窄草篱对径流中氮、磷的影响

在农田中施用有机肥料后 ,地表径流所挟带的氮和磷可导致地表水污染。草篱可以减少径流中氮和泥沙的流失。在耕作和免耕两种情况下 ,研究 0 75m宽的窄牛尾梢草草篱对施用牛粪的地块中磷和氮流失的影响。试验布置在平均坡度为 12 %、土质为莫诺纳粉质壤土上。采用裂区设计 ,免耕和耙耕处理系统安排在主区 ,施用有机肥、无机肥处理及设草篱和不设草篱的对照处理布置在副区 ,分别在初始模拟降雨阶段和随后的多雨模拟阶段采集径流样。只有 38%的免耕小区和 6 3%耙耕小区在降水量为 6 40mm/h的初始模拟降雨阶段有径流出现。与不设草篱的对照小区相比 ,单条窄草篱可以使施用有机肥的免耕小区在多雨模拟阶段径流中的可溶性磷 ,生物有效性磷 ,颗粒态磷的含量分别降低 47% ,48% ,38% ,同时使全磷含量降低 40 % ,使NH+ 4 N的含量降低 6 0 %。窄草篱与没有草篱小区相比使耙耕小区的径流中的上述磷氮含量分别降低了 2 1% ,2 9% ,43% ,38%和 5 2 %。窄草篱对减少农田施用有机肥和无机肥后径流中磷和氮的流失具有显著的效果。     

北京地区等高草篱防治坡耕地水土及氮磷流失效果研究

在北京地区自然降雨条件下,研究了狼尾草和野古草两种等高草篱在不同坡度(5%,10%,15%,20%)下对裸露坡耕地水土及氮磷养分流失的影响。研究结果表明,两种草篱均可显著减少径流和土壤流失,并同时显著减少随径流和泥沙的氮磷养分流失,且两种草篱对水土及氮磷流失的防治效果随坡度增加而逐渐减弱。其中,狼尾草草篱对水土及氮磷流失的防治效果显著好于野古草草篱。与无草篱相比,狼尾草可分别减少73%的地表径流和86%的土壤流失,同时减少76%的氮流失和88%的磷流失;与此对应,野古草可减少54%的地表径流和64%的土壤流失,以及55%的氮流失和63%的磷流失。另外,径流量和土壤流失量是影响氮磷养分流失的主要因素。     

水肥一体化结合植物篱对减缓果园土壤氮磷地表径流流失的效果

为了探究降低集约化果园氮、磷流失,减缓农业面源污染的技术措施.通过田间定位试验,比较分析了水肥一体化施肥方式结合田间植物篱对减少果园氮、磷地表径流流失影响,提升沟渠水质量的技术效果.结果表明:果园中构建植物篱提高了发生地表径流的最低日降雨量,减少了径流发生频次,地表径流水发生量比没有植物篱降低19.18％.与常规施肥相...     

辽东山区坡耕地地埂植物篱水土保持及面源污染物阻控效果研究

坡耕地水土流失及农田肥料投入的增多,导致农业面源污染日益加剧,通过地埂植物篱的机械阻滞,可拦蓄和分散地表径流、降低径流速度,使其携带土壤能力减弱,有效地保持了水土,减少了氮、磷的流失,实现对面源污染物的阻控。     

保护性耕作与等高草篱防治坡耕地水土及氮磷流失研究

坡耕地是水土流失和农业面源污染物的重要来源,同时也是当前治理的薄弱环节。本文以北京地区坡耕地为研究对象,采用人工模拟降雨方法,研究了保护性耕作和等高草篱措施在不同坡度条件下对水土及氮磷流失的防治效果。结果表明:保护性耕作和等高草篱措施均能有效降低坡耕地水土及氮磷养分流失,4种处理的降低效果由大到小依次为:保护性耕作+草篱>传统耕作+草篱>保护性耕作+无草篱>传统耕作+无草篱。与传统耕作+无草篱相比,传统耕作+草篱、保护性耕作+无草篱、保护性耕作+草篱分别减少56%、44%和68%的径流流失,66%、49%和82%的土壤流失,以及56%、43%和66%的总氮流失和54%、40%和70%的总磷流失。同时,等高草篱和保护性耕作措施的防治效果与坡度呈负相关关系,即随着坡度增加其作用效果逐渐减弱。回归分析结果表明,保护性耕作和等高草篱措施是控制坡耕地水土及氮磷流失的最关键因素。     

紫色土区不同植物篱模式控制坡耕地氮素流失效应

为优选紫色土区控制农田氮磷等养分流失的复合农林模式,利用野外径流小区试验,结合室内分析与数理统计法研究了植物篱模式控制紫色土区坡耕地氮素流失效应。结果表明,植物篱模式减少了坡耕地总氮及各形态氮流失负荷,就总氮而言,20°坡耕地紫穗槐与香根草模式下年均总氮流失负荷分别比横坡农作模式降低92.4%、90.0%;13°坡耕地紫花苜蓿与蓑草模式的年均总氮流失负荷分别比横坡农作模式降低88.7%、83.9%。径流与泥沙流失量的减少与径流氮浓度的降低是植物篱控制坡耕地氮素流失的主要机制。紫穗槐、香根草、紫花苜蓿与蓑草植物篱模式可作为西南紫色丘陵区农业非点源氮素污染的源头控制技术,特别是20°以上坡耕地推广与实施灌木类植物篱模式,能长期有效地控制农田盈余氮素流失。     

坡耕地草篱系统中土壤阿特拉津残留的迁移规律

为探索坡耕地中等高草篱对土壤阿特拉津残留迁移的影响,采用模拟降雨试验,研究华北地区不同坡度(15%和20%)条件下草篱系统中土壤阿特拉津残留迁移分布特征。结果表明:降雨后,土壤阿特拉津残留纵向迁移占主导地位。草篱处理篱带区阿特拉津残留量远低于无草篱对照的对应区域,篱带区各土层阿特拉津残留量相近,而无草篱对照残留量随土层深度增加而降低,且表层(0-10cm)显著高于其他层。草篱系统中不同篱域土壤阿特拉津残留量差异显著,篱带区沉降区作物区。最优尺度回归分析结果表明,草篱系统中各因素对土壤阿特拉津残留量影响程度从大到小依次为草篱土层深度土壤含水量篱域坡度坡位,草篱的重要性超过其他因素。草篱显著影响坡耕地土壤阿特拉津的横向扩散和纵向迁移,可作为控制坡耕地农药流失的首选措施。     

丹江口水库农业径流小区土壤氮磷流失特征

通过对丹江口水库小流域雨季(2013年8月)观测的降雨—径流农业小区试验数据,分析不同种植作物下农田地表产流规律,研究土壤氮磷流失特征,为库区农业面源污染控制提供依据。结果表明,农业小区径流总磷(TP)含量在0.13~0.82mg/L之间,颗粒态磷(PP)占TP比例超过60%,径流中TSS与PP也呈现极显著相关(p0.01),表明磷素流失主要以颗粒态流失为主。径流总氮(TN)含量范围为0.7~4.7mg/L之间,TN流失量与硝态氮极显著相关(p0.01),径流中硝态氮占TN比例也超过了50%,表明硝态氮是地表径流无机氮流失的主要成分。25°玉米、15°荒地径流小区的氮流失率超过了1.5%、磷流失率超过了0.12%,高于其它类型的小区,可能与这2种小区高坡度、低植被覆盖度有关。土壤氮的流失风险要高于磷,是面源污染的主要控制目标。利用梯田种植作物,同时在坡地上形成相对较高的植被覆盖密度是减少这一地区土壤养分流失有效手段。     

水肥综合管理对减少滇池北岸韭菜地氮磷流失的研究

农田氮、磷随地表径流向水体迁移,不仅造成化肥利用率降低,农业生产成本上升,还对水环境造成污染,引起水体富营养化。针对滇池流域规模化韭菜生产施肥量大,农业面源污染严重等问题,采用田间试验,结合自然降雨与人工模拟降雨,研究了不同施肥及田间沟渠利用方式下农田氮、磷的流失风险。结果表明,相对于化肥表施,合理的有机-无机肥料配合施用以及化肥深施,可分别降低地表径流中总氮和总磷平均浓度53％和39％。施肥后1周为氮、磷流失的高风险期,随后其风险随时间延长而降低;通过小区问沟渠的改造,提高排水溢流口高度,控制径流在沟渠内滞留时间以及采用农田养分循环利用的回灌技术,可减少农田向环境水体输出总径流量的76％以上,并同时提高了肥料利用率。     

