Change in the impression of rooms with interior wood finishes arranged differently: questionnaire survey with the use of photographs for the analysis of impressions of rooms concerning living activities

Efforts were made to quantify the impact of visual stimulation from interior wood finishes on the impression of room interiors, using feelings about living activities as indicators. Four types of room interiors with interior wood finishes used in different proportions were simulated. The room interiors were photographed from the same viewpoint. A survey was conducted by interviewing 200 test subjects. As a result of the analysis of principal components, it was found that desires of living activities obtained from the four photographs consisted of two factors: desires for calmness and desires for activities. A great desire for calmness was obtained from photographs showing wood materials. A weak desire for calmness and a strong desire for activities were obtained from a photograph that showed no wood materials. Great desires for both calmness and activities were obtained from a photograph showing wood materials used only as flooring material. As for an evaluation of “living,” the photograph of a room interior without wooden materials was evaluated as a place that test subjects did not feel like living in. The photograph showing wood materials used only as flooring material was evaluated as the place that test subjects most felt like living in, and considered most suitable as a living space.     

浅议住宅设计中存在的问题

当前,住宅设计千篇一律,存在问题越来越多,尤其是起居厅、厨房、卫生间等方面。随着经济水平的逐步提高,在物质方面的需求不断被满足,居住方面的矛盾就会越来越尖锐。因此,更新观念,提高设计水平,是解决这些矛盾的唯一途径。     

木质地热地板导热效能影响因素研究

为探讨不同结构型式、厚度、密度和含水率的地板对导热效能的影响,揭示影响木质地热地板导热效能的因素及规律,进而为地采暖环境下如何选用木质地热地板提供科学指导,本文通过对5种类型12款地板的导热效能指标进行测试,其结果表明:5种结构型式地板导热效能依次是:浸渍纸层压木质地板>实木地板>三层实木复合地板>多层实木复合地板>框架式实木复合地板;地板导热效能随着地板厚度的增加而降低;地板密度越大导热效能越大;地板导热效能随着含水率的升高而降低。     

Physical properties of two tropical wood species from Mozambique

Abstract

The aim of this study was to reveal some important physical properties of two lesser used wood species from Mozambique. Density of wood, green moisture content (MC), shrinkage, swelling, sorption–desorption behaviour and quantitative colour analyses were carried out to facilitate the potential use of Icuria dunensis (ncurri) and Pseudolachnostylis maprounaefolia (ntholo). The study found that the average densities at 12% MC were 907.1 kg m^?3 for ncurri and 1023.4 kg m^?3 for ntholo. The average values of green MC were 31.4% for ncurri and 39.2% for ntholo. Ncurri and ntholo wood showed low coefficients of anisotropy for heartwood, 1.3 and 1.4, respectively. The colour measurements described the patterns of radial and longitudinal variations in wood colour. In conclusion, ntholo and ncurri are characterized by high density and dimensional stability. Ntholo can be used where small dimensional changes are required, e.g. in joinery, flooring and furniture.     

Moisture-induced stresses in engineered wood flooring with OSB substrate

Engineered wood flooring (EWF) is a multilayer composite flooring product. The cross layered structure is designed to give good dimensional stability to the EWF under changing environmental conditions. However, during winter season in North America, the indoor relative humidity could decrease dramatically and generate an important cupping deformation. The main objective of this study was to characterize the interlaminar stresses (σ ₃₃, σ ₁₃ and σ ₂₃) distribution at free-edges in EWF made with an OSB substrate. A three-dimensional (3D) finite element model was used to predict the cupping deformation and to characterize stresses developed in the EWF. The finite element model is based on an unsteady-state moisture transfer equation, a mechanical equilibrium equation and an elastic constitutive law. The physical and mechanical properties of OSB substrate were experimentally determined as a function of the density and moisture content. The simulated EWF deformations were compared against the laboratory observations. For both simulation and experimental results, the cupping deformation of EWF was induced by varying the ambient relative humidity from 50 to 20% at 20°C. A good agreement has been found between the numerical and experimental EWF cupping deformation. The stress distribution fields generated by the model correspond to the delaminations observed on the OSB substrate in the climate room. Delamination in EWF can occur principally under the action of the tension stress or a combination of tension and shear stresses. Finally, simulated results show that the levels of interlaminar stresses are maximal near the free-edges of EWF strips.     

