杂交水稻Ⅱ优838的特征特性及其栽培技术

Ⅱ优８３８系四川省原子核应用技术研究所用Ⅱ３２Ａ不育系与自育恢复系辐恢８３８配组而成的中籼杂交稻，经过１９９６～１９９８年３ａ的试验和示范，１９９９年３月通过宁德地区农作物品种审定委员会审定。１　产量表现１９９６年参加宁德地区中稻新组合联合多点区域试验，平均单产５２４２ｋｇ（面积６６６７ｍ２，下同）比对照汕优６３减产０４％，不显著。１９９７年继续参加中稻区试，平均单产４８０ｋｇ，比对照汕优６３增产０６％，不显著。１９９８年，福安市上白石镇营洋村连片种植１８ｈｍ２，平均单产４８４８ｋｇ…     

广优青

广优育系广东省农科院水稻研究所用红莲型不育系丛广４１Ａ与特青２号组配的华南早籼迟熟组合。丛广４１Ａ是该所１９８３年用武汉大学生物系遗传室育成的红芒野生稻质源的莲塘早Ａ为母本，用丛广４１Ａ为父本通过测交连续回交，１９８６年育成的不育系。１９９０年通过广东省科委主持的技术鉴定。１产量表现广优青１９８８～１９８９年参加广东省杂交稻早稻迟熟组区域试验．１９８８年试验亩产４７８．５ｋｇ，比对照组合汕优６３增产１２．７１％，达极显著值，１９８９年试验亩产４６０．５５ｋｇ，比汕优６３减产１．０６％，但减产不显…     

广优4号

系广东省农科院水稻研究所用红莲型不育系丛广４１Ａ与青六矮１号组配育成的华南早籼迟熟组合。１９９０～１９９１年早稻参加广东省杂交稻迟熟组区域试验，两年均名列第一，亩产４８１．８和４８０．４８ｋｇ，比汕优６３增产９．６２％，达极显著值，１９９３年通过广东省品种审定。１主要特征特性广优４号全生育期１３０～１３５天，比汕优６３早熟２～３天，株高１０５ｃｍ，亩有效穗２０万左右，每穗总粒数１３０～１５０粒，结实率８０％～９０％，千粒重２４～２４．５ｇ。前期长势较弱，中后期长势转旺，分蘖力中等，抗倒性中等，后…     

协优3550

系广东省农科院水稻研究所用协青早Ａ与恢复系３５５０组配育成的华南晚籼型组合（３５５０恢复系是青四矮１６／ＩＲ５４杂交选育而成）。１９８８～１９８９年晚稻参加广东省杂交稻弱感光性迟熟组区域试验，亩产３８６．６和５１２．３５ｋｇ，比对照组合汕优桂４４分别增产１０．８％和１５．６％，达极显著值。１９９２年通过广东省品种审定。１主要特征特性该组合属弱感光性晚稻组合．全生育期１３０天左右，株高９５～１００ｃｍ，茎秆坚实、叶片厚直、株型紧凑、耐肥抗倒。分蘖力较强，有效穗多，每穗粒数１２０～１３０粒，后期耐寒…     

汕优96

系广东省农科院水稻研究所用珍汕９７Ａ与恢复系Ｒ９６配组育成的早熟感温性组合（Ｒ９６是该所用测６４／５１８杂交选育而成）。１９９１～１９９２年早稻参加广东省杂交稻早熟组区试，两年均比对照组合汕优６４增产，１９９１年亩产４５０．８５ｋｇ，比汕优６４增产２．２３％。１９９２年亩产４２２．４０ｋｇ，比汕优６４增产２．８４％，虽未达显著值，但日产量均名列第一，两年区试中同熟期组合汕优７７均略有增产，分别为２．２％和０．８％。１９９４年元月通过广东省品种审委会审定。１主要特征特性该组合作早稻栽培全生育期１２…     

351A/制选

３５１Ａ制选是安徽省农科院水稻所利用自己育成的优良早籼型不育系３５１Ａ（１９９４年４月通过省级审定，定名为“皖稻４９号”）和恢复系制选育成的双季杂交早稻新组合，该组合具有早熟、高产、抗病且制种产量高等优点，１９９４年４月通过安徽省农作物品种审定委员会审定，定名为“皖稻４７号”。１产量表现该组合１９９２和１９９３年参加安徽省杂交早稻区试，平均亩产分别为５０８．７９和５２４．７ｋｇ，比同熟期常规品种（对照为二九丰和８Ｂ４０）增产１０．２２％和１２．２８％，均居第１位；１９９３年参加安徽省双季早杂生产…     

