木材保护用笼型倍半硅氧烷的合成

木材作为一种重要的建筑材料,本身含有丰富的纤维组织、微孔和导管,由毛细作用吸收空气中的水分.由于受自然环境(如光照、湿度和温度等)的影响,木材易发生湿胀干缩而导致开裂、形变,从而影响其观赏和使用价值,缩短其使用寿命.笔者以使木材表面具有疏水功能为出发点,以硅溶胶和甲基三乙氧基硅烷(MTES)为原料,采用一步法聚合反应得...     

Environment-friendly short-term protection of palm wood against mould and rot fungi

Felled palm trunks are susceptible to fungi as long as their moisture content is above fibre saturation. During this period, palm wood has to be protected against mould and rot fungi. The study was aimed at testing environment-friendly organic acids for their protecting efficiency. Small samples of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) and oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) wood were treated with weak organic acids and subsequently infected by moulds and wood-decay fungi. Short dipping of the samples in solutions of 5% acetic acid and propionic acid, respectively, protected all samples for two months from colonization by Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp., Cladosporium sp. and by a natural infection. Boric acid (4%) used in practice for protection was ineffective. Decay tests with the white-rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus, the brown-rot species Coniophora puteana and the soft-rot fungus Chaetomium globosum showed that both acids prevented most samples from fungal colonization for three weeks and reduced the decay considerably during two months.     

Weathering durability of CCB-impregnated wood for clear varnish coatings

Outdoor performances of a polyurethane varnish and an alkyd-based synthetic varnish coated over chromium-copper-boron (CCB)-impregnated Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) [10 (R) × 100 (T) × 150 (L) mm] were investigated. These varnishes were also applied to the wood surface as sole coatings or impregnated into wood as water-repellent (WR) solutions. Outdoor exposure was performed in the Black Sea region of northern Turkey (41°N, 39.43°E) where humid weather predominates throughout the year and accelerates decomposition of coated wood surfaces. The wood panels were exposed at 45° south on their tangential surfaces. After 9 months of exposure to summer, autumn, and the following winter season, the color and glossiness changes of the exposed surface, adhesion of the coating layer to the wood surface, water absorption through the coating layers, mass loss, and the hardness of the board surface were studied. CCB impregnation greatly stabilized the surface color of varnish-coated panels of both wood species. Gradual decreases of adhesion between varnished layers and preimpregnated surfaces were attributed to probable weakening of interactions at the interface of the treated wood and the film layer. A superficial cleaning process of treated wood is suggested to improve glossiness and adhesion. The coated wood surface became harder with time on outdoor exposure until a maximum hardness occurred followed by softening, whereas the uncoated surface softened steadily. Polyurethane varnish yielded a harder surface than synthetic varnish. Mass losses of wood panels after 9 months of exposure were negligible for all treatments compared with the untreated controls, which were totally discolored and eroded on the surface. It is concluded that long-term exterior wood protection has been achieved by a successful combination of an appropriate preservative treatment followed by a compatible surface-coating process.     

基于响应面分析法优化杨木增强处理环保工艺

本文基于BBD响应面优化方法,建立杨木强化材目标性能可评价工艺参数模型,并优化出室内家具用杨木强化材环保生产工艺,结果表明:以加压压力、加压时间、树脂质量分数作为响应因子,分别以MOE、WPG、TVOC释放量和甲醛释放量作为响应值的预测模型显著,模型决定系数大于0.9;当加压压力、加压时间、树脂质量分数分别为0.89 MPa、2.5 h、32%时,产品环保性能在考察工艺参数范围内最优。     

Design of wood/montmorillonite (MMT) intercalation nanocomposite

Studying new wood composites through nano science and technology (NSC) will develop new compounding theory of wood, and accelerate the combination of new technology, wood science, material science and other disciplines. The compounding of wood and inorganic MMT on nanoscale molecular level has high potential to greatly improve the mechanical properties, fire retardance, abrasion resistance, decay resistance, dimensional stability and other properties of wood. Based on the great achievements of polymer/montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposites, this paper reviewed nano intercalation compounding methods (i.e. in-situ intercalative polymerization and direct polymer intercalation), and discussed the structure, properties and modification of montmorillonite (MMT). According to the main chemical components and particular structure of wood, the authors discussed the liquefaction and plasticization of wood, compared the dissolvability and meltability between wood and polymer, and then systematically put forward the basic idea, technological processes and schematic diagram to prepare wood/MMT nanocomposites (WMNC). The key technology to prepare WMNC is either to introduce delaminated MMT nanolayers into wood with the help of some intermediate polymers, or to obtain liquefied wood or plasticized wood from the complicated natural composite. It is applicable and effective to realize wood/MMT nanoscale compounding with the help of proper intercalation agent and medium polymer through the proposed “one-step” or “two-step” impregnating processes.     

Production and markets of modified wood in Russia

Understanding the state of market for modified wood as well as the forces that affect its future development will be essential for those seeking to enter the Russian market. Information on modified wood from websites of companies, research and development organisations, woodworking-oriented magazines and forums, and official Russian statistics were explored, and finally verified by personal contacts with experts. A number of modification methods have been either researched, developed or pre-commercialised during the past 15 years, but only few of them have been adopted by users. Mostly, the modification methods have been copied, further developed and commercialised from variations of thermal modification originally introduced in Western Europe. Modified wood products are still considered premium goods among Russian consumers. Political initiatives aim at increasing the share of wood in construction and renovation but also at import minimisation, which reduces the penetration of foreign producers into the markets. There are approximately 20 producers of thermally modified timber (TMT) with an overall annual capacity of 60,000–65,000 m³. The current annual market for TMT is estimated to be approximately €35–40 million. In contrast to the European mainstream end uses of TMT, there is also a market for massive and glued thermally modified logs in Russia.     

Field test of resistance of modified wood to marine borers

Abstract

Five mineral fillers were tested for wood–plastic composites (WPCs): calcium carbonate, two different types of wollastonite, soapstone and talc. The impact of the fillers on the mechanical properties of the composites was studied. The experiments included bending tests, tensile tests, Brinell hardness and scanning electron microscopy experiments. The amount of wood, mineral and plastic (polypropylene) was kept steady. Only the mineral type was changed during the tests. A control sample without any mineral added was also manufactured. The mineral addition improved the tensile strength of the WPCs. The hardness of the composite was also improved when the minerals were added, and along with the increasing mineral hardness, the hardness of the composite increased. The wollastonite acicular shape was crushed during the manufacturing process, so the phase of the process in which the minerals are added requires careful consideration.     

Crash simulation of wood and composite wood for future automotive engineering

ABSTRACT

Multi material mix is a promising approach to reduce weight and the carbon footprint in automotive engineering at competitive costs. As a result, automotive industry is getting more venturous, exploring and applying other materials than metals and plastics – e.g. fibre reinforced plastics (FRPs). In this context, engineered wood products (EWPs) and wood composites should be considered: Wood composites provide high stiffness, strength, excellent damping, high resistance against fatigue and a very low density at low material costs. It is hypothesized that modern wood composites are competitive to metals and artificial fibre-reinforced materials when designed and applied properly. The application of wood and wood composites in automotive engineering calls for precise and reliable material data, required for initial material selection and later in numerical simulation. In this study, a material model normally used for modelling FRPs was adopted. A material database was generated for three hardwood species, to establish the required material parameters and validate material model. Results prove that wooden components can be simulated in crash situations and the selected material model is applicable, even in full vehicle simulation.     

Gluability of thermally modified beech (Fagus silvatica L.) and birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) wood

Abstract

One of the main disadvantages of wood is hygroscopicity resulting from its polar character. The sorption–desorption of water causes unwanted swelling and shrinkage in wood. Thermal modification substantially reduces this inconvenient feature. Unfortunately, the same chemical changes that reduce water sorption alter the polar character of the material and result in poorer wetting of thermally treated wood by waterborne adhesives. Gluability of thermally modified beech (Fagus silvatica L.) and birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) wood with two commercial amino resins, melamine–urea–formaldehyde (MUF) and melamine–formaldehyde (MF), and a two-component polyurethane (PUR) adhesive was investigated. Both wood species were modified according to two temperature regimes: 160°C and 190°C. Shear strengths of the joints were then determined according to EN 205:2003 standard. The results showed that thermally modified beech and birch wood can be effectively glued not only with commercially available PUR adhesives, but also with aqueous MF and MUF resins. The resultant shear strengths of the joints were limited by the strength of the thermally modified substrate.     

Possibilities for energy wood procurement in north-west Russia: Assessment of energy wood resources in the Leningrad region

Abstract

Methodology to assess the potential for energy wood procurement in Russia is described in this article and applied to the Leningrad region. Wood from thinnings, logging residues, non-industrial roundwood and residues from sawmilling are considered as sources for energy production. Energy wood available in the region, based on the 2004 actual cut, is approximately 4 million m³. Nearly 86% of this is non-industrial roundwood and felling residues, and 14% is by-products from sawmilling. Almost two-thirds of the non-industrial roundwood and felling residues are in cutting areas and one-third is in central processing yards. Deciduous tree species (birch and aspen) dominate in energy wood, representing about 65% of the total amount of felling residues and non-industrial wood. It is possible to intensify utilization of forest resources and thereby also to increase the use of wood in energy production. The total amount could be 54% higher if the allowable cut was fully utilized and 124% higher if thinnings were also utilized completely. There are, however, significant intraregional differences, as the current rate of utilization of forest resources varies in the region.     

Shear strength of furfurylated,N-methylol melamine and thermally modified wood bonded with three conventional adhesives

The shear strength of furfurylated, N-methylol melamine (NMM) and thermally modified wood bonded with emulsion polymer isocyanate, polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), and polyurethane (PU) adhesives was examined. Furfurylation and NMM modification of Scots pine had a significant negative effect on the bonding strength with all adhesives irrespective of the treatment intensity. The obtained low-shear strength values were related to the brittle nature of the wood after modifications rather to the failure of the bondline. PVAc showed a better bonding performance with both furfurylated and NMM modified wood while the combination of furfurylated wood and PU gave the highest reduction in bonding strength (47–51%). Shear strength also decreased significantly after thermal modification in both Scots pine (36–56%) and beech (34–48%) with all adhesives. With the exception of thermally modified beech samples bonded with PU, bondline was found to be the weakest link in thermally modified wood as it was revealed by the wood failure surfaces. Bondline thickness and effective penetration of adhesives did not relate to the shear strength of all modified wood materials. The lower shear strength of modified wood could be attributed to other factors, such as the reduced chemical bonding or mechanical interlocking of adhesives, and the reduced strength of brittle modified wood substrate.     

松材线虫病检疫检验取样方法的研究

对24个样本分别采用木条（10g)和0.6cm钻头钻取的木屑（10g)作为分离材料进行线虫分离，利用方差分析的方法对线虫分离结果进行分析，其差异不显著，两种取样方法对线虫检验的结果没有影响，对19个样本分别采用木条（10g)和用1cm的钻头钻取的木屑（10g和5g)3种分离材料进行线虫分离，同样利用方差分析对虫分离结果进行分析，其差异也不显著，3种分离材料对线虫检验结果同样没有影响。因此，利用电钻取样是可行的，这种方法快速简便，易于推广应用。     

A model of supplying poplar wood for Iranian paper ＆ wood factories

The objective of this research is to design a method for an appropriate alternative to supply poplar wood as raw material for wood and paper factories in Iran.Due to the destruction of the forests and lack of proper plantation,replacement of the forest wood by the fast growing wood is vital to satisfy all requirements of these factories.A hierarchy was used to prioritize benefits,opportunities,costs and risks (BOCR) using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) ratings approach.To evaluate the "control criteria" of the system,a control hierarchy was also created and prioritized by applying the Analytic Network Process (ANP).A total of four major control criteria in the system are prioritized where each one controls a network structure evaluated by using ANP.The final synthesis results of the system showed that internal poplar tree farming supplied by the forest product factories was the best choice among three potential alternatives (factory procurement,external procurement and mix procurement).     

Estimation of demand for wood panels in Iran by the year of 2012

Considering increasing rate of Iran population and consumption of wood panels, the authors investigated the per capita consumption of wood panels during the years from 1997 to 2007. The exponential smoothing method was used to obtain a per capita consumption pattern of wood panels in Iran for estimating demand of wood panels by the year of 2012. Results show that the consumption of particleboard, fiberboard, and medium density fiberboard in Iran will increase by 33%, 72% and 107 %, respectively, by the year of 2012; however, the consumption of plywood will increase only by 7% by 2012. The deficient amount of wood panels in Iran is estimated over 1400000 m3. The results of this study provide the technique reference for planners of wood panel industries in Iran in capital investment decisions.     

小型木材除湿干燥机应用效果分析

小型木材除湿干燥机由除湿机、干燥机机体、风机和加热器组成,具有结构简单、操作容易、性价比高等特点。一次性干燥木材的容量为10~12m3,干燥周期为12~14d,平均能耗为87.50kW.h.m-3,成本为120.00元.m-3。符合国家标准锯材干燥质量中的有关规定,且木材保持天然色泽。     

Impact of thermal modification on bioresistance of North American wood species,Pinus banksiana,Populus tremuloides,and Betula papyrifera,against wood-rotting basidiomycete fungi

In this study, the decay resistance of untreated and thermally modified jack pine (Pinus Banksiana), aspen (Populus tremuloides), and white birch (Betula Papyrifera) was evaluated. Wood specimens were exposed to laboratory decay resistance tests using the wood-rot fungi, Trametes. versicolor, Poria placenta, and Gloephyllum trabeum for 2–12 weeks of incubation.

The results indicated that, T. versicolor fungus was virulent against all the three untreated woods, B. papyrifera (73.9% weight loss), P. tremuloides (57.1% weight loss), and P. banksiana (43.5% weight loss). P. placenta fungus affected B. papyrifera (52.4% weight loss), P. banksiana (52.3% weight loss), and P. tremuloides (36.7% weight loss). G. trabeum fungus was virulent against P. banksiana (41.53% weight loss), but less active against B. papyrifera (11.6% weight loss) and P. tremuloides (21.9% weight loss).

It was found that the weight losses due to T. versicolor fungus activity were reduced for P. banksiana (1.5% weight loss) thermally modified at 210 °C, B. papyrifera (27.9% weight loss) at 215 °C, and P. tremuloides (9% weight loss) at 220 °C compared to the weight losses of their untreated counterparts. These correspond to 96.5%, 62.2% and 84.2% of decrease in weight loss, respectively. Similar results were obtained with G. trabeum fungus. On the contrary, thermal modification on the deterioration of P. banksiana (39.1% weight loss) by P. Placenta was affected less resulting in only 25.2% weight loss relative to untreated wood.     

Fire protection of a laminated veneer lumber joint by wood carbon phenolic spheres sheeting

Laminated veneer lumber joints made with metal plate connectors were protected with wood carbon phenolic spheres (CPS) sheeting and tested for creep under fire. The effects of the carbonizing temperature of charcoal, used as raw material for the CPS sheets, the thickness, and the location of the sheet on the joint regarding the fire-resistance performance of the joint were studied. The time to rupture of the joints covered with CPS sheets made from charcoal carbonized at 800°C (CPS800) was slightly prolonged compared with that of uncovered joints. On the other hand, the time to rupture of CPS sheets made from charcoal carbonized at 1600°C (CPS1600) was markedly extended. The changes in the charcoal properties due to increasing the carbonizing temperature might be the main reason the CPS1600 sheets had higher fire-resistance performance. The thickness and location of CPS1600 sheets have significant effects on the fire resistance of the joint. A highly fire-resistant laminated veneer lumber joint was obtained using a CPS1600 sheet. The CPS1600 sheet with a thickness of 3mm covering three sides of the joint prolonged the time to rupture 16-fold compared with that of unprotected joints.Part of this paper was presented at the 4th International Wood Science Symposium, Serpong, Indonesia, September 2002     

Erratum to: Mechanical properties of wood in an unstable state due to temperature changes,and analysis of the relevant mechanism III: Effect of quenching on stress relaxation of chemically modified woods

In order to understand the mechanism of destabilization occurring when wood is quenched, we applied chemical modifications, and controlled the number of moisture adsorption sites in wood. The degree of destabilization was evaluated according to the fluidity (1-E _t/E ₀), increase in fluidity, and relative fluidity in relation to the nonmodified wood, and was discussed by comparing these quantities with the hygroscopicity or swelling of wood. We found that destabilization of chemically modified wood was lower than that in nonmodified wood, and the amount of adsorbed water controlled the magnitude of flow of wood. Moreover, according to the analysis of water state by the Hailwood-Horrobin equation, it was shown that the function of dissolved water to the fluidity is almost identical for both chemical modifications, whereas hydrated water has more effect on acetylated wood than on formaldehydetreated wood. We speculate that the motion of water molecules due to quenching accompanied with the redistribution of energy resulting from the exchange of their potential energy and movement to attain a new balance, and the introduced acetyl groups and cross-linking restrict the water molecule movement. An erratum to this article is available at .     

吸湿范围内毛白杨木材径向透气性的研究

文章利用自行研制的木材透气性实验装置,探讨了木材含水率、厚度和压力对毛白杨透气性的影响。实验证明：实验装置结构合理,气密性较高,操作方便,满足测量要求;在吸湿范围内：木材透气性与含水率呈负二次曲线关系,含水率为10％左右透气性最大;透气性随着压力差的增加而增加,并呈直线上升趋势;透气性随着厚度的增加而减少,并呈指数下降趋势;在本实验探讨的影响因素中,含水率和厚度对透气性的影响显著。     

A rapid method for screening potential biological control agents of wood decay

Sixteen isolates of microfungi, obtained from freshly felled pine, were screened for inhibitory activity on a number of wood-decay basidiomycetes. The screening procedure employed a bi-layer test which involved growing the potential biocontrol isolates on either agar medium or irradiated pine discs. The influence that the two different substrata had on subsequent inhibition of decay fungi may have important implications for the screening of isolates for biocontrol activity. The use of such techniques for screening biocontrol agents is discussed.