农村中、小型猪场防疫效果不佳的原因分析及对策

随着我国市场经济的不断健全,生猪流通渠道畅通,加上通讯的发展,各种信息传递快捷,使得生猪大范围、长距离流通频繁,某些生猪疫病也随着流通渠道而传播扩散,这也是某些地方新疫病频发的重要原因;除了上述因素外,在防疫工作中还存在一些薄弱环节,造成猪场免疫效果不理想,严重地影响了生猪生产的健康发展。1影响因素1.1疫苗效果不佳目前,一些生猪的疫病(如猪瘟、猪丹毒、猪肺疫等)通过免疫接种手段得到了较好的控制,各地也积累了一定的疫病预防经验。但是还有一些危害较大的疫病尽管也进行了预防免疫,仍然难以控制;究其原因,一是由于疫苗的性…     

生猪免疫失败的原因和对策

免疫接种是控制和预防生猪疫病最有效的手段.而在生产实践中常出现生猪免疫失败,这与疫苗质量、免疫程序不科学、饲养管理等多种因素有关.文章就生猪免疫接种过程中出现的免疫失败原因进行了分析,并提出了相应的对策.     

生猪疫病防制应抓好的9个环节

对生猪疫病进行科学、合理的预防,是保护生猪生产健康、正常、快速发展的重要措施。在现阶段我国部分农村偏远地区,生猪疫病防制仍然是一项比较艰巨的工作。笔者拟从以下几个方面提供一些工作经验,以抛砖引玉。1打好预防针它是预防生猪疫病发生的关键措施,必须选择正规渠道的疫苗,制定科学的免疫程序和合理的实施步骤。不论是对计划免疫和强制免疫的一类生猪疫病,还是对二、三类生猪疫病都要广泛宣传、大力组织、典型示范、加强领导、落实措施。各地应根据本地区疫病流行的状况制定科学的防治规划,要充分发挥各级政府对生猪疫病防治工作的领…     

辽宁确保疫苗质量 为养殖户保驾护航启动疫苗免疫效果评估

为准确掌握重大动物疫病强制免疫疫苗的免疫效果,为养殖户提供优质疫苗,根据省重大动物疫病应急中心的工作安排,铁岭市疫苗免疫效果跟踪评估工作全面启动。此次免疫效果跟踪评估的疫苗品种有:内蒙金宇集团生产的猪O型口蹄疫疫苗、山东齐鲁药厂生产的猪蓝耳病活疫苗和哈药集团生产的高致病性禽流感     

威远镇生猪“321”强制免疫的注意事项及防制对策

生猪进行免疫接种是预防和控制传染病发生的有效途径。国家对严重危害养殖业生产和人体健康的动物疫病猪瘟、高致病性猪蓝耳病、猪口蹄疫疫病实施强制免疫,规定饲养动物的单位和个人应当依法履行动物疫病强制免疫义务。目前,云南省对这三种疫病强制免疫推广“321”免疫新技术。这一技术真正实现了动物强制免疫政府保密度、部门保质量的工作要求,提高了免疫密度及免疫抗体合格率。但必须严格按技术操作规程执行,即掌握正确的注射方法,选择优质的疫苗、正确的运输、保存和使用,采取行之有效的措施,才能产生有效的免疫效果,从根本上控制猪瘟、高致病性猪蓝耳病、猪口蹄疫等重大动物疫病的发生和流行,确保生猪生产的健康。威远镇于2012年秋防与全县同步组织实施生猪“321”免疫技术,笔者结合长期从事基层动物疫病防控工作情况和经验,就威远镇实施生猪强制免疫的方法及注意事项及采取对策进行粗浅的描述,以供同行参考。     

温州市规模化猪场主要疫病免疫情况的调查分析

<正>随着传统养猪模式向规模化、集约化方向的发展,生猪的生产性能得到很大提高。但是,近年来由于猪病呈现多发、混合、隐性感染等特点,其疫病流行情况越来越复杂,病原传播隐患加大。为优化规模猪场免疫程序,笔者通过问卷调查形式收集数据,对温州市75家规模化养猪场使用的疫苗种类、疫苗来源、免疫效果、疫病流行情况、免疫     

浅谈生猪防疫的综合措施

生猪生产是农民致富的重要途径之一。但一些主要的烈性疾病仍然是养猪业的大敌,有时疫病造成的损失会直接影响一个地方的经济。因此．必须从每个环节把好生猪防疫检疫关,确保养猪业的健康发展和人民身体健康。结合本人多年工作实践,个人认为工作中要做到六严：l严防疫苗注射仍是防范某些主要疫病的有效措施,若不注意有关环节,就会降低效果或劳而无功。首先要注意疫苗因素：领取、保存和使用必须按要求进行,防止停电、阳光、稀释后长时间放置等影响免疫效果。二是按免疫程序操作：做到适时、足量、及时加强。有的兽医为节省疫苗,疫苗…     

浅析影响生猪疫病免疫效果的因素

对于生猪疫病的防控，国家历来采取预防为主的方针，现在各级政府投入大量的人力、物力、财力进行生猪疫病春、秋两防，效果明显。作为一名畜牧兽医工作者，在免疫实践中常听到不少畜主和基层兽医这样的反映：为什么我的猪儿打了猪瘟疫苗，还是得了猪瘟呢？为什么我严格按照免疫技术规程进行免疫，经抗体监测，抗体滴度还是不高达不到保护力呢？所以有必要谈谈影响生猪疫病免疫效果的因素，以解广大畜主和基层兽医的困惑。     

农村散养生猪免疫失败的原因探讨

免疫失败是指经某种药物或疫苗接种的动物,由于某一种或某几种原因造成接种疫苗后群体或个体未达到预期免疫效果,在该疫苗的有效保护期内,仍然发生了该疫病,或者预定时间内经检测免疫力达不到预期水平,预示着有发生该疫病的可能.我是一名乡镇畜牧兽医人员,从事畜牧生产发展、疾病诊疗、疫病防控、仔猪阉割、基层站的建设和管理等工作二十一年;在生产实践中,经常会碰到免疫失败的病例,由于免疫接种是预防、控制动物疫病最有效的关键措施;仔细分析,查找原因,采取有效措施,更有效防控动物疫病,保护动物健康,促进畜牧生产发展,是十分重要的.现根据我地生猪免疫流程,将具体操作中容易导致免疫失败的因素作一些探讨,共同行们参考.     

规模养猪场免疫失败原因浅析

近年来,我国部分地区规模养猪场猪口蹄疫、猪瘟、高致病性猪蓝耳病、猪链球菌病等重大动物疫病呈散发性发生或暴发性流行,给养猪业造成严重损失.分析原因一是生猪疫病的复杂化、传播途径的多样化,给生猪疫病预防控制带来难度;二是疫苗本身的不完善以及疫苗生产、运输、保存、使用等环节上人为不合理因素,也会造成免疫失败;三是饲养管理、环境消毒、药物保健等措施控制漏洞也是免疫失败不容忽视的重要原因.     

Anaesthesia and analgesia of the donkey and the mule

The number of donkeys and mules throughout the world is stable, and awareness of their use and concern for welfare, pain recognition and treatment are receiving increasing veterinary interest. Therefore, accurate information about anaesthesia and analgesia in donkeys and mules is important to ever more equine practitioners. Since donkeys are physiologically and pharmacologically different from horses, knowledge on species specific aspects of anaesthesia and analgesia are very important. Mules combine elements from both donkey and horse backgrounds, leading to great diversity in size, temperament and body type. Physiologically, they seem to resemble horses more than donkeys. This review highlights the current knowledge on various anaesthetic and analgesic approaches in donkeys and mules. There is still much information that is not available about donkeys; in many circumstances, the clinician must use available equine information to treat the patient, while monitoring carefully to observe for differences in response to therapy compared to the horse.     

Ultrasonographic examination of the caecum and the proximal and spiral ansa of the colon of cattle

The large intestine of 10 cows was examined from the right abdominal wall with a 3.5 MHz linear transducer. The cows were then slaughtered, and the organs were re-examined in a water bath. The caecum was visualised from the middle region of the abdominal wall. It ran caudo-cranially, varied in diameter from 5.2 to 18.0 cm and was situated immediately adjacent to the abdominal wall. The lateral wall of the caecum appeared as a thick, echogenic, crescent-shaped line. It could be visualised as far cranially as the 12th intercostal space. Although its junction could not be identified, the proximal ansa of the colon was recognised on the basis of its anatomical position and its diameter, which was smaller than that of the caecum. The spiral ansa of the colon and the descending colon were situated dorsal to the caecum and could be identified by moving the transducer horizontally along the abdominal wall to the last rib. The spiral ansa of the colon was situated ventral to the descending colon, and its walls appeared as thick echogenic lines. In a contracted state, the spiral colon had the appearance of a garland.     

Effects of age and diet on the development of the pancreas and the synthesis and secretion of pancreatic enzymes in the young pig

Effects of age and diet composition on amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in the pancreas and intestinal contents, pancreas weights and body weights were determined from birth to 56 d. A total of 120 pigs, five to seven pigs/litter from 18 litters, were slaughtered at birth, 14, 27, 29, 31, 42 and 56 d. Litters were allotted to dietary treatments (corn-soy, A; corn-soy + 20% dried whey, B; corn-soy + 5% lard, C) and offered these diets as creep feed at 14 d. All pigs were weaned at 28 d, placed in elevated nursery pens and fed their respective diets. Total activities of amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin in the pancreas and small intestine increased (P less than .05) with age. Both trypsin and amylase activities, measured per kilogram body weight or gram pancreas weight, were low at 29 d in the intestine and increased to 56 d. Pigs on diet B had the highest level of trypsin and chymotrypsin in the intestinal contents (P less than .05). Trypsin activity in the pancreas (units/kg body weight) was lowest (P less than .05) for pigs on diet B and highest (P less than .05) for those on diet C (units/g pancreas and units/kg body weight). Amylase activity (units/kg body weight) was lower (P less than .05) in the pancreas for pigs on diet B than for those on diets A and C. Pigs on diet A had lower (P less than .01) intestinal amylase activities than those on diets B and C. Enzyme activities in the intestinal contents and pancreas were low following weaning. In the pancreas, activities decreased at 31 d.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The behavior and the husbandry conditions of small laboratory animals--possibilities and limits of the evaluation of the appropriateness and fairness of the treatment of animals

Ethological studies are important means to evaluate the behaviour of small laboratory animals (mouse, rat, guinea-pig and rabbit) and their housing conditions. At any rate, the only sparse range of body expressions, the smallness and preference of night activity of these animals and the erratic occurrence of essential behaviour patterns make the investigations more difficult. On the other hand, the standardization of laboratory housing and the genetic definition of these animals turn out to be favourable. By this way, behaviour-environment-relationships are suitable for evaluation. Taking into consideration methodical and biological restrictions, the specific activities such as fight, relaxed resting behaviour and play as well as unbalanced behaviour patterns and stereotypes can be taken as means of evaluation. Particularly in mice and rabbits, upright position and space consuming activities will be possibly restricted by cage sizes.     

Relation between the concentration of sodium and potassium in the erythrocytes of dairy cows and the concentration of these elements in the plasma and urine and the level of blood glucose

Blood and urine samples of 180 dairy cows from 12 herds were examined. Sodium and potassium concentrations were determined in erythrocytes, whole blood, plasma, urine, and glucose concentration in blood: the interrelations were compared. Sodium and potassium concentrations in erythrocytes were 85.15 +/- 11.45 mmol/l, and 25.93 +/- 7.81 mmol/l, respectively. A statistically significant relation was found between sodium and potassium concentrations in erythrocytes (r = 0.3467+++) and the content of electrolyte in blood cells and in whole blood (Na: r = 0.5336+++; K: r = 0.3561+++). No statistically significant relation of intraerythrocyte concentration of both electrolytes was confirmed with respect to the other characteristics (sodium and potassium concentrations in plasma and urine, and glucose concentration in blood). In the conditions of routine laboratory diagnostics in clinically healthy cows, determinations of intraerythrocyte sodium and potassium do not broaden possibilities of evaluating the metabolic state of these electrolytes and cannot be used as the characteristics of energy insufficiency. The cannot replace the analyses performed in serum and urine.     

貉,蓝狐,银狐的胃及十二指肠内嗜银细胞形态分布的研究

本文应用Ｆｏｒｔａｎａ—Ｍａｓｓｏｎ嗜银颗粒染色法研究了貉、蓝狐、银狐的胃及十二指肠内嗜银细胞的形态分布。结果表明：三种动物胃幽门腺中，嗜根细胞数量最多，呈锥状，嗜银颗粒较粗，密度大、染成深黑色。在胃底及胃贲门腺区、嗜银细胞数量少。在十二指肠部嗜银细胞呈蝌蚪形，嗜银颗粒细，呈黑褐色，密度较小。嗜银细胞的分布密度在三种动物中具有一定的差别。     

Liquid flow and capacity of the caecum and colon of the horse

The rate of flow of fluid from the caecum and from the large colon was measured in four Shetland-type ponies fed a hay diet. In two ponies with cannulas in the caecum and at the origin of the right ventral colon, a continuous intracaecal infusion of a solution of chromium EDTA was used and samples were obtained from the cannula at the origin of the right ventral colon. Based on four determinations, the liquid flow from the caecum was 54.2 +/- 1.89 litres d-1. In the other two ponies with cannulas in the origin of the right ventral colon and near the end of the right dorsal colon, a continuous infusion of chromium EDTA was made into the right ventral colon and samples were obtained from the right dorsal colon. The flow rate towards the end of the dorsal colon was 49.4 +/- 1.25 litres d-1, based on four determinations. The capacities of the caecum and large colon after death were 7.0 +/- 0.8 and 17.7 +/- 3.7 litres, respectively.     

Conduction velocities and reflexes of the proximal and distal parts of the saphenous nerve of the dog

The maximal conduction velocities of compound-action potentials in the proximal and distal parts of the saphenous nerve were determined by averaging potentials evoked and recorded through needle electrodes. Antidromic, triphasic compound-action potentials unipolarly recorded from the distal part of the saphenous nerve were of the same minimal latency as potentials having 4 phases which were recorded bipolarly from the same site. However, the unipolarly recorded potentials were of greater amplitude. Monophasic compound-action potentials were recorded through bipolar chlorided silver electrodes from the surface of fascicles of the distal part of the saphenous nerve. The maximal conduction velocity of these potentials was in agreement with the conduction velocity of compound-action potentials of the distal part of the saphenous nerve which were evoked and recorded through subcutaneous needle electrodes. The specificities of the stimulating and recording sites were verified by recording before and after the saphenous nerve was cut between the stimulating and recording sites. Mean conduction velocities were 62.3 +/- 2.0 m/s for the distal part of the saphenous nerve and 66.3 +/- 2.2 m/s for the proximal part of the saphenous nerve. Reflex-evoked muscle activity was elicited in the ipsilateral tensor muscle of the fascia lata and semimembranous muscle after electrical stimulation of the saphenous nerve through subcutaneous needle electrodes. The effects of various stimulus intensities on the latency and duration of these reflex-evoked muscle potentials were determined.