THE DISTRIBUTION REGION AND THE DISTRIBUTIVE TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY THRESHOLD OF OSIER WEEVIL IN CHINA

Theosierx`,eevilxvasfirstfoundinHarbin,Chinainl953['].ltisascriouspestofpoplarandwillows.ltslarvaen1inetrtmksofhosttreesTheinLfestedtreeslosetheirvigorandwindfalloftenoccurs.Thelosscausedbythispestisverygreat.9o66.6hm2poplartreeshavebeeninfestedand5O22.2hIn2havebeendestroyedinHeilonaiiangPro1'incesincel97O.Inotherprovinces,suchasLiaoning,JilinandInnerMongolia,agreatnumberofpoplarhavebeendestroyedbythispest,too.Thispestbe-comesoneofthemostdesthectivepestsinChina.Thisstudvismai11lvtofindou…     

Adventitious root formation of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) cuttings is stimulated by soaking basal portion of cuttings in warmed water while cooling their apical portion

To improve the propagation of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don), we investigated the effects of apical and basal temperatures during a water soaking treatment on the adventitious root formation of 70-mm long shoot tip cuttings which have an apical bud. The basal portion of the cuttings was soaked for 28 days in water with temperatures ranging from 10 to 35 °C, at an air temperature of 5 or 10 °C. Control cuttings were soaked in water at 25 °C, with an air temperature of 25 °C. Treated cuttings were then planted in vermiculite rooting medium and grown at an air temperature of 25 °C for 35 days. Adventitious roots initiated earlier and developed more in the cuttings treated with apical temperatures of 5 or 10 °C and basal temperatures of 20–30 °C than in the control cuttings. The rooting percentage was greatest (93 %) in the cuttings treated with a 10/25 °C apical/basal temperature, whereas few control cuttings rooted (13 %). This suggests that the temperature gradient created by warming the basal portion of the cuttings while cooling their apical end stimulates adventitious root formation. When we tested seasonal variation of rootability at 10/25 °C, the rooting percentage increased from early autumn to winter, and decreased from winter to summer. The soluble sugar contents did not directly affect the formation of adventitious roots in the present study.     

Production of cuttings in response to stock plant temperature in the subtropical eucalypts, Corymbia citriodora and Eucalyptus dunnii

Propagation of subtropical eucalypts is often limited by low production of rooted cuttings in winter. This study tested whether changing the temperature of Corymbia citriodora and Eucalyptus dunnii stock plants from 28/23°C (day/night) to 18/13°C, 23/18°C or 33/28°C affected the production of cuttings by stock plants, the concentrations of Ca and other nutrients in cuttings, and the subsequent percentages of cuttings that formed roots. Optimal temperatures for shoot production were 33/28°C and 28/23°C, with lower temperatures reducing the number of harvested cuttings. Stock plant temperature regulated production of rooted cuttings, firstly by controlling shoot production and, secondly, by affecting the ensuing rooting percentage. Shoot production was the primary factor regulating rooted cutting production by C. citriodora, but both shoot production and root production were key determinants of rooted cutting production in E. dunnii. Effects of lower stock plant temperatures on rooting were not the result of reduced Ca concentration, but consistent relationships were found between adventitious root formation and B concentration. Average rooting percentages were low (1–15% for C. citriodora and 2–22% for E. dunnii) but rooted cutting production per stock plant (e.g. 25 for C. citriodora and 52 for E. dunnii over 14 weeks at 33/28°C) was sufficient to establish clonal field tests for plantation forestry.     

Clonal propagation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dalbergia sissoo</Emphasis> Roxb. and associated metabolic changes during adventitious root primordium development

A study was conducted on the twelve clones of shisham (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.). These clones were obtained from India and Nepal. Single-node leafy cuttings were prepared from the vegetative multiplication garden to examine the clonal variation, effect of IBA treatment on rooting response and associated metabolic changes during adventitious root formation. A remarkable and significant variation was observed due to treatment of 2,000 ppm IBA in the rooting parameters. Clonal variations were also significant for root and shoot growth while length of root was insignificant. Among the twelve clones studied; C3 (Tulsipur, Gonda, Uttar Pradesh, India) and C4 (Laxmipur, Gonda, Uttar Pradesh, India) clone cuttings have given the highest rooting response. Interaction (clone × IBA) was significant only for production of number of roots per cutting. Periodic sampling for clone C3 was performed at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days to examine the contents of total soluble sugars, starch, protein and peroxidase (PER) activity in the rooting zone of cuttings (∼0.5 cm) during adventitious root primordium development. A significant increase in all the metabolic activities was noted due to IBA. Total soluble sugars and starch contents of cuttings decreased with the passage of time. Protein content and PER-activity started to increase in the early stage and reached the highest level on day 21, followed by a decline at the 35th day of sampling. These trends were common for both IBA treated and untreated cuttings. Protein content and PER-activity remained higher in the rooting zone of IBA treated cuttings. Overall these findings suggested that exogenous application of IBA may have activated carbohydrate metabolism for release of energy, while protein and PER-activity were necessary for cell division and differentiation during adventitious root primordium initiation and development in the rooting zone of cuttings.     

枸杞容器扦插育苗技术研究

通过单因素试验设计研究了不同类别促生根剂(W)对枸杞插穗生根率高低、生根条数多少的影响;还通过正交试验设计L8(27)方法来研究了促生根剂浓度(E)、母株采穗部位(C)、不同木质化插条(P)及插条下部径粗(Y)对枸杞扦插生根率高低、生根数多少的影响。结果证明:使用促生根剂ABT-1#(W2)来处理插条时扦插效果最好,平均生根率高达89.7%、生根数多达11.2条;采用糊状的浓度为700ppm(E2)促生根剂ABT-1#来粘母株下部(C2)所剪下部径粗为0.8~1.2mm(Y1)的未木质化的插条(P1)时,即采用E2C2Y1P1组合时对枸杞扦插效果最佳,平均生根率多达95.3%、生根数高达15.6条。     

Mini-cuttings: an effective technique for the propagation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus pinaster</Emphasis> Ait.

Pinus pinaster Ait. is one of the main forest tree species planted in Spain, Portugal and France. Due to its high economic relevance, there is considerable interest in developing techniques for vegetative breeding aimed at mass propagation. In this study we present a mini-propagation protocol in order to define an efficient method to propagate families or clones of P. pinaster. We carried out three experiments using mini-cuttings of 3–5 cm in length with the aim of evaluating the effects of temperature (4°C vs. 25°C), plant growth regulator (IBA) and shoot age on rooting ability. Percentage of rooted cuttings and morphological root variables were recorded. The percentage of rooted cuttings per treatment ranged from 68 to 97%. Treatment with IBA significantly influenced the rooting process at 25°C but not at 4°C. The number of apexes, length, area and volume of roots were all positively affected by temperature treatment. Shoot age also had a positive effect on rooting capacity of cuttings, with the cuttings from the youngest shoots (70 days after pruning) having higher rooting percentages, ranging from 84.7 to 98.3%. The use of juvenile material, good environmental conditions and IBA all benefited the rooting of clonal material, resulting in high rooting capacity. This study presents an innovative propagation protocol for P. pinaster that can be used as a tool in breeding programs.     

罗汉松夏季扦插育苗技术研究

通过正交试验设计研究在夏季(6月~10月)高温条件下,不同种类生根促进剂、不同遮光率的遮阳网及不同木质化程度的插穗对罗汉松扦插生根率、生根数及生根长的影响和不同插穗下切口型及不同扦插基质对罗汉松扦插生根的影响。结果表明:在夏季高温条件下罗汉松扦插以生根促进剂ABT-1#(A2)+遮光率90%遮阳网(B3)+半木质化的绿枝(C1)组合最好,生根率高达96.8%、生根数达8.6条、生根长达9.8 cm;不同插穗下切口型及不同基质扦插试验中以斜切+80%红心土+20%珍珠岩最佳,生根率高,生根多且长。     

轻基质组分对油橄榄扦插容器育苗的影响

为筛选适宜油橄榄扦插容器苗生长的轻基质,提高油茶果壳废弃物利用率,降低环境污染,以泥炭、细沙、珍珠岩和油茶果壳作为试验材料,设置10种基质配方,对油橄榄扦插后容器苗的生长情况进行研究。结果表明:轻基质组分对油橄榄扦插苗各生长指标均有较大的影响。根径多集中在0~0.5mm,珍珠岩质量分数35.00%~66.67%有助于增加根系粗度,泥炭中添加油茶果壳能显著增加苗高、地径和根系数量,细沙和珍珠岩能提高扦插苗生根率,根系平均直径与根系数量和根冠比呈显著负相关。综合来看,泥炭和珍珠岩混合基质(体积比3∶2)适宜作为油橄榄扦插育苗基质,油茶果壳作为容器育苗的轻基质具有一定的开发价值。     

Physiological studies for tropical tree improvement and conservation. Factors affecting root initiation in cuttings of Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum.

Applying auxins to freshly cut basal ends of leafy single-node cuttings of Triplochiton scleroxylon, an important timber tree of West Africa, considerably enhanced rooting percentages. The optimal concentrations in 10 μl MeOH droplets of a 50 : 50 mixture of α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) ranged from 8–40 μg according to clone. Larger amounts, which tended to increase numbers of roots per rooted cutting, inhibited root production in some clones. When applied singly, IBA was more effective than NAA in most clones.Leafless cuttings rarely rooted even when treated with auxins. Rooting occurred following the retention of 5 cm² of leaf lamina, and was maximal, as judged by rooting percentages, with 50 cm². The inability of leafless cuttings to root was associated with the rapid depletion of all carbohydrates in stem tissues, while those in unshaded leafy cuttings tended to increase.Percentages of cuttings rooting increased when temperatures of propagating-beds were raised above 20°C, and 28°C was optimal for most clones, especially if treated with auxins. Cutting survival declined above 28°C, although up to 38°C surviving cuttings rooted equally well.     

彩叶木本植物千层金扦插繁殖试验

千层金是具有较高观赏价值的彩叶与经济树种之一。用3a生植株采取穗条,研究不同插穗、介质、激素浓度及处理时间等对其生根的影响,试验表明:其插条生根率及生根质量与所用激素的浓度、基质的种类及插穗的粗度有明显差异。用800 mg·kg~(-1)ABT1号生根粉处理30 min,基质采用2份草碳 1份蛭石 1份珍珠岩,选中等粗度插条,7月份扦插,只要温度适中,管理得当,成活率可达75%以上。     

钟花樱扦插繁育研究

比较不同基质、不同生根促进剂及其质量体积浓度、不同季节、不同修剪方式、不同插穗类 型对钟花樱（Cerasus campanulata）扦插生根的影响,结果表明：扦插基质类型、生根激素种类及其质量 体积浓度、扦插季节、插穗留叶面积以及插穗类型均对钟花樱扦插成活率和生根率产生显著或极显著影 响,扦插基质采用黄心土最有利于生根;生根激素种类及其各浓度处理效果均显著高于清水对照,其中 采用IBA 以质量体积浓度2 500 mg · L-1 速蘸10 s 处理效果最佳;于春季扦插最好;插穗留1 片或半片叶 片成活率及生根率远高于不留叶插穗;采用嫩枝扦插和带踵扦插优于硬枝扦插。因此钟花樱扦插宜在春 季,采用修剪成1 片或半片叶片带踵或嫩枝的插穗,经质量体积浓度2 500 mg · L-1 的 IBA 药液蘸10 s 后 扦插在黄心土上,生根效果最好。     

