中国肝癌病人p53突变体R248W的细胞功能研究

【目的】探索p53基因突变对细胞正常功能的影响,阐明肝癌的发病机制。【方法】利用PCR产物直接测序的方法,对202例中国肝癌患者p53基因的11个外显子进行突变筛查;利用定点突变的方法构建真核表达载体pCMV-R248W,Western blot检测突变体蛋白R248W在p53缺失型H1299细胞中的表达情况;采用双荧光素酶报告基因检测系统和流式细胞仪,研究R248W突变对转录活性及促凋亡能力的影响。【结果】在其中1例样本的7号外显子处筛查到突变形式为CGG→TGG的点突变,使p53蛋白248位的精氨酸(Arg)突变为色氨酸(Trp),即R248W,突变率为0.495%;在H1299细胞中转染等量的pCMV-p53和pCMV-R248W时,野生型p53与突变体R248W的蛋白表达量相当,但R248W的转录活性及促凋亡能力显著低于野生型p53。【结论】R248W突变可能引起p53蛋白构象的改变,从而影响p53的转录活性及促凋亡能力,使细胞的正常生理功能紊乱,导致肿瘤发生。     

甘蔗蔗糖磷酸合成酶磷酸化位点的突变及相应表达载体的构建

用Clontech公司的定点突变试剂盒TransformerTMSite-Directed Mutagenesis Kit对克隆载体pMD18T-SPS3L上的SPS基因SPS3L进行定点突变,使其459位的丝氨酸密码子分别突变为编码苏氨酸、丙氨酸和谷氨酸的密码子。然后将突变后的和未突变的SPS3L基因分别克隆至表达载体质粒pCAMBIA1301中,构建重组质粒pCAMBIA1301-SPS3L。经测序鉴定,对SPS3L基因的定点突变成功,构建表达载体pCAMBIA1301-SPS3L成功。     

利用重叠延伸PCR技术进行定点突变研究

[目的]建立一种高效、便捷、经济的DNA定点突变方法。[方法]以重组人组织型纤溶酶原激活剂rPA(Reteplase)基因为模板,采用重叠延伸PCR技术对3个位点进行定点突变,将突变基因片段克隆到克隆载体pEASY-Blunt上,并通过测序验证突变结果。[结果]测序结果表明3个位点的突变结果与预期完全一致,即第10位引入单个碱基A、第137位碱基C突变为G以及第686位碱基G突变为A,通过重叠延伸PCR技术一次引入3个突变碱基,100%的实现目的位点的定点突变。[结论]该研究成功实现目的位点的定点突变,为rPA基因的进一步克隆和功能研究奠定了基础。同时也表明重叠延伸PCR技术是一种高效、便捷、经济的DNA定点突变方法。     

利用重叠延伸PCR技术进行定点突变研究(英文)

[目的]建立一种高效、便捷、经济的DNA定点突变方法。[方法]以重组人组织型纤溶酶原激活剂rPA(Reteplase)基因为模板,采用重叠延伸PCR技术对3个位点进行定点突变,将突变基因片段克隆到克隆载体pEASY-Blunt上,并通过测序验证突变结果。[结果]测序结果表明3个位点的突变结果与预期完全一致,即第10位引入单个碱基A、第137位碱基C突变为G以及第686位碱基G突变为A,通过重叠延伸PCR技术一次引入3个突变碱基,100%的实现目的位点的定点突变。[结论]该研究成功实现目的位点的定点突变,为rPA基因的进一步克隆和功能研究奠定了基础。同时也表明重叠延伸PCR技术是一种高效、便捷、经济的DNA定点突变方法。     

牛Dgat1基因高GC含量片段的定点突变

将扩增出的1.8 kb目的片段克隆入pUCm-T载体,以构建好的质粒为模板进行突变反应。DpnⅠ酶切反应产物,去除甲基化及半甲基化DNA模板。酶切产物经纯化后转入DH5α感受态细胞,提取质粒测序。结果表明,双核苷酸碱基AA突变为GC,成功得到突变载体。将定点突变试剂盒方法加以改进,完成GC含量高达69.5%模板定点突变,改进后的方法操作简单、经济实用,有效地解决了高GC含量模板难突变难题。     

p53-EGFP表达载体的构建及其对A549的影响

构建具有EGFP标签的抑癌基因p53表达载体,并验证其对肺癌细胞A549的影响。以质粒pcDNA3.1-p53为模板,设计引物并进行PCR扩增获得目的基因p53,将获得的目的基因克隆至载体pcDNA3.1-EGFP上,用琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测目的条带,双酶切以及测序验证。将克隆好的载体,利用脂质体法转染A549细胞,荧光显微镜下观察,同时用MTT法测不同时间段细胞OD值。结果表明,琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果显示,目的基因扩增成功。双酶切及DNA测序结果均证实,成功构建了载体pcDNA3.1-EGFP-p53。转染A549细胞后,荧光显微镜下观察到绿色荧光。MTT法测定结果表明,目的基因转染的A549细胞组所测得的OD值明显低于对照组(p0.01)。因此,具有EGFP标签的抑癌基因p53表达载体pcDNA3.1-EGFP-p53构建成功,转染A549细胞后,对A549细胞具有一定抑制作用。为后续继续研究p53-MDM2生物发光能量共振转移作用奠定了基础。     

利用PCR进行基因定点突变方法的改进

本研究旨在对利用PCR进行定点突变的方法进行改进。设计1对含突变碱基对的互补引物,以插入目的外源基因的质粒为模板,经过20个循环的PCR扩增出质粒的全长序列之后,用氯仿抽提PCR产物,然后转化感受态细胞TOP10,通过测序验证阳性克隆。利用这种改进的方法可以简单、快速对质粒上的外源基因进行定点突变,降低了构建突变体的成本。     

人抗凝血酶Cys248位点突变体的构建与真核表达

【目的】建立一种对人抗凝血酶(AT)Cys248位点进行定点突变和真核表达的可靠方法,为突变体的结构和功能研究提供原始材料。【方法】以人AT cDNA序列为模板,设计1对反向扩增引物,进行反向PCR反应;PCR产物经连接、测序后,克隆至表达质粒pcDNA3.1(+)-GFP上,构建重组真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)-mATGFP;用重组载体介导突变基因在山羊乳腺上皮(GME)细胞内表达,收集细胞培养上清液进行表达产物的定性、定量检测。【结果】突变基因经测序证实与预期结果一致,且在GME细胞内得到高效表达,细胞培养液上清中的突变体质量浓度为(526±17.3)mg/L。【结论】反向PCR法是对AT基因进行定点突变的可靠方法,AT突变基因在GME细胞内可高效表达。     

志贺样毒素ⅡeA酶活性位点基因突变株的构建与表达

利用重叠延伸PCR法对志贺样毒素Ⅱ型变异体A亚单位(SLT-ⅡeA)基因进行修饰扩增，将第167位编码Glu的密码子突变为Gln的密码子，第170位编码Arg的密码子突变为编码Lys密码子，并用质粒载体pGEX-6P-1在大肠杆菌BL21中进行融合表达，在不改变其蛋白空间构象的同时降低其毒性。重组SLT-ⅡeA突变株pGEX-Amu的大量表达为研究SLT-ⅡeA在体内的生物学特性提供依据。     

萝卜抗真菌蛋白Rs-AFP2基因PCR定点突变及其在大肠杆菌中的表达

根据已报道的萝卜抗真菌蛋白Rs-AFP2基因序列，结合基因及其表达调控中遗传密码的偏爱性，人工合成引物，利用PCR重叠延伸法，使编码序列区的部分核苷酸突变，采用嵌套PCR，迅速克隆到目的基因片段R -AFP,连接到pGEM-T easy载体上，转化大肠杆菌XL1菌株，筛选到阳性克隆。序列分析结果表明，PCR产物全长240bp，有一个阅读框，编码29个氨基酸的信号肽和51个氨基酸的抗真菌蛋白，与突变前的Rs-AFP2基因相比，在编码区第3号氨基酸Lys相差一个碱基（TTG→TTA)，第5号氨基酸Gln相差一个碱基（CAG→CAA），第6号稀有密切Arg相差两个碱基（CAG→CGA），但二者编码产生相同。重新合成引物，将切除信号肽的Rs-AFP2基因和Rs-AFPm基因分别克隆到pET-21b( )质粒载体上，导入大肠杆菌BL21菌株。Tricine-SDS-PAGE电泳显示工程菌中存在6KD左右的目的蛋白带；软件分析显示，突变后pETAFPm的表达产物约为突变前pETAFPo表达产物的2倍；抑菌结果表明，pETAFPm表达产物的抑菌半径大于pETAFP2表达产物的抑菌半径。这些都说明改造后的Rs-AFPm基因与Rs-AFP2基因相比，已有效的提高表达量。     

Genetic mechanisms of tumor suppression by the human p53 gene

Mutations of the gene encoding p53, a 53-kilodalton cellular protein, are found frequently in human tumor cells, suggesting a crucial role for this gene in human oncogenesis. To model the stepwise mutation or loss of both p53 alleles during tumorigenesis, a human osteosarcoma cell line, Saos-2, was used that completely lacked endogenous p53. Single copies of exogenous p53 genes were then introduced by infecting cells with recombinant retroviruses containing either point-mutated or wild-type versions of the p53 cDNA sequence. Expression of wild-type p53 suppressed the neoplastic phenotype of Saos-2 cells, whereas expression of mutated p53 conferred a limited growth advantage to cells in the absence of wild-type p53. Wild-type p53 was phenotypically dominant to mutated p53 in a two-allele configuration. These results suggest that, as with the retinoblastoma gene, mutation of both alleles of the p53 gene is essential for its role in oncogenesis.     

