澜沧江上游不同植被类型土壤微生物特征研究

采用野外调查采样及室内实验分析的方法,选取原生植被旱冬瓜林地作为对照,对澜沧江上游山区不同植被类型云南松林、桉树纯林、生态混交林（桤木＋圣诞树）土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌3大类微生物的数量及总量进行研究,结果表明：3大类微生物分布均表现为A层大于B层。不同植被类型土壤细菌和真菌数量变化趋势均为旱冬瓜林〉生态混交林〉桉树林〉云南松林,且A、B层消长趋势一致;不同植被类型A层土壤放线菌数量变化趋势为云南松林〉桉树林〉生态混交林〉旱冬瓜林,B层土壤放线菌数量变化趋势则为生态混交林〉云南松林〉桉树林〉旱冬瓜林;不同植被类型土壤微生物总数变化趋势为旱冬瓜林〉生态混交林〉桉树林〉云南松林,A、B层消长趋势一致。     

根结线虫接种对黄瓜植株根际土壤pH和微生物的影响

通过人工接种不同数量的根结线虫卵,测定了黄瓜植株根际土壤的pH和微生物数量。结果表明,随接种数量的增加,根际土壤好气性细菌数量、厌气性细菌数量、细菌总数及细菌/真菌(B/F)逐渐降低;真菌数量却逐渐升高;放线菌数量在接种量为2000个·株-1时显著升高,之后随着接种量的增加逐渐降低;放线菌/真菌(A/F)在接种量为2000个·株-1时略有升高,之后随着接种量的增加逐渐降低。接种根结线虫后,黄瓜植株根际土壤中好气性细菌数量和B/F值与pH呈显著正相关,厌气性细菌数量、细菌总数、放线菌数量以及A/F值与pH呈极显著正相关,真菌数量与pH呈显著负相关。根结线虫侵染黄瓜植株导致根际土壤发生"真菌化",显示土壤质量下降。     

生物复混肥对土壤微生物的影响研究

在温室盆栽玉米条件下,应用平板计数法、氯仿熏蒸浸提法和Biolog微平板法,进行施用菌剂、生物复混肥、有机无机复混肥和无机肥对土壤微生物的影响试验。结果表明,施用生物复混肥可显著提高土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌数量,增加土壤微生物量碳、氮的含量;增强土壤微生物利用单一碳源的能力、提高土壤微生物群落的功能多样性;促进土壤微生物生态系统的稳定,改善土壤微生物群落的生态功能。     

宁夏引黄灌区不同盐化程度土壤酶活性及微生物多样性研究

为了掌握宁夏引黄灌区盐碱地盐化土壤退化程度对微生物多样性及土壤酶活性的影响及其变化规律,采用Biolog微生物鉴定系统、比色法及滴定法对宁夏引黄灌区不同程度盐化土壤微生物多样性和土壤酶活性进行了研究.结果表明:随着盐化程度的增加,土壤微生物多样性指数、土壤转化酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性逐渐降低;土壤各种酶活性的季节变化不完全相同,而且在土壤不同层次上波动很大.转化酶和碱性磷酸酶活性在0-20 cm 土层表现为9月＞8月＞6月,过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性在20 40 cm土层表现为6月＞8月＞9月.不同盐化程度与土壤转化酶、碱性磷酸酶活性达之间达到显著正相关关系(p＜0.05),土壤微生物多样性指数与土壤转化酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性之间达到极显著正相关关系(p＜0.01),与土壤不同盐化程度、土壤脲酶活性之间达到显著正相关关系(p＜0.05).说明土壤酶活性与土壤盐渍化关系密切,土壤转化酶、碱性磷酸酶及微生物多样性可作为盐碱地土壤退化程度及土壤肥力评价的生物指标.     