汕优149

汕优１４９系１９８９年由四川省农科院作物所用珍汕９７Ａ与自选新恢复系成恢１４９配制而成的新组合。该组合已通过四川省区试，经多年试验、示范，表现出高产、抗病、优质、适应性广等优点。１产量表现汕优１４９于１９９１年参加多点品比试验，亩产５３３．７５ｋｇ，比汕优６３（ＣＫ）增产２．２％；１９９２年在四川省不同生态区进行多点试验，平均亩产５２４．１ｋｇ，比汕优６３（ＣＫ）增产１．４％；１９９３年参加四川省区试，平均亩产５０７．０８ｋｇ，比对照汕优６３增产１．６４％；同年在成都市、乐山市、德阳市等地进行生…     

杂交晚稻新组合金优928

金优９２８是荆州市种子总公司用金２３Ａ与９２８－８配组而成的杂交晚稻新组合，１９９８年３月通过湖北省农作物品种审定委员会审定。１产量表现１９９６～１９９７年参加湖北省水稻区试，２ａ平均单产７．５８ｔ／ｈｍ２，比汕优６４（ＣＫ）增产３．９８％。其中１９...     

单粒型甜菜杂交种吉洮单301的选育

吉洮单３０１为单粒雄性不育杂交种,较丰产、高糖、高抗甜菜褐斑病,较耐甜菜根腐病和丛根病。在１９９５～１９９７年吉林省甜菜品种区域试验中,其根产量、含糖率、产糖量分别比ＨＹＢ－１３提高－２．７１％、１．７度和８．３４％;生产试验３项指标分别比ＨＹＢ－１３提高－２．０３％、１．７度和９．０１％,与国产单粒对照种吉甜单一比,则分别提高１６．６１％、１．３度和２６．１０％。在１９９７年国内外甜菜单粒种全国     

甜菜多系杂交种甜研八号的选育

甜研八号是以ＫＨ为骨干系,与４个自交系按４∶１（自交系等量）配制的多系自然杂交组合（代号ＫＨ－５）,生产上利用一代杂交种。１９９１～１９９５年参加全国１３个网点区域试验和４个点两年（１９９４～１９９５年）的生产试验,平均根产量为４２６３８．６ｋｇ／ｈｍ２和４３７８２．０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,前者比对照增产９．０％,后者与对照持平（－０．１％）,平均含糖率为１６．６％和１６．１％,比对照提高１．３２度和１．３５度,平均产糖量为７１０１．９ｋｇ／ｈｍ２和７００３．７ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,比对照增产２２．９％和９．５％;１９９３～１９９７年参加黑龙江省１０个点区域试验和６个点两年（１９９６～１９９７年）的生产试验,平均根产量、含糖率和产糖量分别比对照提高１０．２％和２７．８％、０．８度和０．６４度、１８．５％和３４．９％。抗褐斑病和根腐病,较对照低０．８级,根腐病罹病率５．５％,亦较耐立枯病和丛根病。适宜在黑龙江省的佳木斯、齐齐哈尔、哈尔滨、大庆,内蒙古的中部、东部,宁夏的银川,甘肃的黄羊镇,新疆的石河子、和静等地种植。     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

芦笋枯萎病病原鉴定

对造成福建省漳州市东山县的芦笋枯萎病病原菌进行分子鉴定,以期确定病原菌的属、种名,为防治该病害寻求理论依据。试验对分离纯化的病原菌核糖体DNA的ITS区进行测序,在Genbank中搜索其同源性并构建它们的系统发育树,结果表明：引起芦笋枯萎病的病原菌是镰刀属中的尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),且病原菌之间的同源性高达89%,遗传差异不显著。     

Size and frequency of occurrence of pre-roost gatherings of starlings

One hundred and fifty-six pre-roost gatherings of starlings were observed at 28 sites around a roost in west Norfolk during winter. Pre-roost gatherings occurred more frequently at individual farmyards compared with individual fields, but 82% of the sites where gatherings occurred were on fields. The size of gatherings was greater, the closer to the roost. Birds in pre-roost gatherings on fields of autumn-sown winter wheat spent most of the time feeding and had a diet composed almost exclusively of wheat seeds. Birds in gatherings on grass fields also fed intensively whereas only 31% of birds at farmyards were feeding. The implications that these results have with regard to potential damage to fields of winter wheat and around farmyards are discussed.     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。     

