变害为宝 造福人类——黑翅土白蚁的综合利用研究

白蚁是众所周知的世界性五大害虫之一。防治白蚁是防止木材减产,保护森林生态平衡的必要手段。利用黑翅土白蚁〔Odontotermes formosanus（Shiraki）〕这一分布广泛的生物资源,使其变害为宝,造福人类,是林业研究领域和医药研究领域的重大举措,是从防治白蚁为主到综合开发利用的战略性转移。科研人员成功地利用黑翅土白蚁及菌圃制药,通过大量试验,确定了其可靠的药效和疗效,白蚁药品用于肝肾两亏患者是前所未有的创举。社会效益、经济效益显着,既达到了防治白蚁的目的,节约了大量防治经费,又使广大患者免受疾病痛苦,可谓是一举多得、变害为宝、造福人类的典范。     

Assessment of technologies and dogs for detecting insect pests in timber and forest products

Abstract

Lack of accurate tools for detecting insect infestation in timber remains a big challenge for pest management authorities. Seven non-destructive insect detection technologies were used to assess their effectiveness in detecting insect borers and termites in timber samples. These technologies were: Termatrac®; Tramex Moisture tester; Acoustic Emission Device (AED-200L®); X-ray, thermal imaging camera; a termite detector dog; and trained quarantine inspectors using standard visual inspection (VI). The timber samples of Acacia parramattensis and Acacia decurrens used for the trial were naturally infested timber branches; timber blocks inoculated with lyctine beetles; timber blocks naturally infested with termites; and un-infested controls. All timber samples used were destructively sampled at the end of the trial to confirm the presence or absence of insects. The detector dog was 100% effective in detecting natural infested termite colonies but was totally ineffective in detecting termites on artificially inoculated timber blocks. The moisture metre and the thermal image camera were 100% effective in detecting large termite colonies but ineffective in detecting other insects in dry timber samples. The effectiveness of other methods of detecting insects or termites varied considerably. The AED was 79% effective, Termatrac 70%, X-ray 40% and VI 35%. Implications of these findings for quarantine and inspection purposes are discussed.     

Forstentomologische Probleme im ungarischen Tiefland

Forest entomological problems in the Hungarian low land A view is given on the most important species of insect pests found in the forests of the Hungarian low land in 1975. These pests become constantly more dangerous because they were favoured by the founding of large monocultures of pines, black pines and poplars. In times to come more attention should be called to plant tree species suitable for the different localities.     

Chapter 10. Mapping Ecological Attributes Using an Integrated Vegetation Classification System Approach

Summary

Land managers need vegetation maps to inventory, monitor, and manage ecological resources across multiple spatial and temporal scales. Current vegetation maps usually only describe one vegetation characteristic, such as cover types, across the landscape. Although these maps provide important information for land management, they often fall short of addressing key issues like forest health and ecosystem management. In this paper we present an integrated approach where three different vegetation classifications are used in concert to spatially characterize many ecological attributes such as snag densities, insect susceptibility, and fire behavior across the landscape. Two examples from the Pacific Northwest are used to illustrate how this approach can be used to describe fuel characteristics and resource hazard across multiple scales.     

Sterile insect technique and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Wolbachia</Emphasis> symbiosis as potential tools for the control of the invasive species <Emphasis Type="Italic">Drosophila suzukii</Emphasis>

Drosophila suzukii, a vinegar fly originated from Southeast Asia, has recently invaded western countries, and it has been recognized as an important threat of a wide variety of several commercial soft fruits. This review summarizes the current information about the biology and dispersal of D. suzukii and discusses the current status and prospects of control methods for the management of this pest. We highlight current knowledge and ongoing research on innovative environmental-friendly control methods with emphasis on the sterile insect technique (SIT) and the incompatible insect technique (IIT). SIT has been successfully used for the containment, suppression or even eradication of populations of insect pests. IIT has been proposed as a stand-alone tool or in conjunction with SIT for insect pest control. The principles of SIT and IIT are reviewed, and the potential value of each approach in the management of D. suzukii is analyzed. We thoroughly address the challenges of SIT and IIT, and we propose the use of SIT as a component of an area-wide integrated pest management approach to suppress D. suzukii populations. As a contingency plan, we suggest a promising alternative avenue through the combination of these two techniques, SIT/IIT, which has been developed and is currently being tested in open-field trials against Aedes mosquito populations. All the potential limiting factors that may render these methods ineffective, as well as the requirements that need to be fulfilled before their application, are discussed.     

Toxicity and antitermite activity of the essential oils from Cinnamomum camphora, Cymbopogon nardus, Melaleuca cajuputi and Dipterocarpus sp. against Coptotermes curvignathus

Efficacy of four different essential oils against the subterranean termite, Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren, was assessed in various bioassays. Laboratory results indicate that the highest termite mortality was found in Dipterocarpus sp. essential oil after 24 h (LC₅₀ = 1.62 %) and the lowest in Melaleuca cajuputi (LC₅₀ = 4.60 %). The wood consumption in the filter paper treated with Dipterocarpus sp. oil is also smaller than for the other three essential oils tested. However, the other three essential oils also inhibited termite susceptibility of the specimens. Dipterocarpus sp. (keruing oil) was the most effective insect antifeedant and repellent against C. curvignathus. The results suggest that essential oils might have some beneficial activity of economic value and are considered good candidates for the development of new chemicals (repellents or antifeedants) for termite control.     

Schadinsekten und ihre Bekämpfung an Sojabohne (Glycine max L.) und Sonnenblume (Helianthus annuus L.) in Australien

The major problems caused by insect pests of soybeans and sunflower in Australia are reviewed. The bionomy of pests, the stages at which the crop is affected, the economic significance of the damage, and the difficulties of control are considered. The main methods of control are by the use of insecticides with the emphasis placed on an integrated approach to the problem. Present insecticides available give sufficient control. The most problems arise from the method of application used.     

Überleben und Entwicklung der Trockenholz-Termite Cryptotermes brevis (Walker) in Berlin

Survival and development of the dry-wood termite Cryptotermes brevis (Walker) in Berlin The infestation of museum material and furniture in a private home in Berlin by the dry-wood termiteC. brevis is described. In spite of unfavourable climatic conditions the termites could - in the first case - survive and develop for more than 5 years. Other termite introductions, ecology and economic importance of dry-wood termites are mentioned.     

Patentschau

Ohne Zusammenfassung

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Termites and termite control Kofoid, C. A. u. a., Berkeley, Cal. 1934. 25 u. 734 S., 182 Abb. Preis 5 Dollars

     

Termite resistance of beech wood treated with zinc oxide and zinc borate nanocompounds*

The field of wood protection is currently changing due to the restrictions imposed by the Biocidal Products Regulation. The need for development of new wood protection technologies is therefore growing. In this work, the resistance of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) wood impregnated with nano-dispersions of zinc oxide (nano-ZnO) and zinc borate (nano-ZnB) against the termite Reticulitermes grassei Clement was investigated. Three different concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 2%) of the nanocompounds were tested. The effects of water leaching were also investigated. A severe effect in terms of termite workers mortality was induced by both dispersions, even at the lowest concentration. In terms of termite feeding, nano-ZnO dispersions appeared to be more efficient than nano-ZnB as they induced significant improvement at concentrations as low as 0.5%. Nano-ZnB was applied at 1% or higher concentrations in order to impart similar changes. Nano-ZnB dispersions were efficient in terms of termite resistance for a concentration at least 1%. Further increasing concentration to 2% resulted in a respective increase of wood efficacy against termites. For both tested nanocompounds, water leaching did not result in any significant increase of termite feeding.     

Subterranean termite colony elimination can be achieved even when only a small proportion of foragers feed upon a CSI bait

Termite bait products that contain chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSIs) protect structures from subterranean termites via colony elimination. A hallmark of CSI baits is their dose-independent lethal time, as workers exposed to a CSI do not die until they initiate the molting process. Due to this mode of action and termite behaviors such as trophallaxis and cannibalism, a relatively small quantity of ingested CSI can spread throughout an entire colony before secondary repellency or avoidance behaviors occur, ultimately resulting in total colony elimination. In the field, only a portion of a subterranean termite colony actively forages upon a CSI bait at any given time, suggesting that only a relatively small proportion of workers may need to feed upon a CSI bait for a colony to be eliminated. In the present study, we used varying proportions of workers from whole four-year-old laboratory-reared Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) colonies (~?62,500 termites/colony on average) to determine what proportion of workers need to feed upon a CSI bait in order to achieve colony elimination. A range of 0% (control), 0.5%, 1%, 2.5%, and 5% of the total worker population of colonies was allowed to feed on a formulated 0.5% noviflumuron bait for five days before being returned to their colonies. Colony elimination was observed for all 5%-fed and four out of six 2.5%-fed colonies by 107 days after CSI exposure. Our results confirm that only a small subset of the worker population of a colony must feed upon a CSI bait to achieve subterranean termite colony elimination.

     

Termite resistance and color of heartwood of hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) trees in 5 half-sib families in a progeny test stand in Kyushu, Japan

Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) wood has been used as a structural material in Japan because of its superior mechanical properties, its excellent durability and the beautiful color of its heartwood. Variations of termite resistance and compositions of extractives among hinoki trees have been reported. However, genetic variation of termite resistance and the effect of heartwood color on termite resistance remain unknown. In this study, we report the characteristics of termite resistance and color indexes (L*, a* and b*) of heartwood of hinoki half-sib families in a progeny test stand. The survival days of termites and the mass loss of samples of hinoki heartwood differed significantly among hinoki families. Families with red-color heartwood had larger termite resistance than families with yellow-color heartwood. The termite resistances of individual samples from two families with yellow-color heartwood were as small as that of Pinus densiflora. Larger a* and smaller b* induced larger termite resistance of heartwood. The effect of DBH (diameter at breast height) of hinoki trees on termite resistance of hinoki families was small.     

Behavioral responses of the arboreal termite Nasutitermes corniger (Isoptera: Termitidae) to wood extracts

The termite Nasutitermes corniger is attracted to weathered wood, but it is not known whether this attraction is of chemical or physical nature. This work examines whether wood extracts can change the attraction of N. corniger to a food substrate. In a first experiment, filter paper impregnated with a eucalyptus extract, Eucalyptus grandis, and another one with a solvent were placed in the foraging arena of N. corniger nests under laboratory conditions. The extracts used were from weathered or unweathered wood. During the second experiment, two tests were performed using eucalyptus wood. First, a piece of unweathered wood was impregnated with an extract of weathered wood (treatment) or solvent (control). In the second test, a piece of weathered wood was impregnated with an extract of unweathered wood (treatment) and another one with solvent (control). At the end of the tests, the number of termite recruitment on each substrate was quantified. Filter paper recruited more termites when treated with unweathered wood extracts or with extracts of weathered wood than when impregnated with the solvent. Unweathered wood treated with extracts of weathered wood recruited more termites than the control. However, weathered wood impregnated with extracts of unweathered wood recruited similar numbers of termites as the same wood impregnated with the solvent. It was verified that chemicals from weathered or unweathered wood increased the foraging activity of N. corniger in neutral substrates, but only chemicals from weathered wood altered the attraction of N. corniger to eucalyptus wood.     

性信息素迷向干扰防控害虫的研究进展及应用前景

[目的]本文陈述国内外迷向技术的应用进展及影响迷向技术开展的生态因素,进而探讨不同缓释载体的剂型,旨在为利用昆虫性信息素迷向干扰害虫提供技术借鉴和参考。[方法]通过文献检索及个人研究方向,重点介绍国内外迷向干扰技术的应用情况及环境影响因素,探索常见缓释载体的类型(毛细管迷向丝、微胶囊、Puffer、SPLAT、蜡滴、空气纤维、静电纺丝/纳米纤维),指出不同缓释装置的优缺点。[结果]昆虫性信息素迷向干扰技术作为一种高效专一、环境友好的新型绿色防控害虫技术,已经成为害虫综合防控体系IPM(Integrated Pest Management)的重要组成部分,在全球范围内广泛应用于鳞翅目害虫的防治,鞘翅目、同翅目、半翅目、膜翅目等也有少量报道,尤以舞毒蛾、苹果蠹蛾、葡萄花翅小卷蛾的应用最为成功;明确了昆虫性信息素缓释载体及释放速率控制是有效实施性信息素迷向干扰技术的前提,揭示昆虫性信息素迷向干扰技术的应用机理,得出限制昆虫性信息素迷向干扰技术的经济及政策因素,旨在为我国更好的开展性信息素迷向干扰技术防控害虫提供参考。[结论]昆虫性信息素迷向干扰防控害虫的应用前景广泛,在农林业害虫的绿色防控中至关重要。     

Spatial optimization for dispersion of remnant trees in seed-tree cuttings and retention-tree stands of Scots pine

Abstract

In this study, optimal spatial patterns for seed-tree cuttings and green-tree retention in Scots pine stands were investigated. The optimization approach is based on functions that describe the effects of single, retained trees on Scots pine regeneration. Two spatial optimization techniques were applied to this intrastand-level problem. The model approach assumes smooth, non-convex optimization problems with a convex set of feasible solutions. These problems were solved with a deterministic optimization algorithm with 500 initial tree position sets, also taking into account different forest management objectives such as high, homogeneous seed and seedling density. This required the use of multicriteria optimization procedures. The best spatial patterns identified differed significantly according to the objective functions considered. This was demonstrated by aggregation index values of stem maps and from visualization. Thus, the objective functions must be defined carefully to obtain best solutions for the management aims. A small degree of clumping in seed-tree cuttings did not appear detrimental to seedling density objectives. Therefore, short-term retention trees should be selected primarily by phenotype, not solely by a specific distribution scheme.     

Influence of multiple- and single-species infestations on herbivore-induced cotton volatiles and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anthonomus grandis</Emphasis> behaviour

Plants interact with multiple organisms throughout their life cycle. As a result, they are commonly attacked by multiple species of herbivores, leading to the induction of plant defence systems. Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) play an important role in the interaction between community members and can be used to manipulate insect pest behaviour, being a valuable tool in integrated pest management strategy. In this study, the interaction of two chewing insects, the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis, and the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, and of one piercing-sucking insect, the Neotropical brown stinkbug, Euschistus heros, was evaluated for the induction of volatile compounds in cotton under single- and multiple-species attacks. As a control, the emissions of undamaged plants were also measured. In addition, the effect of HIPVs on boll weevil behaviour was also assessed. Qualitatively, single- and multiple-species herbivory induced a similar volatile blend. There was, however, a difference in the amount and proportion of compounds emitted. Plants infested with E. heros emitted a blend of volatiles more similar to that of the undamaged control compared to the other herbivore-induced treatments. The plant volatiles emitted due to simultaneous multiple-species herbivory were induced faster than volatiles emitted by sequential herbivory events, indicating different induction mechanisms depending on the attack configuration. In addition, cotton volatiles induced by an individual attack of A. grandis were attractive to conspecifics, as were the volatiles induced by multiple-species herbivory in both simultaneous and sequential attacks. The use of cotton HIPVs, both under multiple- and single-species attack, can be used for the development of alternative methods for semiochemical-based weevil management, e.g., enrichment of aggregation pheromone traps with plant volatiles.     

驱避剂防治土栖白蚁研究初报

土栖白蚁是园林树木的重要害虫[1],以往大多采用挖掘蚁巢和药剂毒杀等方法防治,前者往往挖掘不尽,有时还出现人为分巢,促进繁殖;后者易污染环境,杀伤天敌,特别是抑制白蚁对园林生态的积极作用[2]。笔者根据白蚁主要生活习性及园林生态特点,于1996～1998年应用驱避剂进行防治园林土栖白蚁试验,以达到既保护园林树木,又维护园林生态环境的目的。对防治土栖白蚁过去虽有报道[2,3],但应用驱避剂防治研究却尚属首次。现将初步研究结果报道如下,以供城市公园、森林公园及古树名木白蚁防治作参考。1　材料与方法1.1　试验地概况浙江省余杭市临平公…     

Bait station preferences in two Macrotermes species

Baiting is considered to be a relatively environmentally benign termite control method; however, all commercial baiting systems are designed for species in the Rhinotermitidae and are used primarily in temperate countries. Fungus-growing termites in the Macrotermitidae can be important pests in tropical countries; they can be difficult to control using all available methods, and there are no baiting systems designed for them. We tested bait station size, an important component of bait station design, against two Macrotermes species in Singapore. Macrotermes gilvus recruited to small stations (0.35 L) very poorly and medium stations (3.6 L) poorly (both similar in size to various commercial stations), but they recruited to large stations (11.5 L) well. Macrotermes carbonarius followed a similar pattern but recruited to fewer stations overall. In the occupied stations, M. gilvus ate the bait wood, sometimes creating a fungus garden inside the stations, and brought little soil into the stations. In comparison, M. carbonarius ate no wood at all, but filled stations with soil. There was significantly less leaf litter around M. carbonarius mounds compared with M. gilvus mounds, although there were no obvious differences in habitat, which suggested that M. carbonarius eats leaf litter only and is not a pest species. Our study shows that stations much larger than current commercial options may provide a useful means for controlling pest wood-eating, fungus-growing termites in tropical countries.     

The use of the cumulative degree-days to predict olive fly, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bactrocera oleae</Emphasis> (Rossi), activity in traditional olive groves from the northeast of Portugal

Terra Quente, situated in the province of Trás-os-Montes (northeast of Portugal), is one of the most important olive growing areas of Portugal. In this region, which is extremely hot and dry during summer, losses due to the olive fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), are highly variable between years, with estimates ranging from 16.3 to 98.8% of infested fruits. The objective of this study was to test the use of the degree-days models, based in a daily accumulation of temperature (°DD) to predict insect activity in the field and timing control measures, in such a climatic condition. Seasonal flight activity periods and insect development were studied from 2005 to 2008 in traditional olive groves and a degree-day model was developed for predicting the development of olive fly second generation, which is the one that can cause losses. It was found that, while the use of these models could be hampered by high temperatures and low relative humidity prevailing during summer, they may have some potential as a tool for the management of B. oleae populations, allowing the identification with acceptable error of the main second generation events. Results indicated that, if adulticide sprays are to be used, the spray-window for their applications lasts between an accumulation, since January 1, of 1837.20 ± 35.82°DD_8.99, which corresponds to the beginning of the insect second flight and 2045.87 ± 34.30°DD_8.99, which corresponds to its main peak.