长期施肥对宁夏灌淤土土壤微生物多样性的影响

灌淤土是含有大量泥沙的黄河水流经长期灌溉而形成,其在宁夏土类中占有一定的比例。为了阐明长期施肥对灌淤土土壤微生物的影响,以宁夏灌淤土土壤肥力监测基地为试验平台,采用平板稀释法和Biolog微生物鉴定系统研究了长期施肥条件下土壤微生物特征的变化。结果表明:长期NP、NK、PK、NPK施肥处理显著降低了土壤细菌数量和土壤微生物总数,细菌数量降低达50%以上。M和1.5NPKM处理增加了土壤放线菌数量,增加的幅度达95%左右,单施氮肥处理显著降低了土壤放线菌数量。NPK和NPKM处理提高了土壤微生物群落对羧酸类、碳水化合物类和酚类碳源的代谢活性,1.5NPKM处理提高了微生物群落对胺类碳源的代谢活性,说明长期的NPK及NPK配合施用有利于土壤微生物活性的提高。施肥处理均不同程度地提高了土壤微生物群落的SHANNON多样性指数但降低了均匀度指数。     

高速公路边坡生态恢复对土壤微生物的影响

选择了云南思小(思茅—小勐养)、元磨(元江—磨黑)和昆玉(昆明—玉溪)高速公路边坡进行土壤微生物数量和多样性调查。结果表明:高速公路边坡的生态恢复会不同程度地促进微生物的增加,在恢复边坡土壤微生物区系组成中,细菌数量是最多的,放线菌次之,真菌最少;细菌数量与微生物总数的变化趋势相一致;适量有机质的添加有利于土壤微生物数量的提高;植物群落类型的多样性和植物盖度与微生物数量呈正相关关系;不同的防护工艺对土壤微生物数量的增加和土壤性质的改善有不同的效果;微生物数量变化可以作为高速公路边坡生态恢复效果的评价指标。     

多氯联苯污染土壤的微生物生态效应研究

以多氯联苯（Polychlorinated biphenyls,PCBs）自然污染的农田土壤为材料,分析土壤中微生物区系组成、生物量C、N、土壤基础呼吸以及微生物群落功能多样性的变化。研究结果表明,在以4-氯、5-氯同系物为主的PCBs污染土壤中,污染程度对土壤细菌、放线菌的数量影响不明显,而真菌的数量除与土壤污染程度有关,可能还受到土壤pH等性状的影响;土壤微生物C、N与土壤基础呼吸随污染程度的加剧呈下降趋势,但微生物C／N基本没有变化;Biolog分析显示,土壤微生物代谢剖面（AWCD）及Simpson指数在污染程度相差较大的两组土壤样品中差异均达到了显著性水平,表明PCBs污染引起了土壤微生物群落功能多样性下降,降低了微生物对不同单一碳源底物的利用能力。     

不同强化调控措施对多氯联苯污染土壤的修复效应

通过微宇宙试验,以添加碳源、翻耕、覆膜为调控因子,研究生物强化措施对多氯联苯污染土壤的修复效果,并对修复前后土壤微生物数量以及功能多样性进行研究。结果表明,土壤翻耕处理是最有效的修复措施,修复效率达到29.3%;添加淀粉与覆膜处理,效果相近,并且均显著高于对照。添加淀粉和翻耕均显著增加了土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量,但降低了土壤微生物功能多样性。而覆膜处理则使土壤微生物数量及其活性和多样性均下降。可见,不同的调控措施不仅能够强化土壤中多氯联苯的降解,同时也会影响到土著微生物群落结构及其活性和功能。     

放牧对荒漠草原土壤微生物的影响及其季节动态研究

研究了内蒙古荒漠草原不同放牧强度下土壤中微生物数量和养分含量的变化及其季节动态变化。结果表明,草原土壤中各类群微生物数量关系是细菌>自生固氮菌>放线菌>真菌,垂直分布为0~10 cm>10~20 cm土层;土壤微生物和养分含量随季节变化有着明显的变化,但各类群变化规律并不完全相同;与围栏相比,土壤中微生物总数量、细菌、真菌、放线菌和养分含量在轻牧区增加,重牧区降低。自生固氮菌数量在放牧区均增加。     