农杆菌注射法瞬时转化荔枝果实组织的研究

为了寻找一种高效的荔枝果实瞬时基因表达方法,本研究以荔枝品种‘新球蜜荔’（Litchi chinensis Sonn. var. ‘Xinqiumili’）为试材,利用农杆菌注射法对荔枝果实组织进行转化,研究了果实发育时期、菌株种类、注射部位、取样时间、菌液浓度等对转化效率的影响。结果表明：选择果肉已完全包裹种子的Ⅱb期果实进行连体注射,在果柄、果皮、种子、果肉分别注入OD₆₀₀值为2.4的农杆菌菌株GV3101,4 d后取样进行检测,4个组织的GUS染色率较高。本研究成功建立了适用于荔枝果实的基因瞬时表达系统,为今后快速鉴定荔枝果实相关基因功能提供了基础。     

《生物安全法》实施背景下基因编辑技术的安全评价与监管

2020年10月17日,《中华人民共和国生物安全法》(以下简称《生物安全法》)通过全国人大常委会的审议,自2021年4月15日起施行.生物技术的研究与应用安全是《生物安全法》涉及的主要内容之一,基因编辑作为近几年生物技术领域的研究热点,其安全性评价和监管备受关注.本文概述了基因编辑技术的应用现状,比较了不同国家对基因编...     

蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因表达模式分析及敲除载体构建

为深入研究昆虫病原真菌蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的功能,根据蝉拟青霉基因组信息克隆疏水蛋白PChyd基因,对该基因序列进行生物信息学分析,使用qRT-PCR技术对其在不同培养条件或阶段下的表达模式进行分析,并通过酶切酶连的方法构建了该基因的敲除载体。结果表明：PChyd基因的开放阅读框序列全长303 bp,编码100 aa,包含22 aa的信号肽序列和70 aa疏水蛋白功能区域。系统发育分析显示该基因与粗糙虫草菌亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR结果显示PChyd基因在PDA培养的菌丝体、诱导的附着胞、诱导的芽生孢子中表达量显著高于另外2个样品,其中芽生孢子表达量最高,暗示该基因在蝉拟青霉侵染初期和在昆虫血腔中定殖阶段可能具有重要作用。凝胶电泳结果表明,成功构建了该基因的敲除载体,扩增出含有上臂、HPH、下臂的3356 bp左右的片段。本研究为进一步探究蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的致病机理、生防工程菌的改造奠定了基础。     

波罗蜜叶片突变体叶绿素含量测定和超微结构观察

波罗蜜（Artocarpus heterophyllus）是一种热带果树,至今对其突变体的研究少有报道。本研究以波罗蜜叶片为试验材料,探究其叶片出现白化和返绿现象的可能原因。（1）用分光光度计法、比色法测定波罗蜜叶片突变体和正常绿叶的叶绿素及叶绿素前体物质含量;（2）用叶绿素酶Elisa试剂盒测定叶绿素酶活性;（3）用透射电子显微镜对叶绿体的超微形态结构进行观察。研究结果表明：（1）不同叶色所产生的叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、叶绿素总含量、类胡萝卜素含量均存在显著差异;（2）波罗蜜叶片突变体和正常绿叶的叶绿素合成前体物质含量之间并没有出现显著性差异;（3）对波罗蜜叶片的叶绿素酶活性进行测定时,发现其活性出现显著差异,但对其叶绿素含量的差异性并没有产生较大影响;（4）观察波罗蜜叶片内叶绿体超微形态结构时,发现正常绿叶的叶绿体形态完好且数量较多,白化叶和返绿叶的叶绿体内部结构存在缺陷,其原因是叶绿体基粒构建阶段受阻;基于测定波罗蜜叶片中的叶绿素、叶绿素前体物质含量和叶绿素酶活性,并观察波罗蜜叶片内叶绿体的超微形态结构,对得到的数据结果进行比较分析。本研究推测是在叶绿素合成阶段,原脱植基叶绿素合成叶绿素时受阻及叶绿体发不良导致波罗蜜出现白化和返绿现象,为今后进一步综合研究波罗蜜突变体提供理论依据。     

Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin

Insect pest management is facing the economic and ecological challenge worldwide due to the human and environmental hazards caused by majority of the synthetic pesticide chemicals. Identification of novel effective insecticidal compounds is essential to combat increasing resistance rates. Botanicals containing active insecticidal phytochemicals appear to be promising to address some of these problems. Therefore, there is a continuous need to explore new active molecules with different mechanisms of action. Secondary metabolites present in plants apparently function as defense (toxic), which inhibits reproduction and other processes. The phytochemical biomolecules could be used for maximizing the effectiveness and specificity in future insecticide design with specific or multiple target sites, while ensuring the economic and ecological sustainability. In this article, the current state of knowledge on phytochemical sources and insecticidal activity, their mechanism of action in insects, resistance, and promising advances made in phytochemical research are reviewed.