壤模拟盐胁迫环境,设置0(CK),1%,2%,4%,8%生物质炭输入水平,进行玉米盆栽试验。对玉米幼苗生长、SPAD、净光合速率(Pn)等光合参数进行测定。结果表明:盐胁迫条件下玉米幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、光合作用等均受到抑制,进而影响玉米幼苗生长,干物质累积量、单株叶面积均显著降低。生物质炭输入能有效缓解盐胁迫对玉米幼苗生长的抑制。8%生物质炭输入水平对轻度盐胁迫下玉米幼苗生长的促进作用最显著:干物质累积量、SPAD、叶面积分别较对照增加116.22%,36.09%,107.67%,Pn、Tr、Gs分别较空白对照处理高76.60%,57.76%,17.33%;2%生物质炭水平下中度盐胁迫干物质累积量、SPAD、叶面积最高,分别较空白对照处理增加138.04%,18.92%,23.50%,Pn、Tr、Gs分别较空白对照处理高78.48%,55.56%,26.23%;8%生物质炭输入重度盐渍化土壤玉米幼苗干物质累积量、单株总叶面积最高,分别较空白对照处理高483.33%,92.32%,但SPAD在4%输入水平最高,较空白对照处理高71.50%。8%生物质炭输入重度盐渍化土壤玉米幼苗叶片Pn、Tr、Gs分别较CK处理高120.00%,88.78%,17.39%。生物质炭输入盐渍化土壤可通过自身特性增加土壤中矿质养分含量,改善土壤持水能力,提高植株叶绿素含量,促进光合作用,缓解盐胁迫对玉米幼苗生长的抑制作用,可应用于盐渍化土壤的改良。     

保水剂施用方式对杨树苗根系特性和生长及土壤酶活性的影响

为探讨在减量灌溉条件下保水剂不同施用方式对杨树根系特性与生长的作用效果,通过盆栽试验研究了在常规灌溉量60%的条件下单施尿素(U)、单施保水剂(S)、保水剂-尿素混施(SUM)与保水剂-尿素凝胶(SUG)等处理对杨树苗根系特性、土壤酶活性及生长的影响。结果表明:与U处理相比,SUG处理显著提高了杨树苗根系活力、根系总吸收面积与活跃吸收面积及根系分泌物含量;同时,SUG处理明显增强了根际土壤脲酶、脱氢酶、多酚氧化酶和蔗糖酶活性。此外,该处理还显著促进了杨树苗株高与地径的生长。与SUG处理相比,S、SUM处理对杨树苗根系特性与生长的影响作用较小。在减量灌溉条件下施用保水剂的3种方式中,保水剂-尿素凝胶方式更利于改善杨树苗根系特性和增强土壤酶活性,并促进生长。     

抗逆增产剂10号对低温干旱胁迫下玉米幼苗生长与代谢的影响

以3叶期玉米幼苗为材料,研究叶面喷施抗逆增产剂10号（简称抗10）对低温干旱双重胁迫下玉米植株的生长与光合、呼吸、蒸腾、荧光等生理代谢特性的影响。结果表明：抗10处理提高了玉米植株的鲜重、株高、净光合速率,促进暗呼吸速率增加,表观量子效率增加,气孔导度减小,蒸腾速率下降,胞间CO2浓度降低,同时还促使叶绿素a荧光量子产额下降（未达到显著水平）,但是提高了PSII的光化学转化效率和潜在活性。这些参数变化表明抗10主要通过诱导保护机制提高玉米幼苗在双重逆境胁迫下的生长与净光合速率。     

干旱胁迫下外源冠菌素对玉米幼苗生长和内源激素含量的影响

采用PEG-6000模拟干旱研究植物生长调节物质冠菌素(COR)在干旱条件下对玉米幼苗生长及内源激素系统的影响,结果表明:干旱处理8d,与PEG处理相比,COR PEG处理显著提高玉米幼苗的株高、根长、根条数和根冠比;在正常情况下,COR能诱导茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)的增加;干旱条件下COR处理的幼苗叶片和根中ABA和MeJA的同时显著升高;COR处理的玉米幼苗叶片和根中GA3含量在干旱第2天和第3天与MeJA含量同时显著增加;干旱胁迫第2天,COR处理中的IAA和ZR含量在叶片同时降低,而在根中则同时升高,至干旱第3天,其ZR含量在叶中降低,而在根中则增加.初步认为,干旱胁迫下,冠菌素可通过调节玉米幼苗体内的激素系统平衡以诱导其形态改变,并增强其抵抗逆境的能力.     

土壤水分胁迫对不同肥水类型冬小麦品种花后光合特性及产量的影响

为给小麦抗旱育种和节水高产栽培提供理论和技术支持,以山东省6个不同肥水类型的冬小麦品种（‘青麦6号’、‘鲁麦21’、‘烟农21’、‘烟农24’、‘济麦22’、‘良星99’）为材料,研究了水分胁迫对冬小麦花后光合特性与产量的影响及品种间差异。结果表明,在水分胁迫条件下,各冬小麦品种花后叶面积指数、旗叶叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率均有所降低,产量显著下降。品种间对水分胁迫反应差异显著,其中旱地品种‘青麦6号’在水分胁迫条件下,旗叶叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率及气孔导度均高于其他品种,产量构成因素和产量降低幅度最小,产量最高,仅比同期水分处理下降了14%。     

光叶紫花苕子不同翻压期对烤烟生长发育的影响

为了合理利用绿肥轮作改良烟田土壤、提高烤烟产质,在湖北恩施烟区采用田间试验研究了烤烟复种光叶紫花苕子作绿肥时不同翻压期对烤烟生长、产量和品质的影响。连续2年的定位试验表明,在减少化肥施用量15%、翻压绿肥15000 kg/hm2情况下,于烤烟移栽前15~25天翻压绿肥效果较好,烤烟株高、最大叶面积等农艺性状,根、茎、叶及整株干物质量,烟叶产量和产值接近于或高于常规施肥措施,但是移栽前35天翻压等量光叶紫花苕子作绿肥,烤烟生长明显较差,产量和产值显著降低。减少化肥用量15%基础上不同时期翻压绿肥,有利于烤烟上部叶发育,使其单叶重量增加4.5%~18.5%,还可使中上等烟比例提高2.7~8.6个百分点。     

AM真菌对牡丹实生苗耐盐性的影响

为探索接种AM真菌对不同苗龄牡丹实生苗耐盐性的效应,将接种Glomus mosseae的1年生和2年生盆栽‘凤丹’牡丹实生苗,分别于不同浓度人工海水(0%、8%、16%和24%)下进行胁迫处理。结果表明,盐胁迫下接种G. mosseae的2年生‘凤丹’菌根侵染率显著高于1年生苗处理的,而叶片细胞膜透性则显著低于1年生苗处理的,盐胁迫下的增长量、根系活力、矿质元素N、P、K含量和耐盐系数均显著高于1年生苗的。1年生苗的菌根依赖性高于2年生苗;G. mosseae对1年生‘凤丹’植株的总干重、耐盐系数和N、P、K含量的菌根贡献率高于2年生苗的,且菌根贡献率随盐浓度的增加而增加。结论认为接种AM真菌对1年生牡丹苗的效应优于对2年生苗的,而且不同苗龄牡丹对菌根的依赖性不同。     

Growth and Distribution of Dry Matter in a Drought Tolerant and a Susceptible Potato Cultivar under Normal and Water Deficit Condition

The growth behaviour of Dekama (drought tolerant) and Kufri Jyoti (drought susceptible) was studied using potted plants maintained at well watered condition and water deficit condition respectively. Periodic harvestings were done starting from 50 days after planting till maturity. Recordings of plant height, leaf area, dry weights of different plant parts, the proportion of thinner and thicker roots, stomatal conductance and water saturation deficit were obtained. The plant height, leaf area and dry weight of shoot decreased to nearly the same extent in both the cultivars under stress. The stomatal conductance decreased by 61.7 % in Dekama and by 64 % in Kufri Jyoti due to water stress. Water saturation deficit increased by about 80 % in both the cultivars. The ratios of root to shoot and that of thinner to thicker root increased due to stress in both cultivars and this increase was 85 % and 71 % in Dekama and 64 % and 19 % in Kufri Jyoti respectively. The distribution of dry matter to leaf, stem, root were more at the expense of tuber under stress conditions in both cultivars. However, the tolerant cultivar Dekama got adjusted to the stress condition, with more dry matter partitioned to tubers in the last two samplings. The study points out the factors responsible for better drought tolerance of Dekama compared to Kufri Jyoti and the possible physiological traits useful for selecting drought tolerant cultivars.     

The early stress response of maize (Zea mays L.) to chloride salinity

Chloride is a micronutrient required for photosynthesis but when applied in the concentration of a macronutrient, it may also promote growth by regulating turgor. However, if chloride accumulates excessively, it can induce toxicity. The aim of this study was to identify physiological dysfunctions in maize (Zea mays L.) that arise in response to excessive chloride ion accumulation. For this, a novel water sensor was employed for the first time allowing the in vivo measurement of water content in the plant by using two near IR‐wavelengths with different absorption of water. This enabled to analyse whether water imbalances occurred. Chloride was given together with calcium as companying counter cation. Results show that most of the tested maize genotypes were able to maintain growth, photosynthesis and normal water content when stressed with concentrations as high as 757.1 mg chloride/kg soil dry matter. Leaf blades accumulated only 8.5 mg chloride/g dry matter, with the most genotypes not even showing salt stress necrosis at the leaves. A comparison between more tolerant and more sensitive genotypes revealed that restriction of chloride root‐to‐shoot translocation is a trait of chloride tolerance.     

Intact Plant, Callus and Field Grain Yield Responses of Tepary Bean to Drought

In a field trial involving four tepary lines (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray), NE#8A and NE#19 produced higher grain yield than NE#5 and NE#7 under both well watered and drought conditions. However, NE#8A is considered more resistant than NE#19 in terms of drought sensitivity index. Greenhouse investigations on intact plants indicated no differences among the four lines in leaf and stem dry mass, and leaf area. Root depth did not strictly differentiate lower‐yielding from higher‐yielding lines. In contrast to lower‐yielding lines, however, plants of higher‐yielding ones allocated greater dry matter (DM) in roots in response to imposed water stress. Distinctly, NE#19 had the greatest root : shoot (R : S) while NE#8A characterized by high net photosynthesis. Both NE#8A and NE#19 showed reduced leaf area : root dry mass ratio, stomata conductance and transpiration rate. Consequently, these two lines showed no significant changes in leaf relative water content while photosynthetic water‐use‐efficiency increased in response to water stress. Calli derived from leaf and root tissues of higher‐yielding lines exhibited low initial osmotic potential (ψ_s). These calli did not show alterations in ψ_s, DM% and relative growth rate (RGR) when subjected to water stress. Although leaf‐ and root‐derived calli of lower‐yielding lines exhibited osmotic adjustment, they suffered water stress in terms of elevated DM and reduced RGR. Overall, results suggest that dehydration‐avoidance mechanisms conditioned by increased root mass and stomata resistance accompanied with low initial cellular ψ_s sustained high grain yield of tepary under limited water supply.     

南方根结线虫不同密度对番茄生长的影响

南方根结线虫病(Meloidogyne incognita)是番茄生产上的主要病害。为明确土壤中南方根结线虫初始密度与番茄产量损失的关系,在温室条件下,通过盆栽试验,测试土壤中根结线虫不同初始密度对番茄不同生长期株高和生物量等方面的影响。结果显示,番茄植株的长势随接种密度的增加而减弱,即随着接种密度的增加,植株高度降低,叶片数和花穗数减少,鲜重与干重显著减轻,番茄的发病程度则逐渐加重。利用Seinhorst模型,分别以株高、鲜重、干重为指标确定了番茄对根结线虫的最低忍耐值T;综合本研究结果,确定番茄对根结线虫的最低忍耐值为4.4头/(mL·土),低于该密度线虫虽对番茄根部造成一定危害,但对植株地上部的生长影响不明显。     

土壤施用保水剂对番茄幼苗生长发育的影响

本试验以普通栽培型番茄‘辽园多丽’为试验材料,采用不同粒度保水剂进行土壤拌施,研究了其对番茄幼苗生长发育的影响,为生产上获得壮苗、节约水资源服务。结果表明,不同粒度的保水剂土壤拌施能提高番茄幼苗的株高、茎粗、单位面积叶片重、根茎叶的干鲜重,能够提高G值和壮苗指数,促进番茄幼苗功能叶的光合作用,番茄幼苗功能叶的叶绿素含量和净光合速率均提高。综合不同粒度保水剂处理后对番茄幼苗生长发育的影响,以中等粒度的保水剂处理效果最好。