Vegetative propagation of African Blackwood (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Dalbergia melanoxylon</Emphasis> Guill. &; Perr.): effects of age of donor plant,IBA treatment and cutting position on rooting ability of stem cuttings

A study to determine the best vegetative propagation protocol was carried out for Dalbergia melanoxylon. Natural regeneration of D. melanoxylon is limited due to poor seed viability and germination. The effects of age of donor plant, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) treatment and cutting position on rooting of stem cuttings were investigated. The effect of age of donor plant was significant (P < 0.001) only for percent rooting, position effect was significant for all studied parameters, and IBA treatment at 300 ppm was insignificant only for percent callusing. Interactive effects of cutting position × age of donor and cutting position × IBA treatment were significant for percent rooting and root number per cuttings while interactive effect of age × IBA was significant only for percent rooting. Observed difference in rooting performance could be due to uneven distribution of root promoting and inhibiting substances with respect to age of donor plant and IBA which intensified root formation. Cuttings from juvenile donor plant performed better in all rooting parameters than mature donor plant. The highest percentages in rooting were (71.11%) and (24.42%) for cuttings from juvenile and mature donor plants, respectively. IBA treated cuttings produced higher percentage rooting, number of roots and root length than untreated cuttings which revealed a strong IBA influence on rooting ability of stem cuttings in D. melanoxylon. It was concluded that stem cuttings should be taken from juvenile donor plants and basal cutting position should be used to produce high quality planting stock material for the afforestation and conservation programme of D. melanoxylon.     

金焰绣线菊嫩枝扦插繁殖技术研究

金焰绣线菊是新近引种的珍贵园林绿化树种。其嫩枝扦插繁殖技术的研究结果表明 ,金焰绣线菊的生根率因生长调节剂的种类及浓度、插穗部位、扦插基质的不同有明显差异。扦插时只要温、湿度适合 ,管理得当 ,生根率可达 80 %以上。金焰绣线菊嫩枝扦插是一项适于生产中推广应用的繁殖技术     

洞庭湖区月季扦插繁殖试验

为了探索洞庭湖区月季的最佳扦插繁殖技术,选取适合洞庭湖区的5个不同月季品种,进行不同扦插基质,不同扦插部位,不同生根剂种类处理的月季扦插繁殖试验。结果表明:月季扦插时选取中间枝条作为插穗,以泥炭土和河沙按1∶3的比例配成扦插基质,用1 000 mg/L KIBA溶液对插穗进行处理,其扦插成活率最高,达到93%,且插穗生根快,根系良好,植株生长势较旺盛。     

Effect of branch position and auxin treatment on clonal propagation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tectona grandis</Emphasis> Linn. f.

The main objective of our clonal propagation program is the production of high quality timber and faster tree growth. Teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f.) is an important plantation species in the tropics but the demand of teak timber is increasing globally. Teak planting stock is still produced from seeds of unselected elite genotypes which may lead to poor stand establishment. The number of seeds per fruit and their germination ability are also variable and limited by several factors. Therefore an alternative method i.e., clonal propagation is required for mass multiplication of elite trees. It is an established fact that the clonal propagation or adventitious root formation in cuttings is markedly affected by several external and internal factors. Considering these, an experiment was conducted on leafy soft wood shoot cuttings of 3-year-old hedged teak stock plants grown in a hedge garden to study the effects of branch position and auxin treatment on adventitious root formation. A factorial completely randomized design was used for experimentation. Coppice shoots were collected from basal, middle and upper positions of the hedge garden; and mono-nodal leafy cuttings were prepared. These cuttings were treated with different concentrations of IBA and NAA; and were cultured in a mist chamber for rooting where the relative humidity was maintained at 85 ± 2% with maximum and minimum day-night temperature at 32 ± 1°C and 26 ± 1°C respectively. After 45 days the cuttings were removed from the rooting medium and observations were made. It was observed that the rooting parameters viz., percent rooting and percent sprouting, mean number of leaves, mean number of shoots and length, and mean number of roots and length per cutting were significantly influenced by the branch position and auxin treatment. Treatment with 4000 ppm IBA increased percent rooting and percent sprouting whereas NAA suppressed it. Treatment with 4000 ppm IBA also increased the mean number of leaves and shoots, and the length, and the mean number of roots per cutting. The highest mean number of roots and length were observed in cuttings taken from the branch emerging at the upper position followed by branches of middle and lower position. Cuttings of branches at a middle position showed the highest values of percent rooting, percent sprouting, mean number of leaves and shoots and mean shoot length per cutting. Furthermore, the interactive effect of branch position and auxin treatment on rooting and sprouting response was also found to be significant. Overall, the findings of this investigation suggest that middle branch position in hedge plants and 4000 ppm IBA can be made to induce maximum rooting and to produce high quality planting stock material for clonal forestry program of teak.     

Heißwasserverfahren gegen mykoplasmaähnliche Organismen in Kakteen

Hot water having a minimum temperature of 55°C employed for at least ten minutes will kill all vermin on cacti—such as spider mites, mealy bugs, ground mealy bugs and root nematodes in all their stages of development. The hot water treatment is directed against mycoplasmalike organisms in cacti. TwoAustrocylindropuntia spp. cuttings of the same size were prepared. One was left untreated. The other was immersed for 12 minutes in hot water at 57°C and allowed to cool slowly down to 25°C. Sixteen months afterwards the cutting which was treated displayed a growth pattern different from the untreated one in that it exhibited a general pattern of growth like that of the cactusAustrocylindropuntia subulata. Its growth was characterized by the development of hairs and spines, intensive growth of thickness and formation of tubercles or protuberances. Moreover the leaflets were double so long as those in the untreated cutting and the feverish attempts to form new shoots were repressed. The untreated cutting displayed none of these characteristics.     

Adventitious rhizogenesis in Bambusa nutans and Bambusa tulda: Influence of seasonal variation, IBA and cutting type

The influence of seasonal variation, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and type of cuttings was examined on induction and growth of adventitious roots in Bambusa nutans Wall. and Bambusa tulda Roxb. Singlenode culm and culm-branch cuttings from the mature culms were provided with immersion treatment for 24 h of either water (control) or 2 mM IBA in four different seasons, i.e., spring (mid February), summer (mid May), rainy (mid July), and winter (mid November) and maintained for two months in the mist chamber at the relative humidity of (70±5)% and the temperature of (30±2)°C. In B. nutans, adventitious rooting occurred in both types of cuttings in all the seasons with the best rooting in the summer season i.e., May (88% in culm cuttings) and the least in winter. On the contrary, adventitious rooting was recorded only in culm cuttings in spring and summer season in B. tulda. IBA treatment significantly enhanced rooting, root number and root length; registering 14 to 17 times improvement over control in the best rooting season. Three factor-interactions (season × cutting type × IBA treatment) were significant for rooting in B. nutans and all characteristics, except sprouting in B. tulda. Thus, single-node culm and culm-branch cuttings in B. nutans and culm cuttings in B. tulda treated with 2 mM IBA during spring (February) to summer (May) season are recommended for their clonal multiplication.     

Molecular sieving behavior of carbonized wood: selective adsorption of toluene from a gas mixture containing α-pinene

The adsorption properties of wood carbonized at various temperatures were investigated using a mixed gas containing toluene and α-pinene. Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) samples carbonized at 500°–1100°C were exposed to gas mixtures of toluene and α-pinene at 20°C. The samples carbonized at 500°–700°C only adsorbed toluene, whereas those carbonized at 800°–1100°C adsorbed both toluene and α-pinene. Analysis of the surface structure of the carbonized wood by nitrogen adsorption at liquid nitrogen temperature indicated that the sample carbonized at 700°C had micropores mainly 0.6 nm in diameter and few mesopores, whereas the samples carbonized at 900°C and 1100°C had mesopores and micropores larger than 0.8 nm in diameter. With the sample carbonized at 700°C, the flat-shaped toluene molecules could probably penetrate into the narrower pores, 0.8 nm in diameter, whereas the bulky globular-shaped α-pinene molecules could not. Carbonization at temperatures higher than 900°C probably enlarged the pore size and thereby reduced the selectivity of adsorption. The results revealed that wood carbonized below activation temperature has a unique flat-pore structure that seems to work as a kind of molecular sieving carbon, successfully removing only the harmful volatile organic compound (VOC), toluene, and leaving behind a pleasant aroma of α-pinene in the atmosphere.     

Variations of fine root diameter with root order in Manchurian ash and Dahurian larch plantations

Fine root lifespan and turnover play an important role in carbon allocation and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. Fine roots are typically defined as less than 1 or 2 mm in diameter. However, when categorizing roots by this diameter size, the position of an individual root on the complex lateral branching pattern has often been ignored, and our knowledge about relationships between branching order and root function thus remains limited. More recently, studies on root survivals found that longevity was remarkably different in the same branching level due to diameter variations. The objectives of this study were: (1) To examine variations of fine root diameter from the first-to fifth-orders in Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr and Larix gmelinii Rupr roots; and (2) To reveal how the season, soil nutrient, and water availability affect root diameter in different branch order in two species. This study was conducted at Maoershan Forest Research Station (45°21′–45°25′N, 127°30′–127°34′E) owned by Northeast Forestry University in Harbin, northeast China. Both F. mandshurica and L. gmelinii were planted in 1986. In each plantation, fine roots of two species by sampling up to five fine root branch orders three times during the 2003 growing season from two soil depths (i.e., 0–10 and 10–20 cm) were obtained. The results showed that average diameters of fine roots were significantly different among the five branch orders. The first-order had the thinner roots and the fifth order had the thickest roots, the diameter increasing regularly with the ascending branch orders in both species. If the diameter of fine roots was defined as being smaller than 0.5 mm, the first three orders of F. mandshurica roots and the first two orders of L. gmelinii roots would be included in the fine root population. The diameter ranges of the fine roots from first-order to fifth-order were 0.15–0.58, 0.18–0.70, 0.26–1.05, 0.36–1.43, and 0.71–2.96 mm for F. mandshurica, and 0.17–0.76, 0.23–1.02, 0.26–1.10, 0.38–1.77, and 0.84–2.80 mm for L. gmelinii. The average coefficient of variation in first-order roots was less than 10%, second-and third-order was 10–20%, and fourth-and fifth-order was 20–30%. Thus, variation in root diameter also increased with the ascending root order. These results suggest that “fine roots”, which are traditionally defined as an arbitrary diameter class (i.e., <2 mm in diameter) may be too large a size class when compared with the finest roots. The finest roots have much shorter lifespan than larger diameter roots; however, the larger roots are still considered a component of the fine root system. Differences in the lifespan between root diameter and root order affect estimates of root turnover. Therefore, based on this study, it has been concluded that both diameter and branch order should be considered in the estimation of root lifespan and turnover. __________ Translated from Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 2005, 29(6): 871–877 [译自: 植物生态学报]     

ABT1号生根粉对聊红槐硬枝扦插的影响

以细河沙作扦插基质,用ABT1号生根粉处理插穗,清水处理作为对照,分别在温室和大田环境下进行聊红槐硬枝扦插试验,80 d后的调查结果表明,聊红槐硬枝扦插生根的类型为愈伤组织生根型。ABT1号浓度对根系效果指数的影响大于环境因素,ABT1号以低浓度(50~200 mg.L-1)为宜。在温室环境下,插穗愈伤组织的出现期和不定根的形成期比大田环境早约5 d,插穗生根率和根系效果指数均高于大田环境。温室环境与50 mg.L-1ABT1号的组合为最佳处理,其生根率为82%,平均根数为4.97根,平均根长14.12 cm,根系效果指数为1.40,分别比对照提高了86%、76.9%、93.2%和241%,差异极显著。