不同农艺措施对巢湖沿岸坡耕地不同形态磷径流输出的控制效果

为明确巢湖沿岸坡耕地不同农艺措施对生态保护和水环境治理的影响,以农业面源污染长期定位观测基地为平台,于2014—2015年连续2 a对常规耕作(CK)、植物篱(黄花菜,PH)、植物篱+秸秆覆盖(PHS)和等高垄作(CR)4种农艺措施下的水土及随地表径流迁移的各种形态磷进行了监测。结果表明,与常规耕作相比,PH、PHS和CR能有效地减少径流量和产沙量(P0.05),降低效果依次为:PHSPHCR。与CK相比,PH、PHS和CR可分别减少23.5%、36.5%和19.7%的径流流失和29.5%、45.2%和26.3%的土壤流失,表现出显著的水土保持作用。CK条件下的径流液总磷(TP)浓度是0.612~1.220 mg·L~(-1),其中颗粒态磷(PP)占总磷的71.5%~81.7%,颗粒态磷是磷随地表径流迁移的主要形态。在溶解态总磷(DTP)中,溶解态正磷酸盐(D-Ortho-P)所占比例较大,为87.4%~90.7%;溶解态有机磷(DOP)所占比例较小,仅占9.3%~12.6%。与CK相比,PHS、PH和CR显著降低了径流液PP和TP的浓度(P0.05),但却不同程度地提高了DTP和D-Ortho-P的浓度,而对DOP的浓度无显著影响(P0.05)。CK条件下,磷的年流失负荷平均为0.706 kg·hm~(-2),占当年作物施磷量0.98%。与CK处理相比,PH、PHS和CR处理磷的年流失负荷分别降低38.4%、53.8%和33.4%(P0.05),其对磷素输出的控制效应主要通过减少径流量和降低径流液PP的浓度来实现的。综上可知,植物篱(黄花菜)、植物篱+秸秆还田和等高垄作是控制巢湖沿岸坡耕地水土及磷径流输出的有效措施,其中植物篱配合秸秆覆盖还田效果最佳。该研究可为巢湖流域坡耕地水土流失和面源污染防治提供科学依据。     

三峡库区坡耕地植物篱对土壤特性的影响研究

植物篱在减少坡耕地径流、控制土壤侵蚀和降低非点源污染方面具有重要的作用。采用中国科学院万州典型区生态环境监测重点站监测的三峡库区坡耕地皇竹草植物篱小区和对照小区连续6年的监测资料,研究了坡耕地皇竹草植物篱对土壤特性的影响,结果表明植物篱能有效地改善坡耕地土壤结构、提高土壤养分含量。植物篱的实施有利于三峡库区坡耕地的可持续利用。     

北京地区等高草篱防治坡耕地水土流失效果

在北京地区采用自然降雨和模拟降雨相结合的方法,研究了狼尾草和野古草两种等高草篱在不同坡度（5%、10%、15%、20%）下对裸露坡耕地水土流失的影响。结果一致表明,狼尾草和野古草2种草篱均可显著降低坡耕地水土流失,且狼尾草草篱的效果显著好于野古草草篱。在自然降雨下（平均雨强13.3 mm/h）,狼尾草草篱可减少72.7%的地表径流和86.3%的土壤流失,野古草草篱可减少53.8%的地表径流和64.1%的土壤流失;在模拟降雨下（平均雨强49.5 mm/h）,狼尾草草篱可减少80.7%的地表径流和94.5%的土壤流失,野古草草篱可减少59.5%的地表径流和71.5%的土壤流失。另外,2种等高草篱防治水土流失的效果与坡度成显著负相关关系,随坡度增加2种草篱的水土保持功能逐渐减弱,但至20%坡度时,其对径流和土壤流失的降低作用仍维持在40%和50%以上。回归分析结果显示,草篱因素已经超过坡度和雨强,成为控制坡耕地水土流失的首要因素。     

Landscape elements as potential barriers and corridors for bees, wasps and parasitoids

Habitat loss and fragmentation in agricultural landscapes lead to severe declines of abundance and richness of many insect species in the remaining isolated semi-natural habitats. We analysed possible barrier effects of large hedges and corridor effects of narrow grass strips that were hypothesized to affect foraging and dispersal of hymenopterans. We selected calcareous grasslands in the vicinity of Göttingen (Germany), which harbour high Hymenoptera diversity and are starting points for foraging and dispersal in the landscape. We installed pan traps to sample bees (i) on the grasslands; (ii) on grassland edges behind adjacent hedges (potential barriers) and without hedges; (iii) on grass strips in 100 m distance to the grassland, which were connected or unconnected to the grassland; and (iv) unconnected (isolated) grass strips in 300 m and 750 m distance to test for corridor and isolation effects on abundance and species richness of foraging wild bees. Additionally we provided trap nests for bees, wasps and their parasitoids on the grasslands and the strips. Species abundance and richness declined with increasing isolation from grasslands for foraging solitary bees, trap-nesting bees, wasps and parasitoids, but not for foraging bumblebees. Hedges did not confine movement of foraging bees. We found no mitigating effects of (100 m) corridor strips on any of the observed groups. We conclude that conservation of semi-natural habitats as sources of bee and wasp diversity is important and that grass strips act as sinks rather than corridors when high quality patches are nearby.     

等高草篱对坡耕地土壤苯磺隆残留迁移的影响

在北京市昌平区冬小麦田采用模拟降雨的方法,对不同坡位（坡中和坡底）的土壤进行分层（0~5、5~10、10~15 cm）取样测定,研究了草木樨和狼尾草两种等高草篱在不同雨强（15、20 mm·h-1）和坡度（15%和20%）条件下对土壤苯磺隆残留迁移及分布特征的影响。结果表明,前期干旱条件下,降雨后土壤苯磺隆残留纵向迁移特征明显,无明显的水平移动,亦未产生残留径流输出。草篱能够促进土壤中苯磺隆残留向下迁移,导致草篱带内和无草篱区域土壤中的残留纵向分布特征有较大差异：草篱带内3个土层残留水平相近,而对应坡位无草篱区域残留主要滞留于土壤表层,并随土层加深而显著降低。雨强、草篱、坡度均对土壤苯磺隆残留量有显著影响,草篱的贡献超过雨强和坡度,成为影响坡耕地农药残留纵向迁移行为的首要因素。     

Microbial populations and the activity of the soil under agricultural and agricultural–pastoral systems

The effects of agricultural–pastoral and tillage practices on soil microbial populations and activities have not been systematically investigated. The effect of no-tillage (NT), no-tillage agricultural–pastoral integrated systems (NT-I) and conventional tillage (CT) at soil depths of 0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm on the microbial populations (bacteria and fungi), biomass-C, potential nitrification, urease and protease activities, total organic matter and total N contents were investigated. The crops used were soybean (in NT, NT-I and CT systems), corn (in NT and NT-I systems) and Tanner grass (Brachiaria sp.) (in NT-I system); a forest system was used as a control. Urease and protease activities, biomass-C and the content of organic matter and total N were higher (p < 0.05) in the forest soil than the other soils. Potential nitrification was significantly higher in the NT-I system in comparison with the other systems. Bacteria numbers were similar in all systems. Fungi counts were similar in the CT and forest, but both were higher than in NT. All of these variables were dependent on the organic matter content and decreased (p < 0.05) from the upper soil layer to the deeper soil layers. These results indicate that the no-tillage agricultural–pasture-integrated systems may be useful for soil conservation.     

Influence of soil properties and land use on organic carbon storage in agricultural soils near hedges

In this context of climate change, agroforestry systems are acknowledged to have a good potential to increase carbon storage in agricultural areas. However, the carbon storage potential of agroforestry systems still needs to be quantified accurately, especially for hedges. The objectives of this study were to (1) add references to the existing literature on the potential for soil organic carbon (SOC) storage near hedges and (2) identify the main factors that influence the variability in this potential. To this end, we sampled soil in the adjacent fields of 25 hedges in France with mixed crop-livestock agriculture, with sampling on both sides for 20 hedges and sampling on only one side for five hedges, giving a total of 45 study sites. We measured SOC stocks to a depth of 90 cm at distances of 1, 2, 3 and 10 m from the hedge. The results showed that hedges have a strong potential to store carbon in soils, with a mean increase of 15% in SOC stock within 3 m of the hedge. This increase in SOC stock had high variability because of site characteristics. Additional SOC stocks were the largest in rotations of annual crops and grasslands with a permanent grass strip 1 m wide near the hedge, followed by rotations of annual crops, permanent grasslands and rotations of annual crops and grasslands. Large additional SOC stocks because of the hedge were also associated with soils that had a high C:N ratio. The contribution of this type of land management to soil carbon storage thus depends on the local context in which it is implemented.     

保护性耕作对丘陵区水稻土团聚体稳定性的影响

长期保护性耕作通过增加土壤有机碳而成为稻田土壤结构改良的一项有效措施,而保护性耕作对土壤团聚体稳定机制的影响尚未完全清楚。本文供试土样采自耕作制定位试验水旱轮作、冬水免耕、垄作免耕和厢作免耕耕层（0～ 20 cm）土壤,土样经过糊化作用、湿润作用和再次糊化作用等预处理,用以阐明稻田土壤团聚体的破碎机制。研究结果表明：糊化作用和湿润作用后紫色水稻土团聚体稳定性差异不明显,而保护性耕作显著影响团聚体的稳定性。糊化作用后团聚体水稳性强弱顺序为：垄作免耕＞厢作免耕＞冬水免耕＞水旱轮作,湿润作用后团聚体水稳性强弱顺序为：厢作免耕＞垄作免耕＞冬水免耕＞水旱轮作。糊化作用下团聚体稳定性与有机碳浓度相关性不显著（r＝0.432,p＞0.05）,湿润作用下团聚体稳定性与有机碳浓度呈极显著正相关（r＝0.626,p＜0.01）。因此,研究结果说明保护性耕作有利于紫色水稻土大团聚体有机碳含量提高,进而增强团聚体的水稳性。     

Habitat selection of the Eurasian woodcock in winter in relation to earthworms availability

The Eurasian woodcock (Scolopax rusticola) is a game species experiencing high hunting pressure, long-term modifications of its habitats, and with questions regarding its current conservation status. Winter is a season of highest concentration of birds and hunting pressure but woodcock precise habitat requirements are poorly known. It is crucial to assess threats and to develop sustainable management options for the conservation of woodcock populations. During three consecutive winters, we monitored 65 individual woodcocks fitted with radio-tags in Brittany, France. Habitat selection was analysed using GIS and compositional analysis, in relation to vegetation types, soil variables (humus types) and the abundance of their main prey (earthworms). Woodcocks used different habitats diurnally and nocturnally, generally preferring areas with high earthworm biomass. Diurnal habitat selection in forests was associated with humus type (preference for mulls, rich in earthworms) and dense shrub strata (better protection). Hedges with a high density of trees and shrub were also important habitat. At night, grazed meadows were the preferred habitat, containing five times higher biomass of earthworms compared to cultivated fields. Sustainable management of populations requires protection and management of habitats that incorporates food and cover. Forestry practices should preserve rich humus types and coppices by choosing tree species that ameliorate the soil and soil tilling. Changes in landscapes and intensive agricultural practices are current threats to woodcock populations: destruction of hedges, decrease of permanent grazed meadows, impoverishment of soils fauna biomasses from ploughing and chemical applications. However, woodcocks may benefit from the recent development of set-asides, grass field-borders and simplified farm practices (no-tillage and direct sowing).     

指夹式玉米免耕精密播种机的设计与试验

该文为解决北方地区播种时秸秆量大各地区种植模式差异大,传统玉米免耕精密播种机适应性差、作业效率低、开沟器易堵塞等问题,设计了指夹式玉米免耕精密播种机,分析和确定了施肥开沟器、拨草轮、玉米免耕播种单元等关键部件的结构参数。田间试验表明采用渐开线式齿形拨草轮能有效的将杂草、秸秆拨离苗带,有效防止开沟器堵塞和种子播在秸秆上的现象。在9 km/h的作业速度下,机具播种深度合格率92%,粒距变异系数9.6%,漏播指数2.5%,重播指数4.5%。一次能完成开沟深施肥、拨草整理苗带、单粒精密播种、覆土、镇压覆土作业,土壤搅动小,作业质量满足农艺要求。     

华北丘陵及平原有机及常规农田地表蜘蛛多样性研究

为满足日益增长的粮食需求,丘陵地区的农业发展已受到越来越多的重视,而农业集约化生产是导致生物多样性丧失的主要原因之一。为了解地形区域、生产管理模式及边界树篱带对农田地表天敌多样性的影响,在我国华北典型农区,选取5种农田,包括丘陵地区的常规管理无植物篱玉米地(CM)、常规管理有植物篱玉米地(CMH)、有机管理无植物篱玉米地(OM)、有机管理有植物篱玉米地(OMH)和平原地区常规管理无植物篱玉米地(PCM),于2019年8—9月采用陷阱法展开蜘蛛多样性调查。结果表明:处于丘陵地区的玉米地蜘蛛的香农多样性和物种稀疏指数显著高于平原地区,有机管理下的玉米地蜘蛛物种稀疏指数显著高于常规管理下的玉米地,有植物篱的玉米地蜘蛛的物种稀疏指数高于无植物篱的玉米地;且丘陵与平原、有植物篱与无植物篱、有机和常规管理下蜘蛛群落结构显著不同。基于上述研究结果,研究建议农业发展和生物多样性保护应当加强区域土地利用规划和分区管理;丘陵地区因受人类干扰较小,维持了较平原地区更高的蜘蛛物种库,可以作为集约化农区生物多样性保护的热点区,农业发展应优先规划发展低集约化的生产模式(如有机农业等),并加强景观多样性建设。而平原地区也应合理保留农田半自然边界带和降低集约化管理强度以推动生态环境改善和绿色发展。