Chromosome 17 deletions and p53 gene mutations in colorectal carcinomas

Previous studies have demonstrated that allelic deletions of the short arm of chromosome 17 occur in over 75% of colorectal carcinomas. Twenty chromosome 17p markers were used to localize the common region of deletion in these tumors to a region contained within bands 17p12 to 17p13.3. This region contains the gene for the transformation-associated protein p53. Southern and Northern blot hybridization experiments provided no evidence for gross alterations of the p53 gene or surrounding sequences. As a more rigorous test of the possibility that p53 was a target of the deletions, the p53 coding regions from two tumors were analyzed; these two tumors, like most colorectal carcinomas, had allelic deletions of chromosome 17p and expressed considerable amounts of p53 messenger RNA from the remaining allele. The remaining p53 allele was mutated in both tumors, with an alanine substituted for valine at codon 143 of one tumor and a histidine substituted for arginine at codon 175 of the second tumor. Both mutations occurred in a highly conserved region of the p53 gene that was previously found to be mutated in murine p53 oncogenes. The data suggest that p53 gene mutations may be involved in colorectal neoplasia, perhaps through inactivation of a tumor suppressor function of the wild-type p53 gene.     

小鼠mdm2的表达及活性鉴定

mdm2（murine double minute 2,鼠双微粒体-2）是抑制p53（肿瘤抑制因子）活性的重要分子之一,它们之间相互作用对细胞的生存具有重要功能。克隆得到小鼠Mus musculus mdm2 cDNA,构建其真核表达载体p3xFLAG-CMV-7.1-mdm2,Western blotting验证其在真核细胞中的表达大约为60 kDa的蛋白表达产物,间接免疫荧光技术检测mdm2的表达和亚细胞定位,mdm2主要在细胞核内表达。利用p53蛋白泛素化试验和p53报告基因活性检测试验,验证了FLAG-mdm2的活性,构建了mdm2调节p53泛素化和抑制p53活性的细胞模型,为研究p53活性调控、mdm2与p53相互作用等提供了基础和研究手段。图5参15     

Mutation affecting the 12th amino acid of the c-Ha-ras oncogene product occurs infrequently in human cancer

A point mutation alters the 12th amino acid of the c-Ha-ras oncogene product p21 in a human bladder cancer cell line. This is, at present, the only mutation known to result in a human transforming gene. This mutation may therefore represent a possible target for mutagenesis leading to carcinogenesis in humans. By means of restriction enzyme analysis, 29 human cancers, including 20 primary tumor tissues, derived from organs commonly exposed to environmental carcinogens, were tested for the presence of this mutation. None of ten primary bladder carcinomas exhibited the mutation; nor did nine colon carcinomas or ten carcinomas of the lung. Thus the point mutation affecting the 12th amino acid of the c-Ha-ras gene product, while a valuable model for carcinogenesis, does not appear to play a role in the development of most human epithelial cancers of the bladder, colon, or lung.     

p53: a frequent target for genetic abnormalities in lung cancer

Allele loss is a hallmark of chromosome regions harboring recessive oncogenes. Lung cancer frequently demonstrates loss of heterozygosity on 17p. Recent evidence suggests that the p53 gene located on 17p13 has many features of such an antioncogene. The p53 gene was frequently mutated or inactivated in all types of human lung cancer. The genetic abnormalities of p53 include gross changes such as homozygous deletions and abnormally sized messenger RNAs along with a variety of point or small mutations, which map to the p53 open reading frame and change amino acid sequence in a region highly conserved between mouse and man. In addition, very low or absent expression of p53 messenger RNA in lung cancer cell lines compared to normal lung was seen. These findings, coupled with the previous demonstration of 17p allele loss in lung cancer, strongly implicate p53 as an anti-oncogene whose disruption is involved in the pathogenesis of human lung cancer.     

Suppression of human colorectal carcinoma cell growth by wild-type p53

Mutations of the p53 gene occur commonly in colorectal carcinomas and the wild-type p53 allele is often concomitantly deleted. These findings suggest that the wild-type gene may act as a suppressor of colorectal carcinoma cell growth. To test this hypothesis, wild-type or mutant human p53 genes were transfected into human colorectal carcinoma cell lines. Cells transfected with the wild-type gene formed colonies five- to tenfold less efficiently than those transfected with a mutant p53 gene. In those colonies that did form after wild-type gene transfection, the p53 sequences were found to be deleted or rearranged, or both, and no exogenous p53 messenger RNA expression was observed. In contrast, transfection with the wild-type gene had no apparent effect on the growth of epithelial cells derived from a benign colorectal tumor that had only wild-type p53 alleles. Immunocytochemical techniques demonstrated that carcinoma cells expressing the wild-type gene did not progress through the cell cycle, as evidenced by their failure to incorporate thymidine into DNA. These studies show that the wild-type gene can specifically suppress the growth of human colorectal carcinoma cells in vitro and that an in vivo-derived mutation resulting in a single conservative amino acid substitution in the p53 gene product abrogates this suppressive ability.     

p53 regulates mitochondrial respiration

The energy that sustains cancer cells is derived preferentially from glycolysis. This metabolic change, the Warburg effect, was one of the first alterations in cancer cells recognized as conferring a survival advantage. Here, we show that p53, one of the most frequently mutated genes in cancers, modulates the balance between the utilization of respiratory and glycolytic pathways. We identify Synthesis of Cytochrome c Oxidase 2 (SCO2) as the downstream mediator of this effect in mice and human cancer cell lines. SCO2 is critical for regulating the cytochrome c oxidase (COX) complex, the major site of oxygen utilization in the eukaryotic cell. Disruption of the SCO2 gene in human cancer cells with wild-type p53 recapitulated the metabolic switch toward glycolysis that is exhibited by p53-deficient cells. That SCO2 couples p53 to mitochondrial respiration provides a possible explanation for the Warburg effect and offers new clues as to how p53 might affect aging and metabolism.     

p53 mutations in human cancers

Mutations in the evolutionarily conserved codons of the p53 tumor suppressor gene are common in diverse types of human cancer. The p53 mutational spectrum differs among cancers of the colon, lung, esophagus, breast, liver, brain, reticuloendothelial tissues, and hemopoietic tissues. Analysis of these mutations can provide clues to the etiology of these diverse tumors and to the function of specific regions of p53. Transitions predominate in colon, brain, and lymphoid malignancies, whereas G:C to T:A transversions are the most frequent substitutions observed in cancers of the lung and liver. Mutations at A:T base pairs are seen more frequently in esophageal carcinomas than in other solid tumors. Most transitions in colorectal carcinomas, brain tumors, leukemias, and lymphomas are at CpG dinucleotide mutational hot spots. G to T transversions in lung, breast, and esophageal carcinomas are dispersed among numerous codons. In liver tumors in persons from geographic areas in which both aflatoxin B1 and hepatitis B virus are cancer risk factors, most mutations are at one nucleotide pair of codon 249. These differences may reflect the etiological contributions of both exogenous and endogenous factors to human carcinogenesis.     

Germ line p53 mutations in a familial syndrome of breast cancer, sarcomas, and other neoplasms

Familial cancer syndromes have helped to define the role of tumor suppressor genes in the development of cancer. The dominantly inherited Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is of particular interest because of the diversity of childhood and adult tumors that occur in affected individuals. The rarity and high mortality of LFS precluded formal linkage analysis. The alternative approach was to select the most plausible candidate gene. The tumor suppressor gene, p53, was studied because of previous indications that this gene is inactivated in the sporadic (nonfamilial) forms of most cancers that are associated with LFS. Germ line p53 mutations have been detected in all five LFS families analyzed. These mutations do not produce amounts of mutant p53 protein expected to exert a trans-dominant loss of function effect on wild-type p53 protein. The frequency of germ line p53 mutations can now be examined in additional families with LFS, and in other cancer patients and families with clinical features that might be attributed to the mutation.     

Identification of p53 as a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein

The tumor-suppressor gene p53 is altered by missense mutation in numerous human malignancies. However, the biochemical properties of p53 and the effect of mutation on these properties are unclear. A human DNA sequence was identified that binds specifically to wild-type human p53 protein in vitro. As few as 33 base pairs were sufficient to confer specific binding. Certain guanines within this 33-base pair region were critical, as methylation of these guanines or their substitution with thymine-abrogated binding. Human p53 proteins containing either of two missense mutations commonly found in human tumors were unable to bind significantly to this sequence. These data suggest that a function of p53 may be mediated by its ability to bind to specific DNA sequences in the human genome, and that this activity is altered by mutations that occur in human tumors.