水稻光敏核不育系GB028S光温反应研究

水稻光敏核不育系GB028S的育性表达受光长及温度影响,其温度敏感期在出穗前15d左右,即在花粉母细胞形成致减数裂期;不育起点温度为22℃,可育临界高温大于29℃。日均温度在22－30℃ 之间,其育性主要受光长控制,可育临界光长为13.5h, 光长转换期为13.5-14.0h。GB028S在光长12.0-14.0h条件下,结实率随温度升高而降低,在光长大于14.5h,温度高于22℃的条件下,花粉败育率和自交不实率均达到99.9％以上,在辽宁的稳定不育期为25－35d。     

优质籼型旱稻光温敏核不育系GHS的光温反应特性

通过9种人控光温组合处理,结合分期播种试验,研究了早稻光温敏核不育系GHS育性的光温反应特性.结果表明,日长对GHS的育性有一定的影响,在日长15.0 h条件下,其不育起点温度低于23.0℃;在13.0 h条件下,不育起点温度为24.0℃以下;在11.0 h条件下,不育起点温度上升到24℃以上.GHS光敏性较强,可育花粉率的光长影响率达72.53%,比对照培矮64S高出7.12个百分点.对GHS可育花粉率的方差分析表明,GHS的温度效应不显著(P＞0.05),光长效应显著(0.01＜P＜0.05),光温互作效应极显著(P＜0.01),属不育起点温度较低、不育临界光长较短的光温互作型两川核不育系.在湛江自然条件下,GHS有2个育性转换期,连续稳定不育期达145 d以上,正常年份可进行晚季安全制种,但没有适合GHS繁殖的光温条件.     

水稻光敏核不育系GB028S光温反应研究

水稻光敏核不育系GB0 2 8S的育性表达受光长及温度影响 ,其温度敏感期在出穗前 1 5d左右 ,即在花粉母细胞形成致减数分裂期 ;不育起点温度为 2 2℃ ,可育临界高温大于 2 9℃。日均温度在 2 2～ 3 0℃之间 ,其育性主要受光长控制 ,可育临界光长为 1 3 5h ,光长转换期为 1 3 5～ 1 4 0h。GB0 2 8S在光长 1 2 0～ 1 4 0h条件下 ,结实率随温度升高而降低。在光长大于 1 4 5h ,温度高于2 2℃的条件下 ,花粉败育率和自交不实率均达到 99 9%以上 ,在辽宁的稳定不育期为 2 5～ 3 5d。     

超短光照和光强对籼型光温敏核不育系育性的影响

研究了水稻籼型光温敏核不育系培矮６４Ｓ、ＧＤ２Ｓ、Ｎ１２Ｓ、Ｎ１８Ｓ和１３３Ｓ在不同光长和光强条件下的育性表现，结果表明：８ｈ超短光照能明显提高光温互作型核不育系Ｎ１２Ｓ和温敏型核不育系１３３Ｓ的花粉可染率和自交结实率；对温敏型核不育系培矮６４Ｓ和ＧＤ２Ｓ也有影响，但不显著，可能由于高温效应掩饰了超短光长的作用。用不同光强对两用核不育系进行处理，结果发现不同光强下的育性变化不明显，说明在自然光照条件下，籼型两用核不育系的育性变化与光强关系不大。     

湖农5S的选育及育性转换特性的研究

通过农垦５８Ｓ／激光４号∥献党育成湖农５Ｓ。经研究，湖农５Ｓ属籼型光敏核不育系，不育起点温度低，达到了粳型光敏核不育系的水平，在湖北制种安全可靠；转为可育的临界光长要求比粳型光敏核不育系更短，在湖北不能繁殖，在海南冬季繁殖正常。     

几个水稻两用系在沈阳的育性表现

通过分期播种，调查分析了９个水稻核不育系的不育性表现与其实用性。结果表明，９３０１Ｓ９３０２Ｓ，９３０３Ｓ和ＬＳ２Ｓ４份材料在沈阳自然光温条件下，表现不育期较长，不育性相对稳定，具有较好的利用价值。     

籼型水稻短日低温不育核不育系go543S的选育研究

ｇｏ５４３Ｓ在遗传分类上属籼型水稻短日低温光温敏核不育系。育性转换的临界温度较高，从不育转换成可育必需要３ｄ以上的日平均气温在３１℃以上的温度诱导。因此，有较长的不育期，又有一定的可育期。     

生态雄性不育小麦ES—10育性转换的温光效应分析

在长沙通过连续三年的分期播种试验,研究了生态雄性不育小麦ＥＳ－１０的育性转换的温光效应。结果表明：ＥＳ－１０为一个具有明显育性转换特征的生态雄性不育系,其雄性育性转换受光温两因子的作用,短日低温下表现不育,长日高温下表现可育,温度为其育性波动的主要影响因素,其对温度的敏感期为药隔期至花粉母细胞数分裂期,为期约１０ｄ。     

生态雄性不育小麦ES-10育性转换的温光效应分析

在长沙通过连续三年的分期播种试验,研究了生态雄性不育小麦ＥＳ－１０的育性转换的温光效应。结果表明：ＥＳ－１０为一个具有明显育性转换特征的生态雄性不育系,其雄性育性转换受光温两因子的作用,短日低温下表现不育,长日高温下表现可育,温度为其育性波动的主要影响因素,其对温度的敏感期为药隔期至花粉母细胞减数分裂期,为期约１０ｄ。     

芥菜型油菜生态型雄性不育两用系研究

从杂种圃芥菜型油菜遵矮不育系中发现光温敏雄性可育株,套袋自交,采用不同季节、不同播期方法,选育出光温敏雄性不育两用系遵矮Ｓ。在日平均温度为７．７～１３．５℃,平均日照长度小于１２ｈ的条件下表现为雄性可育;当温度为２０．０～２４．４℃,平均日照长度大于１３ｈ的条件下转换为完全的雄性不育。该两用系恢复源广,可用于配制两用系杂交油菜。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).