设施土壤微生物学特性变化研究

采用定点取样的方法，研究了不同种植年限设施土壤微生物主要类群、生物量碳和5种酶活性的变化特点，结果表明：（1）不同种植年限设施土壤微生物主要类群随季节变化不一致，细菌数量先升后降，高峰出现在6月，10月最低；真菌和放线菌数量均在3月最多，而后逐渐减少。随设施种植年限的延长，微生物总数逐渐增加，但真菌和放线菌占微生物总数的比例却呈下降趋势。与露地相比，设施栽培中真菌增加快于细菌。（2）不同种植年限设施土壤微生物生物量碳在3月和6月含量最高，随设施种植年限的延长，微生物生物量碳含量也增加。（3）不同种植年限设施土壤酶活性季节变化明显，除过氧化氢酶外，脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、中性磷酸酶和转化酶活性高峰主要出现在3月，土壤酶的总体活性随设施种植年限的延长有所下降。     

The elevational patterns and key drivers of soil microbial communities strongly depend on soil layer and season

Knowledge about the elevational patterns of soil microbial biomass and communities can facilitate accurate prediction of the responses of soil biogeochemical processes to climate change. However, previous studies that have considered intra- and inter-annual variations have reported inconsistent results on the one hand, and they have paid little attention to the effect of soil layer on the other hand. We, therefore, conducted a 4-year in situ soil core incubation experiment along a 2431-m elevational gradient across the dry valley shrubland, valley-montane ecotone forest, subalpine coniferous forest, alpine coniferous forest, and alpine meadow in an ecologically fragile alpine-gorge region on the eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Soil microbial biomass and community composition in the organic and mineral layers were measured using the phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) method at five critical periods each year. Our results indicated that soil microbial biomass in the organic layer was the highest in the subalpine coniferous forest, followed by the alpine meadow, alpine coniferous forest, and valley-montane ecotone forest. In contrast, soil microbial biomass in the mineral layer was significantly higher in the alpine meadow than in the other sites. Soil microbial biomass exhibited differential seasonal fluctuations at different elevations, resulting in their elevational patterns being strongly intra-annual and inter-annual dependent. Our results revealed that elevation and seasonality significantly affected soil microbial communities. Seasonality had a more substantial effect than elevation on soil microbial communities during the first 3 years of incubation, whereas the relative importance of seasonal and elevational effects on microbial communities was reversed in the organic layer with incubation time. These results are mainly attributed to the magnitude and direction of effect of environmental variables on soil microbial biomass and communities vary with elevation, soil layer, and sampling time. Briefly, the elevational patterns and dominant factors of soil microbial biomass and communities have intense soil layer and temporal specificity, implying that differential responses of soil biochemical processes to climate change might be observed at different elevations.     

Above- and belowground carbon inputs affect seasonal variations of soil microbial biomass in a subtropical monsoon forest of southwest China

Soil microbial activity drives carbon and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Soil microbial biomass is commonly limited by environmental factors and soil carbon availability. We employed plant litter removal, root trenching and stem-girdling treatments to examine the effects of environmental factors, above- and belowground carbon inputs on soil microbial C in a subtropical monsoon forest in southwest China. During the experimental period from July 2006 through April 2007, 2 years after initiation of the treatments, microbial biomass C in the humus layer did not vary with seasonal changes in soil temperature or water content. Mineral soil microbial C decreased throughout the experimental period and varied with soil temperature and water content. Litter removal reduced mineral soil microbial C by 19.0% in the ungirdled plots, but only 4.0% in girdled plots. Root trenching, stem girdling and their interactions influenced microbial C in humus layer. Neither root trenching nor girdling significantly influenced mineral soil microbial C. Mineral soil microbial C correlated with following-month plant litterfall in control plots, but these correlations were not observed in root-trenching plots or girdling plots. Our results suggest that belowground carbon retranslocated from shoots and present in soil organic matter, rather than aboveground fresh plant litter inputs, determines seasonal fluctuation of mineral soil microbial biomass.     

Linear relation between the amount of respiratory quinones and the microbial biomass in soil

A linear relationship was observed between the amount of total respiratory quinones and the microbial biomass measured by a fumigation-extraction method in 15 soil samples regardless of the significant differences in the composition of the quinone profiles, with one exception in a soil amended with a very high application rate of farmyard manure. It is suggested that the amount of total respiratory quinones can be used as an indicator of the microbial biomass in soil.     

秸秆施用下接种蚯蚓对农田土壤微生物特性的影响

在连续6年稻麦轮作系统中，研究不同秸秆施用方式下接种蚯蚓对土壤微生物生物量、活性（基础呼吸）及群落功能多样性（BIOLOG单一碳源利用指纹方法）的影响，试验设5个处理：对照（CK）、秸秆表施（M）、秸秆混施（I）、秸秆表施且接种蚯蚓（ME）、秸秆混施且接种蚯蚓（IE）。不同秸秆施用下接种蚯蚓均对土壤微生物生物量、微生物生物活性和群落碳源利用能力产生显著影响：两种秸秆施用方式下接种蚯蚓均增加微生物生物量；秸秆表施并接种蚯蚓导致微生物活性、碳源利用丰富度和多样性指数均降低，而在秸秆混施下则均升高；BIOLOG碳源利用分析结果表明在秸秆施用下接种蚯蚓后土壤的微生物群落组成发生明显变化。     

土壤质量生物学指标研究进展

本文对近年土壤微生物、土壤酶活性和土壤动物等土壤质量生物学指标研究成果进行了综合评述。土壤微生物是土壤有机组分和生态系统中最活跃的部分,被认为是最敏感的土壤质量生物学指标:微生物生物量代表参与调控土壤中能量和养分循环及有机物质转化所对应微生物的数量,但须结合多样性研究以弥补其无法反映土壤微生物组成和区系变化的缺陷;微生物群落组成和多样性动态反映土壤中生物类群的多变性和土壤质量在微生物数量和功能上的差异;土壤微生物活性体现在土壤微生物商、微生物呼吸和代谢商等方面,应考虑生物量大小与微生物种群活性间的相关关系以反映微生物种群内的差异。土壤酶活性具有极高时效性,在较短时间内就能反映出土壤质量的变化。土壤动物通常以种类的组成和数量,土壤动物区系的相对丰度、多样性或活性作为评价土壤生物质量的敏感指标。与土壤理化指标相比,土壤生物学指标更能对土壤质量的变化做出灵敏迅速的响应,因而被广泛地用于评价土壤质量。     

Straw coverage alleviates seasonal variability of the topsoil microbial biomass and activity

Straw coverage on soil surface is a well-known practice for conserving soil and water. Seasonal variability of microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and basal respiration (BR) in surface soil (0–5 cm) was compared between conventional straw removal (SR) and straw coverage (SC) in a maize (Zea mays L.) field experiment, Northeast China. The straw coverage treatment significantly increased microbial energy, carbon and nutrient sources (soil C and N contents) and improved soil physical environment (moisture and porosity), and thus stimulated MBC and BR across the growth season of maize, as compared to the straw removal treatment. MBC and BR showed similar seasonal trends in soil temperature, with maximum values in summer. In both study years, the straw coverage treatment reduced seasonal variation of soil temperature, therefore it significantly moderated seasonal variability of MBC and BR. Our results demonstrate that straw coverage contributes to stabilizing soil microbial characteristics in season.     

温室菜园土壤氮矿化和微生物群落对水分的响应

Soil drying and wetting impose significant influences on soil nitrogen (N) dynamics and microbial communities. However, effects of drying-wetting cycles, while common in vegetable soils, especially under greenhouse conditions, have not been well studied. In this study, two greenhouse vegetable soils, which were collected from Xinji (XJ) and Hangzhou (HZ), China, were maintained at 30% and 75% water-holding capacity (WHC), or five cycles of 75% WHC followed by a 7-day dry-down to 30% WHC (DW). Soil inorganic N content increased during incubation. Net N mineralization (Nmin), microbial activity, and microbial biomass were significantly higher in the DW treatment than in the 30% and 75% WHC treatments. The higher water content (75% WHC) treatment had higher Nmin, microbial activity, and microbial biomass than the lower water content treatment (30% WHC). Multivariate analyses of community-level physiological profile (CLPP) and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) data indicated that soil moisture regime had a significant effect on soil microbial community substrate utilization pattern and microbial community composition. The significant positive correlation between Nmin and microbial substrate utilization or PLFAs suggested that soil N mineralization had a close relationship with microbial community.     

Seasonal variations in soil microbial biomass content and soil neutral sugar composition in grassland in the Japanese Temperate Zone

We investigated seasonal variations in the soil microbial biomass N content (MBN) and the soil neutral sugar composition from April 1995 to September 1996 in cattle-grazed pasture in a Japanese Andisol. MBN showed seasonal variation, gradually increasing from April to August, and decreasing rapidly by the end of August when soil moisture content decreased. Soil inorganic-N increased after fertilization and cattle pasturage. Seasonal variations in seven types of neutral sugar-C contents in the soil were observed. However, the trends in seasonal variation for sugars derived from plant materials were different from one another and from those derived from microbial products. Seasonal variation trends in soil neutral sugar-C were similar to that of MBN, with a sharp decrease in midsummer and a subsequent increase in autumn probably due to dence pasture plant growth. Furthermore, galactose-C (Gal), rhamnose-C (Rham) and ribose-C (Rib) that originated mainly from microbes showed positive correlations with MBN, but the other forms of soil neutral sugar-C did not. It was concluded that the composition of the soil organic matter accumulated in grassland varied seasonally, and that these seasonal variations can be investigated by MBN or by soil neutral sugar composition.     

温度和秸秆质量调节与秸秆分解相关的微生物磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）组成

Variations in temperature and moisture play an important role in soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition. However, relationships between changes in microbial community composition induced by increasing temperature and SOM decomposition are still unclear. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of temperature and moisture levels on soil respiration and microbial communities involved in straw decomposition and elucidate the impact of microbial communities on straw mass loss. A 120-d litterbag experiment was conducted using wheat and maize straw at three levels of soil moisture (40%, 70%, and 90% of water-holding capacity) and temperature (15, 25, and 35°C). The microbial communities were then assessed by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. With the exception of fungal PLFAs in maize straw at day 120, the PLFAs indicative of Gram-negative bacteria and fungi decreased with increasing temperatures. Temperature and straw C/N ratio significantly affected the microbial PLFA composition at the early stage, while soil microbial biomass carbon (C) had a stronger effect than straw C/N ratio at the later stage. Soil moisture levels exhibited no significant effect on microbial PLFA composition. Total PLFAs significantly influenced straw mass loss at the early stage of decomposition, but not at the later stage. In addition, the ratio of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial PLFAs was negatively correlated with the straw mass loss. These results indicated that shifts in microbial PLFA composition induced by temperature, straw quality, and microbial C sources could lead to changes in straw decomposition.     

长期冬种绿肥改变红壤稻田土壤微生物生物量特性

以进行了31年的双季稻-冬绿肥长期定位试验的红壤性水稻土为对象,研究了长期冬种绿肥条件下土壤微生物生物量特性的季节变化,为阐释冬绿肥措施在稻田生态系统土壤碳氮转化中的作用机制提供理论基础。试验包括双季稻-紫云英(RRV)、双季稻-冬油菜(RRP)、双季稻-黑麦草(RRG)及双季稻-冬闲(RRF)4个处理,在典型时期(绿肥盛花期、绿肥翻压后、早稻成熟期、晚稻收获后)采集土壤样品,分析土壤微生物生物量碳氮及微生物商等方面的变化。结果表明,3种冬绿肥均提高了土壤微生物生物量碳(SMBC)、微生物生物量氮(SMBN)和微生物商,在土壤性质相对稳定的晚稻收获后均显著高于对照处理,全年平均值也多显著高于对照处理。豆科绿肥紫云英对SMBC和SMBN的提高作用最显著,晚稻收获后相对冬闲分别提高了21.12%和98.45%,全年平均值分别提高了15.92%和36.49%。取样时期对SMBC、SMBN和微生物商有较大的影响,但变化趋势基本一致,即绿肥翻压前后无明显变化,早稻成熟期降至最低,至晚稻收获后再次上升。SMBC/SMBN比值在不同绿肥处理间差异不大,但有明显的季节变化,早稻成熟期较高而晚稻收获后降低。因此,南方稻田冬种绿肥后土壤微生物特性明显改善,冬种绿肥是提升稻田土壤肥力的高效措施。