乳酸菌对赖草青贮饲料品质的影响

为了研究添加乳酸菌对赖草青贮饲料品质的影响,试验分别设置对照组、LAB1(2.5 g/t)处理组、LAB2(5.0 g/t)处理组,每个处理组重复3次,分析赖草青贮饲料的发酵品质和营养成分。结果表明:赖草直接青贮发酵品质较差;经乳酸菌处理后可显著降低pH值和提高乳酸含量(P0.05)。说明添加乳酸菌可有效地提高赖草青贮饲料的品质。     

生物添加剂和填装密度对菊芋青贮饲料品质的影响

为了比较菊芋青贮饲料和全株玉米青贮饲料的饲喂价值,研究乳酸菌和纤维素酶对菊芋青贮饲料品质的影响及筛选菊芋窖贮的最佳填装密度,该研究设置了3个试验,试验1:分别在初花期刈割菊芋、1/3乳线期刈割全株玉米调制青贮饲料,每种青贮饲料重复3次;试验2:向菊芋原料中分别添加2.0 g/t乳酸菌(LAB)、2.0 g/t纤维素酶(CE)和2.0 g/t乳酸菌+2.0 g/t纤维素酶(LAB+CE),未添加为对照组(CK),混合均匀后调制青贮饲料,每个处理重复3次;试验3:设定5个填装密度,分别为550、600、650、700和750 kg/m~3,调制青贮饲料,每个密度处理重复3次。结果表明,菊芋青贮饲料发酵品质与全株玉米青贮饲料发酵品质没有差异,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量显著低于全株玉米青贮饲料(P0.05),干物质体外消化率显著高于全株玉米青贮饲料(P0.05),菊芋青贮饲料的饲喂价值优于全株玉米青贮饲料。添加乳酸菌可显著降低菊芋青贮饲料的pH值、氨态氮占总氮量(P0.05),显著提高乳酸菌含量(P0.05),乳酸菌可改善菊芋青贮饲料的发酵品质;添加纤维素酶对菊芋青贮饲料发酵品质指标没有显著改善作用。随着填装密度的增加,菊芋青贮饲料的pH值和氨态氮占总氮量显著降低(P0.05),乳酸含量显著提高(P0.05);当填装密度高于650 kg/m~3时,青贮饲料未检测出丁酸,氨态氮占总氮量低于10%,表明填装密度高于650 kg/m~3可调制出优质菊芋青贮饲料。     

添加剂对西藏青饲玉米和青稞秸秆混合青贮发酵品质的影响

为探讨酶和乳酸菌制剂对西藏地区青稞(Hordeum vulgare)秸秆与青饲玉米(Zea mays)混合青贮(35%:65%)发酵品质的影响,试验分别设对照组(C)、酶制剂(E)、乳酸菌制剂(LAB)和酶+乳酸菌制剂(E+LAB)4个处理组.青贮后第15,30和45 d开窖取样,测定青贮饲料发酵品质.结果表明:添加酶或乳酸菌制剂在一定程度上改善了青贮饲料的发酵品质,与对照组相比,添加剂处理组青贮饲料的pH和氨态氮/总氮值降低,乳酸和水溶性碳水化合物含量提高;对照组和E处理组中乙酸含量和总挥发性脂肪酸含量显著高于LAB和E+LAB处理组,而酶和乳酸菌组合添加进一步提高乳酸和水溶性碳水化合物含量,表明酶和乳酸菌组合添加比二者单独添加效果更显著.     

添加剂对苜蓿草渣青贮饲料品质的影响

为了研究不同添加剂对苜蓿草渣青贮饲料品质的影响,分别设置对照组、蔗糖(2%、3%、3.5%)、玉米粉(5%、7.5%、10%)、甲酸(0.2%、0.3%、0.4%)、乳酸菌(2.5g/t)、乳酸菌+蔗糖(2.5 g/t+2%、2.5 g/t+3%、2.5g/t+3.5%)、乳酸菌+玉米粉(2.5 g/t+5%、2.5 g/t+7.5%、2.5 g/t+10%)17个处理组,调制草渣青贮饲料。结果表明:草渣直接青贮饲料发酵品质较差;蔗糖、玉米粉和甲酸可以改善青贮饲料的发酵品质;单独添加乳酸菌不能提高青贮饲料品质;乳酸菌分别与蔗糖和玉米粉混合使用,与二者单独添加相比较,其青贮饲料的发酵品质和营养成分同样也未得到改善。     

乳酸菌和化学保存剂对窖贮紫花苜蓿青贮品质和有氧稳定性的影响

本试验旨在评价不同添加剂对窖贮紫花苜蓿青贮发酵品质和有氧稳定性的影响。以初花期紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)为材料,田间凋萎至干物质含量50%左右时进行青贮。4个处理组:1)CK:对照组(不加添加剂),2)LAB:添加2×105 cfu·g-1乳酸菌组,3)LAB+M:添加2×105 cfu·g-1乳酸菌+2%糖蜜组,4)SD:添加0.1%脱氢乙酸钠组。青贮90d启窖取样分析青贮饲料发酵指标和化学成分,同时进行有氧稳定性测试。结果表明:所有处理组青贮饲料发酵品质均良好。添加LAB、LAB+M和SD可显著提高苜蓿青贮的乳酸含量、乳酸/乙酸和干物质回收率(P0.05),显著降低氨态氮/总氮(P0.05),对粗蛋白、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和可溶性碳水化合物含量无显著影响(P0.05);SD处理在pH、乳酸及氨态氮/总氮指标上的青贮效果要低于LAB和LAB+M处理,LAB和LAB+M处理的青贮效果相当。启窖后,LAB、LAB+M和SD处理的苜蓿青贮饲料有氧稳定性显著高于对照组(P0.05),且添加LAB的效果优于LAB+M和SD。综上表明,在紫花苜蓿窖贮条件下添加LAB可获得品质最优的青贮饲料。     

玉米粉和乳酸菌对甘薯蔓、酒糟及稻草混合青贮品质的影响

为评价玉米粉和乳酸菌对甘薯蔓、酒糟及稻草(4∶4∶2)混合青贮品质的影响,试验设对照组(CK)、玉米粉添加组(CF)、乳酸菌添加组(LAB)、玉米粉和乳酸菌组合添加组(CF+LAB),每个处理6个重复,室温下贮藏60 d开封,取样分析青贮品质。结果表明,添加玉米粉和乳酸菌制剂均明显提高了青贮料的感官品质,与CK相比,CF处理、LAB处理及CF+LAB处理中 CP含量极显著提高(P<0.01), NH₃-N/TN、AA、PA、Ash含量极显著降低(P<0.01),CF处理极显著地提高了DM、CP、LA含量(P<0.01),而LAB处理则极显著地降低了NDF、ADF含量(P<0.01),CF+LAB中NH₃-N/TN、AA含量及pH值极显著低于LAB(P<0.01),显著低于CF(P<0.05)。综上所述,添加玉米粉和乳酸菌制剂均提高了青贮品质,单独添加乳酸菌制剂青贮品质要次于单独添加玉米粉,两者组合添加青贮品质更好。     

添加绿汁发酵液、乳酸菌制剂和葡萄糖对象草青贮发酵品质的影响

为评价添加绿汁发酵液、乳酸菌制剂和葡萄糖对象草青贮发酵品质的影响,试验设6个处理组:即对照组(无添加剂),绿汁发酵液组(FJLB),乳酸菌制剂组(LAB),葡萄糖组(G),绿汁发酵液＋葡萄糖组(FJLB+G),乳酸菌制剂＋葡萄糖组(LAB+G);在青贮第3,7,14,30天开窖,取样分析发酵品质。结果表明,与对照组相比,LAB处理对发酵品质影响不大,FJLB处理显著(P<0.05)降低了乳酸和水溶性碳水化合物含量,显著(P<0.05)提高了pH值、乙酸、丁酸和氨态氮含量,使发酵品质变差,而G、LAB+G和FJLB+G处理均显著(P<0.05)提高了青贮早期的乳酸含量,在整个青贮过程中保持较高的乳酸/乙酸值,并显著(P<0.05)降低了最终青贮饲料的pH和氨态氮含量,但与G处理相比,LAB+G和FJLB+G处理没有显示出更优的效果。综上所述,添加葡萄糖可促进同型乳酸发酵,对象草青贮发酵品质的改善效果优于接种乳酸菌。     

乳酸菌及丙酸钙对全株玉米和燕麦青贮饲料发酵品质和霉菌毒素含量的影响

为研究乳酸菌及丙酸钙对全株玉米和燕麦青贮饲料发酵品质、营养品质、微生物数量、霉菌毒素含量及有氧稳定性的影响,利用蒸馏水(CK组)、复合乳酸菌(LAB组,添加量为5×10⁵CFU·g^-1鲜样)、丙酸钙(PACA组,添加量为鲜草重的0.4%)以及乳酸菌和丙酸钙复合(LAB+PACA)分别添加进全株玉米和燕麦原料中青贮120 d。结果表明:全株玉米青贮饲料发酵品质优良而萎蔫后的燕麦青贮丁酸和氨态氮含量较高。添加剂在不同青贮饲料中表现不同。所有添加剂均显著提高了燕麦青贮饲料的乳酸和乙酸含量,降低了pH值、氨态氮、丁酸含量和酵母菌数量(P<0.05)。而PACA和LAB+PACA组则显著提高了玉米青贮饲料中的淀粉和可溶性碳水化合物含量和有氧稳定性并且降低了霉菌和酵母菌数量(P<0.05)。LAB和LAB+PACA的使用有效降低了玉米青贮饲料中的黄曲霉毒素B1含量(P<0.05)。在两种青贮饲料中丙酸含量只有PACA和LAB+PACA组能够显著增加。因此,添加剂尤其是LAB+PACA的复合添加对于提高玉米和燕麦青贮饲料的青贮品质和安全性...     

添加尿素和乳酸菌制剂对玉米秸秆青贮料品质的影响

我国玉米秸秆资源丰富,由于饲用品质差,而饲用开发利用不足。为了研究尿素、乳酸菌制剂(青宝2号)对玉米秸秆青贮饲料品质的影响,试验分别设置添加尿素(3kg/t或6kg/t)、青宝2号(2.5g/t)和青宝2号+尿素(3kg/t+2.5g/t或6kg/t+2.5g/t)5个处理,青贮发酵60d后取样分析。结果表明:玉米秸秆直接青贮,发酵品质较好,但粗蛋白含量较低。尿素(3kg/t或6kg/t)能够显著提高玉米秸青贮饲料的粗蛋白含量(P<0.05),乳酸菌制剂(2.5g/t)并没有明显改善玉米秸秆青贮饲料的发酵品质,与单独添加尿素(3kg/t或6kg/t)相比较,尿素和乳酸菌制剂一起添加(3kg/t+2.5g/t或6kg/t+2.5g/t)并没有进一步改善玉米秸秆青贮饲料发酵品质。     

乳酸菌和纤维素酶制剂对小麦秸黄贮饲料品质的影响

为研究青贮添加剂对小麦秸黄贮饲料品质的影响,试验设置4个处理(每处理3个重复),分别为对照组、乳酸菌(LAB)(2.5g/t)处理组、纤维素酶(CE)(2.5g/t)处理组、乳酸菌+纤维素酶(LAB+CE)(2.5g/t+2.5g/t)处理组。结果显示:各添加剂处理均显著降低小麦秸黄贮饲料的pH值、氨态氮含量(%,总氮)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量(P<0.05),同时显著提高了乳酸、总酸和粗蛋白质(CP)含量(P<0.05)。试验表明,青贮添加剂处理能够明显改善小麦秸黄贮饲料的发酵品质,提高小麦秸的饲用价值。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.