Study of visual evaluations for wood flooring applying fuzzy logic

This study was aimed to investigate the visual evaluations of wood flooring. The selected 12 species of wood flooring were simulated by computer and combined with the 6 sets of visual image adjectives to design a questionnaire and survey the visual evaluations of consumers. Triangular fuzzy number of fuzzy theory was employed to obtain the scores of the 12 species of wood flooring in the 6 visual image evaluations. The results showed that the differences between different species of wood flooring in the visual evaluation were less significant in terms of “classical and primitive”, “durable and practical”, and “natural and original”. However, the differences were more significant in terms of “Elegant and Soft”, “close and comfortable”, and “tender and amiable”. Furthermore, six groups with relative overall visual images were induced from the comparison of wood flooring by qualitative classification. For example, the overall visual images of Quercus rubra, Acer saccharum and Quercus alba were similar, and they were more “Elegant and Soft”,“durable and practical”,“close and comfortable”, and “tender and amiable”. The overall visual images of Carya ovata, Pinus rigida and Castanea sativa were similar, and they tended to be “classical and primitive” and “natural and original”.     

新型弹性漆面实木地板漆膜耐磨性的测试

分别采用国家标准和欧洲标准,测试并对比弹性漆面地板和常规UV漆面地板的漆膜耐磨性能。结果表明:弹性漆面地板漆膜耐磨性较优,适合采用欧洲标准进行检测;而常规UV漆面实木地板宜采用相关国标进行检测。     

Increasing the competitiveness of wood in material substitution: A method for assessing and prioritizing customer needs

To increase the competitiveness of wood as a building material requires knowledge of which customer needs require attention in terms of quality improvement and/or product development to best satisfy customers. Hence, information as to the impact on customer satisfaction of the fulfillment of different customer needs, as well as the performance of wood and substitutes in providing for these needs, is needed. This article suggests the use of customer satisfaction modeling (CSM) for assessing customer needs. The methodology is evaluated in the context of floorcovering. The results suggest that CSM is well suited for extracting the information necessary for prioritizing customer needs: importance/impact and performance data for attributes as well as for customer benefits. The study indicates the necessity of considering substitute materials not only for performance comparisons; substitutes may also reveal otherwise latent customer needs. Practical, functional, benefits exert the greatest impact on customer satisfaction for wooden flooring as well as its closest substitutes, laminate and carpet. Hygiene and a low cost over the life cycle are apparently the customer benefits that require attention from wooden flooring manufacturers, because importance is high and performance relatively low.     

Biodiversity and Sustainable Forestry in Changing Landscapes-Principles and Southern Sweden as an Example

Abstract

We discuss die human impact on the forests of northwestern Europe, especially changes in disturbance regimes and changes in the density of important features for biodiversity preservation. In southern Sweden, human impacts have decreased densities of old (>150 years) living trees and large (DBH > 40 cm) dead trees to less than 1% of their original densities. In the same fashion, forest fires have decreased enormously in extent during the last 300 years, except in southwestern Sweden where the original fire frequency was presumably lower. These changes have had a tremendous impact on forest biodiversity. The number of extinctions in Sweden increases rapidly from the north to the south both for forest living species and other species. The number of threatened species shows a similar pattern and it is probable that many of these species belong to the extinction debt, especially those species that are dependent on sun-exposed old living and dead deciduous trees. Rapid restoration measures, such as increasing the number of old sun exposed oaks and large dead deciduous trees in the vicinity of existing hot-spots, may prevent some impending extinctions. Fire is important to use when managing forests for preserving biodiversity, especially in areas where fires more recently have been suppressed and where a relict fire-adapted fauna is Still present.     

内蒙古柠条和山杏单株生物量模型研建

[目的] 针对现有灌木生物量模型存在的分量与总量、地上与地下生物量不相容等问题, 探索利用联立方程组 方法, 建立灌木林相容性生物量模型。[方法] 以内蒙古自治区的2种常见灌木柠条(Caragana korshinskii)和山杏(Armeniaca sibirica)为研究对象, 基于大样本的生物量实测数据, 利用非线性误差变量联立方程组方法, 建立了地上生物量模型及其相容的地下生物量模型和根茎比模型。[结果] 表明:基于植冠面积和丛生枝个数(或植株高度)的地上生物量模型, 其确定系数能达到0.67以上, 但地下生物量模型的确定系数要低些, 其中山杏仅0.36;2种灌木的地上生物量和地下生物量模型的平均预估精度均能达到80%以上, 全株生物量的平均预估精度, 山杏能达到86%以上, 柠条能达到92%以上。[结论] 对于无明显主干的丛生状灌木, 不论是地上生物量还是地下生物量, 植冠面积是首要的相关因子, 其次才是丛生枝个数和植株高度;利用非线性误差变量联立方程组方法, 能有效解决不同生物量之间的相容性问题, 同步建立地上生物量模型及其相容的地下生物量模型和根茎比模型;所建模型完全可用于内蒙古自治区范围内相应灌木林的生物量估计。     

体育木地板龙骨结构与主要性能的回归统计关系

以高等级竞赛用体育木地板为研究对象,采用测定体育木地板主要功能指标的方法,研究不同龙骨参数的体育木地板结构性能,建立体育木地板龙骨结构(截面尺寸、间距)与冲击吸收率(Fr)、标准垂直变形(Vd)和球反弹率(Br)之间的一次回归方程,分析提出较优的龙骨设计参数。结果表明:龙骨参数对试验指标均有显著影响,显著性水平均为0.05及以上,综合分析各功能指标与试验因素水平组合,得出较优的龙骨设计参数为截面尺寸50mm×50mm、龙骨间距500mm×500mm。该研究填补体育木地板龙骨结构与主要性能指标间一次回归统计关系的空白,建立的统计方程可在理论统计范畴内指导体育木地板中龙骨结构设计及施工技术,为体育木地板龙骨的生产提供科学依据。     

我国与欧美浸渍纸层压木质地板标准的比较

浸渍纸层压木质地板是我国重要的木地板产品之一,分析我国与美国、欧洲标准体系中,浸渍纸层压木质地板的标准结构及技术内容的主要差异,为我国浸渍纸层压木质地板的标准的制修订和贸易,提供参考。     

极危植物云南火焰兰的发现及种群现状

[目的]探索云南火焰兰分布、群落及种群现状等特征,根据其种群生长和环境情况,提出相应的保护措施和建议。[方法]通过查阅文献、标本记录、实地群落及种群现状调查相结合的方法进行分析。[结果]表明:(1)发现并确认云南火焰兰分布于云南元江国家级自然保护区,目前发现共有两个分布点,位于海拔1 042 1 135 m的低山山地;(2)原文献记录中海拔500 m左右分布点的元江河谷原生境已变为农业耕作区,其原有分布点的种群已消失;(3)云南火焰兰种群数量极少,仅12株,除1株幼苗外均为成年植株,是典型的衰退型种群;(4)云南火焰兰更新困难,初步研究认为开花不结实是云南火焰兰濒危的直接原因,生存环境苛刻、种子繁殖率低、种群密度小等更加剧其濒危。[结论]云南火焰兰分布地植被群落类型主要为常绿落叶针阔混交林,仅发现12株云南火焰兰,其花而不实,更新幼苗仅1株,自然更新受限。     

Early root morphology of jack pine seedlings grown in different types of container

Abstract

This study compared the effects of container type on early root system morphology of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) seedlings to determine impacts of container type on root characteristics that may be important for tree stability. Seedlings were grown for one season in Multipots®, Ventblocks®, Copperblocks®, Starpots® and Jiffy® pellets, and for a second season in sand culture in pots. After the first growing season, roots that had grown between Jiffy plugs were cut using a knife, either “early”, in September, or “late”, in November. Seedlings produced in non-pruning containers, Multipots and Ventblocks, had more vertical structural roots, less even root distribution and high shoot:root mass after a second season. Seedlings grown in pruning containers, Copperblocks, Starpots and Jiffy pellets, had more horizontal structural roots and more evenly distributed roots. Jiffy seedlings had high shoot:root mass after pruning, but ratios decreased to low levels similar to Starpots and Copperblocks after a second season in pots. Early pruning of Jiffy seedlings removed less root mass than late pruning, but total live root mass of early and late pruned seedlings was similar after the potting trial. Pruning containers thus produced structural root forms with more desirable characteristics for tree stability. These characteristics were evident after the first season and persisted after the second season in the potting trial.     

Antifeedant and toxic effects of acetogenins from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Annona montana</Emphasis> on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Spodoptera frugiperda</Emphasis>

Several species of the large family of tropical plants Annonaceae have been intensely investigated over the last 20 years, mainly because of the discovery of annonaceous acetogenins. These compounds are powerful cytotoxics, with potential applications as insecticides, antiparasitics, acaricides, fungicides, and antitumor drugs. Annona montana Macfad. (Annonaceae) grows in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, where an infusion of leaves is used for the treatment of lice, influenza, and insomnia. The major acetogenins from a Bolivian collection of A. montana, annonacin (1), cis-annonacin-10-one (2), densicomacin-1 (3), gigantetronenin (4), murihexocin-B (5), and tucupentol (6), were evaluated for their antifeedant and toxic effects on Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a serious pest affecting corn crops in Argentina. All the acetogenins produced 100% mortality during the larval or pupal stages at 100 μg of treatment per gram of diet. In addition, compounds 2, 3, and 4 deterred more than 80% feeding at the same dose. Relative toxicity values of LD₅₀ for the strongest larvicidal compounds 1, 2, and 4 were determined, indicating that the three compounds are effective natural insecticides. This is the first report on the antifeedant and toxic effects produced by the particular type of acetogenins, the mono-THF acetogenins, on the lepidopteran S. frugiperda. No correlation was detected between the toxicity of the mentioned compounds to larvae and the known capacity of the acetogenins 1, 2, and 4 to inhibit the NADH oxidase, indicating that the inhibition of the mitochondrial complex I is not the only cause for larval mortality of S. frugiperda.     

Natural regeneration characteristics of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forests on sandy land in Honghuaerji, China

Natural regeneration in Mongolian pine, Pinus sylvesttis var. mongolica, forest at Honghuaerji of China （the original of the natural Mongolian pine, forest on sandy land） was studied in 2004. The total mean values of regeneration indexes were higher in mature stands （more than 80% individual stems were older than 50 years）, the maximum of regeneration index reached 29 seedlings, m^ 2, with lowest values in the younger stand, e.g., in 32-year old and 43-year old stands. The stand age was an important factor determining the natural regeneration, which was the best in the older stands in this investigation （e.g. about 80-year old）. The regeneration index seemed not to be closely in relation to canopy openness although Mongolian pine is a photophilic tree species. In each type of gaps, natural regeneration was very well. Regeneration indexes were satisfactory at the south and east edges in the circle gaps; and at the east edge of the narrow-square gaps. Results indicated that Mongolian pine, seedlings could endure shading understory, but it would not enter the canopy layer without gap or large disturbance, e.g., fire, wind/snow damage or clear cutting etc. These results may provide potentially references to the management and afforestation of Mongolian pine, plantations on sandy land in arid and semi-arid areas. Researches such as the comprehensive comparisons on regeneration, structure and ecological conditions and so on between natural Mongolian pine, forests and plantations should be conducted in the future.     

Wood colour in Lapacho (Tabebuia serratifolia): chemical composition and industrial implications

This study is aimed at relating the colour of Tabebuia serratifolia (Bignoniaceae family) wood to its chemical composition and technological characteristics, such as hardness and gluing, important for the manufacture of wood flooring. Samples with standard wood colour and evident chromatic anomalies were subjected to CIELAB colorimetric and gas-chromatography analyses. Red and yellow wood colour is associated with the presence of lapachol and dehydro-α-lapachone, respectively, whereas large amounts of polyphenols were found in black parts, together with other quinone compounds. Wood is hardest where lapachol gives rise to a yellow chromatic zone (L1). Delamination tests have shown that polyphenols affect lamella bonding strength. The results may be used by the wood flooring industry to identify the chemical constituents of T. serratifolia according to its colour and foresee possible problems during the production process.     

GIS在生态土地分类中的作用

This paper depicted the physiographic landscape features and natural vegetation situation of study area (the eastern Jilin Province), and expatiates the definition, basic characters and its development of Ecological Land Classification (ELC). Based on the combination of relief map, satellite photography for study area and vegetation inventory data of 480 sample sites, a 5-class and a 15-class ecological land type map was concluded according to 4 important factors including slope, aspect, vegetation and elevation. Ecological Classification System (ECS) is a method to identify, characterize, and map ecosystems. The Ecological Land Type (ELT) was examined and applied initially in eastern Jilin Province. Foundation item: This paper was supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences “100 people” project and the Open Research Station of Changbai Mountain Forest Ecosystem. Biography: XIAO Bao-ying (1974-), female, postgraduate in Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

Conifer genetic engineering: Particle bombardment andAgrobacterium-mediated gene transfer and its application in future forests

Many important advances in forest biotechnology have been made. The use of genetic transformation and the applications of transgenic trees in modern forestry is now an important field. Two basic methodologies particle bombardment andAgrobacterium-mediated transformation have been used on conifers. However, routine procedures exist for only a limited number of conifers. As a result only a few species have been successfully transformed into stable transgenic plants. The use of a particle bombardment has been more successful and transgenic plants have been produced inPicea abies, Picea glauca, Picea mariana, andPinus radiata, although the level of production of stable transgenic plants is lower than that ofAgrobacterium. At present, breeding programs have been directed toward improving bole shape, growth rate, wood properties, and quality, as well as toward improving root and shoot performance, pest resistance, stress tolerance, herbicide resistance, and ability to resist stresses, which will drive forestry to enter a new era of productivity and quality. This article provides a brief overiew of the current state of knowledge on genetic transformation in conifers. Biography: Tang Wei (1964-), male, Ph. Doctor, Research associate, O-23, E. S. King Village, 2900, Ligon St., North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai