几种重金属钝化剂及其不同添加比例对猪粪堆肥重金属(As,Cu,Zn)形态转化的影响

采用连续提取法研究了猪粪堆肥处理中重金属浓度和形态的变化以及不同添加比例的重金属钝化剂对其浓度和形态的影响.结果表明:经过堆肥处理后,重金属As,Cu和Zn的浓度普遍升高;堆肥处理能促进重金属As,Cu和Zn的形态向活性降低的方向转化,因此堆肥处理可以降低重金属的生物有效性.在3种重金属钝化剂及不同添加比例处理中,猪粪堆肥重金属As的最佳钝化剂及其添加比例为7.5%的粉煤灰,对可交换态As的钝化效果为51.4%;重金属Cu的最佳钝化剂及其添加比例为2.5%的粉煤灰,对可交换态Cu的钝化效果为29.7%;重金属Zn的最佳钝化剂及其添加比例为5.0%的钙镁磷肥,对可交换态Zn的钝化效果为50.0%.因此,堆肥处理中添加重金属钝化剂可以降低猪粪堆肥中重金属的有效性,有利于降低猪粪堆肥土地利用中重金属污染的风险.     

生物炭和腐植酸类对猪粪堆肥重金属的钝化效果

为深入了解农业固体废弃物资源化、无害化利用的发展前景,探讨不同钝化材料对畜禽粪便堆肥过程中重金属钝化效果的影响规律,该文利用猪粪和秸秆进行高温好氧堆肥,研究生物炭(木屑炭、玉米秸秆炭、花生壳炭)和腐植酸(福建(fujian,FJ)生物腐植酸、嘉博文(jiabowen,JBW)生物腐植酸、草炭)等不同钝化材料对猪粪堆肥发酵效果及重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd形态的影响。试验结果表明:添加花生壳炭、玉米秸秆炭、JBW腐植酸以及木屑炭分别对重金属Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd表现为相对较好的钝化能力。添加花生壳炭(F3)对重金属Cu的钝化效果为65.79%;添加玉米秸秆炭处理(F2)对重金属Pb的钝化效果为57.2%;添加JBW生物腐植酸处理(F5)对重金属Zn的钝化效果为64.94%;添加木屑炭处理(F1)对Cd的钝化效果为94.67%;并且,针对不同重金属的钝化效果,此4个处理均明显高于不添加钝化材料的对照处理(P0.05)。添加花生壳炭虽然对重金属Cu具有较好的钝化效果,但其堆肥物料的最高发酵温度仅为45.14°C、pH值为5.41、电导率为9.48 mS/cm、种子发芽率指数为0.47%,无法达到堆肥无害化标准。基于以上试验结果,综合考虑堆肥发酵效果及重金属钝化效果认为,木屑炭、JBW生物腐植酸是2种较理想的钝化材料,该研究结果为畜禽粪便堆肥过程中重金属钝化技术研发、生物炭和腐植酸改良土壤结构的特性推广及有机肥规模化应用提供参考。     

不同调理剂对猪粪堆肥重金属Cu、Zn、Cd形态的影响

选取玉米秸秆、木屑为调理剂,进行强制通风静态堆肥实验,以不添加调理剂为对照,研究调理剂对猪粪堆肥过程中重金属Cu、Zn、Cd活性的影响。结果表明,不添加调理剂的猪粪堆肥过程对重金属Cu、Cd具有一定的钝化效果,但可交换态钝化率分别仅为14.38%,15.43%,对重金属Zn具有一定的活化作用,增加有机肥土地利用过程中的环境风险。与对照相比,玉米秸秆和木屑作为调理剂不同程度地加强Cu、Zn、Cd的钝化效果,且以木屑表现较优的钝化作用,木屑对重金属Cu、Zn、Cd可交换态的钝化率分别达64.16%,56.24%,90.57%。LSD方差分析结果表明,木屑处理对重金属Cu的钝化效果显著优于秸秆处理和对照处理(p0.05),而秸秆处理和对照处理差异不显著(p0.05);木屑处理对重金属Zn的钝化效果显著优于秸秆处理和对照处理(p0.05),秸秆处理显著优于对照处理(p0.05);木屑处理和秸秆处理对重金属Cd的钝化效果显著优于对照处理(p0.05),而木屑处理与秸秆处理差异不显著(p0.05)。     

施污土壤与污泥中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的形态分布

污泥中的重金属元素是限制其大规模农田利用的重要因素。施污土壤和污泥中重金属的形态研究可以用来评价土壤中重金属的生物有效性以及它们在土壤中的移动性。用修正BCR三步连续提取法进行分步提取研究了污水污泥和施污后的西红柿地土壤中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的形态分布状况。施用污泥堆肥10t hm-2后的土壤中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的全量与各种形态含量无明显增加,Cu、Pb、Zn含量远低于国家土壤环境质量标准。土壤中Cu的各种形态分布关系是:残渣态>可还原态=可氧化态>可交换态和弱酸溶解态,Cu在土壤中的存在是以最稳定的残渣态为主。堆肥污泥与干化污泥相比,残渣态Cu的比例明显增加。土壤中Pb的各种形态分布关系是以残渣态和可还原态为主,但可氧化态的分布比例最小。土壤中Cd的可交换态、可还原态和残渣态各占据相等的含量,但可氧化态Cd的含量几乎为零。Zn在土壤中的各种形态分布关系是:可交换态和弱酸溶解态>可氧化态>可还原态>残渣态,Zn在土壤中的存在是以最易迁移的可交换态和弱酸溶解态为主。这些金属元素在土壤中的相对稳定性顺序为:Cu>Pb>Cd>Zn。Zn在土壤中的移动性要远高于Cu。     

污泥与施污土壤重金属生物活性及生态风险评价

将城市污泥以不同质量比施于土壤中构成污泥混合土壤,研究各污泥配比土壤中重金属的生物活性,并采用三种重金属评价方法(地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法、综合毒性指数模型)和黑麦草对重金属的吸收富集效果来对施污土壤中重金属具有的生态风险性进行评价。结果表明:污泥的添加使土壤中生物活性态Cd、Cu和Zn含量显著增加,对三种重金属具有活化作用,但对Pb却起到钝化作用。生态风险评价结果表明:污泥的添加使土壤中Pb呈现无污染和低生态风险;Cu和Zn呈现中度污染和低生态风险;Cd达到强度污染和重度生态风险,重金属潜在生态风险(RI)总体处于强度生态风险水平。当污泥添加比例大于6:10(污泥S3处理)时,施污土壤中重金属的综合毒性指数高于土壤对照。黑麦草对Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn的富集浓度与施污土壤中对应重金属的生物活性态含量存在显著正幂指数关系,同时黑麦草对施污土壤中Cd、Cu和Pb的富集能力大小与地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对三种重金属具有的生态风险性的评价结果具有一致性。     

南昌市城市污泥重金属形态分布及其生物活性研究

对南昌市青山污泥和纸厂污泥Hg,Ni,Cd,Cr,Zn,As,Cu,Pb的形态分布及其生物活性和迁移性进行了调查研究。结果表明,运用Tessier连续提取法,污泥中Hg,Ni,Cd,Cr,Zn,As,Cu,Pb的各形态含量之和与其总量非常接近,对Pb提取率为92.5%～94.6%,对Cr为90.1%～90.3%,表明该形态分析方法的结果是合理的。2种城市污泥中Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Cd,Pb,Cr,Hg的形态分布有很大的差别,且这些重金属的不同形态也存在较大的差异。青山污泥重金属生物活性系数的大小顺序是:HgNiAsCdCuCrZnPb;迁移能力的顺序为:HgNiCdCrZnAsCuPb。纸厂污泥重金属生物活性系数的大小顺序是:CrHgCuCdNiZnAsPb,迁移能力的顺序是:CrHgCdNiZnCuAs≈Pb。研究结果将在污泥的农业利用中为污泥中重金属危害的评估提供科学依据。     

投加粉煤灰污泥好氧消化对重金属稳定化研究

通过投加粉煤灰污泥好氧消化,来改变污泥中重金属的形态,使其稳定,以减弱对环境的危害。对污泥好氧消化前后重金属Cu、Ni、C(r总铬)、Mn、Zn等5种重金属化学形态的分析,结果表明:Cu、Ni、Cr3种重金属有机结合态及硫化物所占比重有所增加,Mn、Zn2种重金属不稳定态所占比重有所增加。污泥投加粉煤灰好氧消化可以稳定污泥中部分的重金属。     

微生物和生物炭联用对猪粪堆肥后重金属Pb和Cd的钝化效果

为探讨微生物和生物炭联用对畜禽粪便堆肥过程中重金属钝化效果的影响,该文研究生物炭(花生壳炭、木屑炭、玉米秸秆炭)与复合微生物菌剂联用对重金属Pb、Cd形态转化及钝化效果的影响。试验结果表明:9个处理高温期维持天数均达无害化卫生要求,生物炭添加比例对堆肥过程中温度变化影响显著。对Pb的钝化效果最优处理是24%花生壳生物炭和1%的菌剂(T9),可交换态分配率较堆前下降16.32%,钝化效率为74.60%。对Cd的钝化效果最优的处理是24%木屑炭和1.5%的菌剂(T3),交换态Cd与堆前相比下降7.96%,钝化效率为58.13%。统计分析结果表明,重金属Pb、Cd的钝化效果与堆肥过程中平均pH值呈显著正相关,重金属Pb的钝化效果与堆肥过程中温度平均值呈显著正相关,重金属Cd的钝化效果与有机质降解率呈显著正相关。     

添加剂对好氧堆肥过程氮素固持和重金属钝化过程的影响

为提升堆肥品质及安全性，采用不同添加剂以促进氮素固持及重金属钝化效果。选择以鸡粪为主原料，采用发酵桶好氧堆肥的形式，探究4种添加剂[生物炭(BC)、聚天冬氨酸(PA)、土壤改良液(TG)、水果垃圾发酵液(FW)]对堆肥过程中氮素、重金属含量和形态变化的影响。结果表明，好氧堆肥方式不同程度促进了堆体氮素和Cu、Zn、Cr的“浓缩效应”，但对不同重金属的钝化效果存在差异性。好氧堆肥方式显著促使Cu的其他形态向可还原态转化11.42%(P<0.05)的同时，促使Zn由残渣态、可氧化态向可还原态转化10.21%(P<0.05)，Cd由残渣态向酸可溶态转化2.52%(P<0.05)；添加剂的使用则有效促进了好氧堆肥过程中氮素固持和重金属钝化效果，其中PA处理通过官能团螯合作用和促腐功能，促使腐熟堆体中全氮含量增幅为CK处理的3.91倍(P<0.05)，BC和TG处理亦具有一定氮素固持效果，但与CK处理间的差异并未达到显著水平(P>0.05)，FW处理氮素固持效果弱于其他添加剂处理组，可能源自其添加量不足，未能实现堆体pH的有效控制所致；PA、BC处理对重金属钝化过程的促进作用优于其他处理，且PA处理可显著促进Cu、Cd分别向残渣态转化0.98%、4.87%(P<0.05)；此外，堆肥前后重金属的形态变化分析结果表明，4种添加剂对堆体重金属的钝化效果可能均与促腐作用相关。PA处理对堆肥过程氮素固持和重金属钝化的综合作用效果最佳，且其可完全分解，是一种绿色安全的堆肥添加剂。     

城市污泥与花生壳制活性炭的重金属形态分析及生态风险评价

采用BCR提取法对以污泥和花生壳为原料制备的活性炭进行重金属形态分析,利用原子吸收法测定污泥热解前后Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb的不同形态含量。结果表明,污泥中Zn的含量最高,Zn和Cu的含量超过了污泥农用标准。热解可使污泥中的可溶解态和可还原态重金属转化为性质稳定的残渣态重金属,在此基础上,利用重金属潜在生态风险指数法（IR）对污泥活性炭的重金属潜在生态风险进行评价,结果得出花生壳添加量为20%,热解温度为600℃条件下,制备出来的活性炭风险最小。同时证实Cd的潜在生态风险系数较大,在利用时应引起足够的重视。     

污泥中重金属的环境活性及生态风险评估

研究了湖南省长沙市、株洲市和常德市10个污水处理厂剩余污泥中As,Cd,Cu,Ni,Pb,Zn的含量和形态特征,并利用潜在生态危害指数法对污泥农用过程中重金属的生态风险进行了综合评价。结果表明,城市污泥中富含有机质及N,P,K等养分,然而,污泥表现为以Cd为主的多金属污染,不能直接农用。污泥中Cd含量为1.43～260mg/kg,以可还原态为主,占全量比例高于28.9%;As,Pb的可还原态,Ni,Zn的酸可溶态和可还原态,Cu可还原态和氧化态所占比例较高,表明污泥中重金属的潜在环境活性较高。风险指数评价结果表明,污泥中Cd和As是潜在的强生态风险元素;以工业废水处理为主的污水处理厂污泥重金属单因子生态风险相对较高,且综合潜在生态风险严重。     

Enzyme Activities in a Sandy Soil Amended with Sewage Sludge and Coal Fly Ash

Previous studies showed that coal fly ash could stabilize sewage sludge by reducing metal availability, but fly ash may cause an adverse effect on soil microbial activities. Therefore, an experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of amendment of soil with anaerobically digested dewatered sewage sludge, stabilised with alkaline coal fly ash, on soil enzyme activity and the implications for soil nutrient cycling. Sewage sludge was amended with 0, 5, 10, 35 and 50% w/w of fly ash, and then the ash-sludge mixtures were incubated with a sandy soil at 1:1 (v/v). Dehydrogenase activity decreased with an increase in fly ash amendment level and the time of incubation. Soil receiving 5% ash-sludge amendment had a higher dehydrogenase activity than other treatments. Soil receiving 10% ash-sludge mixture had the highest urease activity and in general, urease activity decreased with increasing incubation time. Phosphatase activity was the highest at 5% ash-sludge mixture amended soil and no general trend was observed with time. Water-soluble Zn, Mn and Cu contents were suppressed by the addition of fly ash. The present experiment indicated that addition of 10% ash-sludge mixture should have a positive benefit on the activity of soil microorganisms, N and P nutrient cycling, and reduce the availability of heavy metals.     

Changes in Thermophilic Bacteria Population and Diversity during Composting of Coal Fly Ash and Sewage Sludge

The thermophilic bacteria in compost made from coal flyash-amended sewage sludge were isolated and identified using theBiolog system to investigate the effect of coal fly ash on thethermophilic decomposition of sewage sludge during composting. Atotal of 8 species of Bacillus were isolated from thecompost and Bacillus brevis was the dominant speciesduring the entire composting process. The present resultsdemonstrate that the Biolog system is a fast and simple methodfor identifying bacterial species in compost, provided thatoptimum conditions could be achieved for the Bacillusculture. Adding coal fly ash as an amendment did not change thedominant bacteria species during composting, but decreased thepopulation and diversity of thermophilic bacteria species due tothe high alkalinity and salinity. Fewer thermophilic bacteriawere detected in ash-amended sewage sludge compost than insludge compost. There was also reduced metabolic activityobserved in the ash-amended sludge compost from the data ofCO₂ evolution and weight loss. Although ash amendmentdemonstrated a negative effect on the population and diversityduring thermophilic phase, it did not cause any significanteffect on compost maturity.     

不同畜禽粪便好氧堆肥过程中重金属Pb Cd Cu Zn的变化特征及其影响因素分析

畜禽粪便中的重金属含量及其生物有效性是限制其农业利用的重要因素。采用好气模拟培养方法对6种畜禽粪便好氧堆肥过程中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn的总量以及生物有效性动态变化进行研究探讨,并分析了影响重金属生物有效性的因素。结果表明,根据现有的国际以及我国农用污泥农用标准,某些粪便中存在着Cd、Cu、Zn含量超标,由于饲料受重金属污染的不同,造成不同畜禽粪便中不同的重金属含量差异性较大。堆肥过程中,由于挥发性物质的挥发作用,4种重金属含量均呈现增加现象,尤其是在0～14 d的堆肥中增加量最高;而生物有效性重金属占其全量重金属的比例呈现先增加而后下降的趋势,除仔猪粪外,堆肥均能降低重金属生物有效性部分的比例,这将有利于降低其农业利用的风险。温度和水溶性碳对堆肥过程中4种重金属的生物有效性部分重金属相对含量的变化有着显著的影响。     

污泥农用对土壤和作物重金属累积及作物产量的影响

以3 a定位试验为基础,比较3种不同处理的污泥肥料（消化污泥、污泥堆肥及污泥复混肥）农田施用下土壤养分、土壤和作物籽粒中Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd 5种重金属的积累以及作物产量的变化情况,以阐明污泥农用对土壤及作物的影响。研究表明,3种污泥肥料提高了土壤中氮素和有机质的含量;与空白和普通化肥处理相比,3种污泥肥料增加了土壤中Mn和Cu的含量,而对土壤交换态重金属含量没有显著影响;3种污泥处理均增加了小麦籽粒中Zn的含量;相对普通化肥处理,3种污泥肥料处理对小麦和玉米产量均无显著影响。合理施用污泥肥料可以有效地提高作物产量;污泥肥料施用对土壤重金属有一定累积效应,但短期施用对土壤比较安全。     

污泥混配土淋溶液中pH、氮磷及重金属含量的动态变化

以北京市大兴区庞各庄镇污水处理厂的堆肥污泥、生污泥和通州区的熟土为对象,探讨污泥混配土淋溶液中相关指标的动态变化.结果表明,生污泥、堆肥污泥和熟土混配后可降低土壤pH值,增加土壤全氮、全磷含量,同时也增加了土壤中重金属As、Cd、Ni、Cu、Ph的含量,生污泥系列淋滤液中Pb对地下水造成污染的可能性最大;堆肥污泥系列淋滤液中给地下水带来污染可能性最大的因子是As.但各处理中重金属的污染程度都很低,基本符合国家第II类地下水水质标准,因此淋滤液中的重金属基本不会对地下水造成污染.     

蚯蚓活动对城市生活污泥重金属的影响

采用塑料温棚内垄式堆积污泥培养蚯蚓方式,研究了蚯蚓处理对污泥重金属的影响。结果表明,污泥经蚯蚓处理后,理化性质发生了显著的变化,污泥的pH值、有机质、总氮和总磷都有不同程度的降低;蚯蚓能吸收富集污泥中的重金属,其中对重金属Cd有较强的富集能力;蚯蚓处理使污泥中重金属含量均出现不同程度的下降,重金属Cr、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cu、Ni分别减少27.98%、31.46%、32.81%、13.85%、23.86%和22.92%。利用盆栽试验,研究了污泥施用于土壤后生菜体内重金属积累的情况,结果表明,生菜体内重金属Zn、Cu、Pb和Ni的含量为污泥处理高于蚓粪处理;Cr和Cd则分别为差异不显著和略有降低。     

Influence of different bulking agents on the disappearance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during sewage sludge composting

In order to improve properties of compost produced from sewage sludge, a wide range of additives is used. The aim of the present study has been to determine the influence of fly ash and sawdust on the range of losses of 16 PAHs (US EPA). Composting was carried out in containers in which there was sewage sludge (100%), sewage sludge with fly ash added (20 or 30% w/w) and sewage sludge with sawdust added (30% w/w). Composting was carried out for 353 days. Then the compost obtained was stored for another 300 days. The content of 16 PAHs was determined using the HPLC-UV method. After composting, in all the experimental treatments, ie, with sludge alone, and with the additions of 20% and 30% fly ash, and sawdust, decreases in the total PAH load of 87.5, 83.4, 82.9 and 88.1% respectively, were found. The content of the total PAH load was mainly determined by 3-ring compounds. In the case of these last PAHs the highest level of their disappearance (> 90%) was noted after composting. In all composts obtained, the content of PAHs was within allowable limits for biosolids that can be used for agricultural purposes. A significant lowering of total concentration of the 16 PAHs after storage period was noted only in the experimental variant with 20% of fly ash. However, the process of composts storage influenced individual PAHs.     

Compost Recycling of Wood Fiber Waste Produced by Paper Manufacture

The composting of wood fiber waste from the manufacture of newsprint is described, with a mixture of wood fiber waste:sewage sludge at a ratio of 1:1 giving best results in a trial of shoot growth of Pinus radiata. An alternative chemical nutrient amendment (initial C:N ratio of 60:1) gave a plant response which was not significantly different to that of sewage sludge. Over a five month period volume reductions of up to 39 percent were observed in the composts, providing potential savings in subsequent transport operations. Use of uncomposted materials or addition of fly- or screen-ash compost amendment (12.5 percent or 25 percent v /v) was inhibitory to plant growth. Concentrations of some heavy metals in Hobart city sewage (particularly of chromium) were high, precluding its long-term use as a soil nutrient supplement. In view of the high heavy metal content of sewage sludge and its high volume to nutrient ratio, it was concluded that composting with chemical amendment was the preferred option for future investigation. Such composts would require ash amendment (or lime equivalent) at concentrations lower than those used in this study to counter acidity produced during composting.