水产动物益生菌及其对肠道菌群影响的研究进展

随着水产动物肠道微生态学的发展,人们已逐步意识到益生菌对水产动物肠道发挥的重要作用,益生菌可通过调节肠道菌群平衡、改善肠道菌群组成等提高水产动物的免疫功能。本文综述了水产动物益生菌及其对肠道菌群的影响。     

肠道菌群与动物免疫的相互关系

肠道菌群形成了一个庞大而复杂的微生态系统,与动物免疫之间的关系极为密切.正常的肠道菌群具有屏障作用,与肠道黏膜的免疫作用、免疫器官的生长发育及免疫因子的激活都有关系.本文对肠道菌群的分布、肠道菌群对动物免疫的影响及抗生素、肠道菌群与动物免疫之间的相互作用等方面做了综述.     

蒙脱石调控肠道菌群研究进展

蒙脱石是一种多用途的铝硅酸盐类黏土,通过表面吸附、静电吸附和分子间作用力,可去除饲料和养殖动物肠道中的真菌毒素、重金属和细菌,被广泛应用于饲料行业。肠道菌群对维持宿主的生长发育、促进营养吸收和协助免疫应答等生理功能发挥方面至关重要。蒙脱石在调控动物肠道菌群方面也有突出作用,蒙脱石散是典型例证。为此本文系统性地梳理蒙脱石在人类、小鼠、畜禽和水产动物应用过程对肠道菌群的影响情况,旨在为蒙脱石调控肠道菌群,改善宿主生理功能和健康养殖提供理论依据。     

不同食性动物肠道菌群的ERIC-PCR指纹图谱分析

为了探讨不同食性动物肠道菌群的多样性与相似性。本试验采用ERIC-PCR方法对成年马、梅花鹿、老虎、豹、非洲狮、黑熊、小熊猫及成年大熊猫的新鲜粪便细菌总DNA进行了指纹图谱分析。结果显示,肠道菌群的多样性指数为草食动物（1.27）〉肉食动物（1.23）〉杂食动物（1.04）,而它们的优势度指数则相反,草食动物（0.32）﹤肉食动物（0.41）=杂食动物（0.41）。同一种动物的肠道菌群多样性指数差异不明显。结果表明,动物肠道菌群的多样性在一定程度上与食物有关。     

肠道菌群对动物免疫的影响

1肠道菌群及其分布 1．1肠道正常菌群的概念 在动物体内环境中通常有一层微生物或微生物层，在正常情况下即动物处于健康状态时，并未表现异常或致病现象，称这一层微生物为正常菌群或固有菌群和原籍菌群。这些菌群是动物机体内环境中不可缺少的组成部分，对动物宿主是有益无害的。     

鼠李糖乳杆菌对健康幼犬肠道菌群的影响

鼠李糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG,LGG)是从健康人肠道分离出的1株乳杆菌,是人类研究最广泛的益生菌之一[1].近年来,国外科学家通过大量的动物实验和人体临床试验证明,LGG能够耐受动物消化道环境,在人和动物肠道内定植,起到调节肠道菌群、预防和治疗腹泻、排除毒素及提高机体免疫力等功效[2].目前国内并无LGG应用于幼犬的报道,为此本试验通过研究LGG在幼犬肠道内的存活率及肠道主要菌群的变化,探讨LGG对幼犬肠道菌群的影响.     

单胃动物肠道菌群与宿主肠道免疫系统的互作关系及可能机制

单胃动物的肠道中存在着庞大而复杂的菌群,它们与宿主肠道免疫系统协同进化。肠道细菌及其代谢产物在维持肠道稳态方面发挥着重要的作用。正常的肠道菌群能促进免疫系统发育,参与维持宿主免疫功能,协同拮抗病原菌的增殖和入侵。反过来,宿主肠道免疫系统对肠道菌群又有制约和调控作用,如对正常共生菌表现为免疫耐受,对病原菌表现为免疫排斥。一旦这种动态平衡被破坏,就会导致疾病的发生。本文综述了单胃动物肠道菌群与宿主肠道免疫系统的相互关系,并基于现有的研究结果,对其可能的互作机制做了较为系统的总结。     

益生菌对猪肠道菌群的调控研究进展

<正>随着肠道微生态学的发展,人们逐渐认识到益生菌对于维持动物肠道菌群平衡发挥着重要作用。本文综述了猪肠道菌群的建立和分布、益生菌对肠道菌群的调控作用以及益生菌制剂的合理应用等问题,旨在为益生菌     

16S rRNA基因检测技术在肠道微生态研究中的应用

动物肠道是多种细菌的良好生存环境,相当一部分肠道菌长期定居在肠道内,对宿主有益无害,这类菌群被称之为肠道正常菌群。肠道正常菌群在宿主内生存和增殖,对维持宿主组织器官的正常结构和功能起着十分重要的作用,它们能够在肠内壁     

微生态制剂对肠道菌群紊乱的调节作用

1动物肠道的正常菌群 细菌、真菌广泛寄居于健康动物的体内和体表，动物出生时肠道内是无菌的，经2～4h后有大量细菌进入井繁殖，称为细菌的定植（colonizaition），细菌种类和数量随动物年龄、食物、宿主对细菌、细菌与细菌之间相互作用而发生变化，这种变化存在整个生命过程中，并维持动态平衡，形成正常菌群。消化道的不同部位，不仅细菌数量不同：胃内的菌落数低于10^3／g（内容物）；小肠约在10^4～10^7个／ml（内容物）；大肠约为10^11～10^12个／g；而且种类也不同；最主要的是类杆菌和双歧杆菌，分别占30％和25％，其次为芽抱杆菌和球菌。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …