深入学习实践科学发展观 推动水土保持监测事业又好又快发展

总结了我国水土保持监测所取得的成就及其在生态建设中发挥的作用,阐述了在新形势下加强水土保持监测的必然性。提出了到2015年要实现的目标及为实现目标重点要做好的工作:一是推动监测机构体制改革,保障机构队伍的稳定;二是完善监测技术标准体系及监测工作制度;三是建设全国水土保持监测网络和信息系统;四是加强监测基础设施建设;五是全面推进水土保持动态监测工作;六是推动水土保持科学研究,完善水土流失预测预报系统。     

突出重点 加强科技 推动水土保持事业又好又快发展

2006年各项水土保持工作取得了新进展:历时近2年的“中国水土流失与生态安全综合科学考察”取得重大研究成果,全国共审批开发建设项目水土保持方案2.31万个,全年完成水土流失综合治理面积4.17万km2,完成生态初步修复面积35万km2,全国水土保持监测评价体系逐步完善。在今后的工作中必须坚持用科学发展的理念指导水土保持实践、切实把水土保持工作纳入新农村建设之中,依法加强对开发建设项目的全过程管理,注重通过产业发展来带动水土流失防治工作。2007年的重点工作是:强化监督执法,继续推动和实施好各级重点工程建设,注重提高生态自我修复工作的水平,积极推进水土保持机制体制创新,加大水土保持宣传力度。总结了“十五”以来的水土保持科技工作,明确了今后水土保持科技工作的思路、主要目标和任务,提出了加强水土保持科技发展的政策措施。     

突出重点 加强科技 推动水保事业又好又快发展(节选)

2006年水土保持工作成绩显著,以开展水土流失综合科学考察为契机,整体提升水土保持科技水平;以加强开发建设项目水土保持监管为手段,大力推进人为水土流失的防治工作;以实施国家重点防治工程为依托,推进山丘区水土流失综合治理和新农村建设;以弘扬人与自然和谐相处的理念为导向,积极推动水土保持生态自我修复工作;以监测网络与信息系统建设为龙头,不断夯实水土保持事业发展的基础。2007年水土保持工作重点是:应当充分认识到党中央、国务院对水土流失高度重视,采取更加有力的措施推动水土保持工作。应当清醒地认识到当前我国水土流失的严重状况,继续全力推进防治工作。面对多部门联合推进生态建设的现实,找准定位,积极发挥综合优势和主导作用。抓住国家建立生态补偿的机遇,做好有关调研和基础工作,推动水土保持进入新的历史阶段。     

抓住新一轮西部大开发战略机遇 推动黄河上中游水土保持又好又快发展

"十一五"期间,黄河上中游地区共治理水土流失面积5.6万km2,重点工程建设取得新成效,预防保护与生态修复取得新进展,监督执法专项行动取得新成果,基础工作水平有了新提高,体制机制改革有了新突破。到"十二五"末,要完成水土流失治理面积6.15万km2,建设淤地坝1.4万座,年均减少入黄泥沙5亿t。2011年,流域各级政府和相关部门要着力做好以下4个方面的工作:以搞好重点工程建设为抓手,不断提高水土保持工作的质量和效益;以实施最严格的水土保持监督监测制度为手段,加大对生产建设项目的监督管理力度;以攻克水土保持关键技术难题为重点,全面加强基础工作,健全水土保持生态建设与保护的长效机制;以建立健全水土保持生态补偿机制为突破口,深化改革创新,不断增强水土保持发展的内生动力。     

关于加强黄委水土保持监测工作的思考

黄委近年来开展了一系列水土保持监测工作,取得了一定成效。在新时期,流域水土保持监测任务更加繁重,特别是黄委党组提出了实施最严格的水土保持监督监测制度,这是对流域水土保持工作提出的新要求。为加强黄河流域水土保持监测工作,落实最严格的水土保持监督监测制度,建议:健全机构,增强履行流域机构水土保持监测职责的能力;大力开展水土保持监测前期工作和基础工作;发挥黄委水土保持监测管理作用,为流域水土流失治理、水土保持投资、监督执法服务;加强水土保持监测技术研究;建立水土保持监测系统的良性运行维护保障机制。     

关于水土保持监测工作的思考

作为水土保持与规划的一项基础性工作,水土保持监测采集的数据是水土流失监测系统的基础性依据,为防治水土流失与开展水土保持工作提供了科学依据,并提高了水土保持决策水平,服务于生产实践。基于此,阐述了水土保持监测的概念,并全面分析了水土保持监测的目的和重要性,同时介绍了水土保持监测的方法,从总体上对水土保持监测工作有了更深层次的认识,对于开展监测工作作出了新的探索。     

北京市水土保持监测工作的实践与思考

全面总结了近年来北京市水土保持监测工作取得的成效,分析了在监测网络、监测技术和管理体系、监测数据共享等方面存在的问题,并根据《北京市水土保持条例》《北京市水土保持规划(2016—2030年)》,以及新时期水利部关于水土保持监测工作的要求,探讨了北京市水土保持监测工作下一步工作思路和工作重点,包括:加快推进水土保持监测网络完善与运行管理,全面加强年度水土流失监测,积极推进水土保持监管重点监测,着力强化水土保持监测成果管理与应用等。     

关于水土保持监测概念的讨论

自1990年代初期以来,我国开展了大量水土保持监测工作,但水土保持监测工作理论研究比较薄弱.在总结水土保持监测工作及其理论研究基础上,对水土保持监测的概念,水土保持监测与试验观测和侵蚀模型研究的关系,以及水土保持监测的内容与方法等问题进行了初步讨论.     

求真务实 迎难而上 开创长江流域水土保持监测工作新局面

近年来,长江流域的水土保持监测工作取得显著成效,流域水土保持监测体系基本建成、生产建设项目水土保持监测逐步开展、水土保持定期公报制度已经形成,但也存在一些如水土保持监测管理工作不到位、监测管理制度不健全等亟待解决的问题。面对新形势、新变化,必须认真开展水土保持监测,及时掌握流域水土流失动态和水土保持防治措施实施情况。介绍了长江流域在2010年和"十二五"时期须做好的有关监测工作:一是以全国水土保持监测网络和信息系统建设为重点,全面推动流域水土保持监测工作;二是建立水土保持监测协作机制,打造流域监测信息和技术交流平台;三是强化生产建设项目水土保持监测工作,实现生产建设项目水土保持监测规范化、制度化;四是加强对水土保持监测数据的管理,加快流域水土保持信息化建设步伐。     

我国水土保持监测工作的现状及问题

从水土保持监测是水土保持工作的重要内容,是水土保持法律法规赋予的重要职责,是水土保持预防、监督、治理等宏观决策的基础等方面阐述了水土保持监测的重要性和必要性.分析了水土保持监测的现状和存在的问题,并针对性地提出了加强水土保持监测工作的一些设想.(1)加强领导,建立水土保持监测目标责任制;(2)大力宣传水土保持监测的重要性;(3)建立统一的水土保持监测监督管理体制,明确机构定位和发展方向;(4)落实经费,保障水土保持监测工作正常开展;(5)进一步加强水土保持监测能力建设;(6)加强水土保持监测数据的质量监督与管理.     

Chemistry, biochemistry, nutrition, and microbiology of lysinoalanine, lanthionine, and histidinoalanine in food and other proteins

Heat and alkali treatments of foods, widely used in food processing, result in the formation of dehydro and cross-linked amino acids such as dehydroalanine, methyldehydroalanine, beta-aminoalanine, lysinoalanine (LAL), ornithinoalanine, histidinoalanine (HAL), phenylethylaminoalanine, lanthionine (LAN), and methyl-lanthionine present in proteins and are frequently accompanied by concurrent racemization of L-amino acid isomers to D-analogues. The mechanism of LAL formation is a two-step process: first, hydroxide ion-catalyzed elimination of H(2)S from cystine and H(2)O, phosphate, and glycosidic moieties from serine residues to yield a dehydroalanine intermediate; second, reaction of the double bond of dehydroalanine with the epsilon-NH(2) group of lysine to form LAL. Analogous elimination-addition reactions are postulated to produce the other unusual amino acids. Processing conditions that favor these transformations include high pH, temperature, and exposure time. Factors that minimize LAL formation include the presence of SH-containing amino acids, sodium sulfite, ammonia, biogenic amines, ascorbic acid, citric acid, malic acid, and glucose; dephosphorylation of O-phosphoryl esters; and acylation of epsilon-NH(2) groups of lysine. The presence of LAL residues along a protein chain decreases digestibility and nutritional quality in rodents and primates but enhances nutritional quality in ruminants. LAL has a strong affinity for copper and other metal ions and is reported to induce enlargement of nuclei of rats and mice but not of primate kidney cells. LAL, LAN, and HAL also occur naturally in certain peptide and protein antibiotics (cinnamycin, duramycin, epidermin, nisin, and subtilin) and in body organs and tissues (aorta, bone, collagen, dentin, and eye cataracts), where their formation may be a function of the aging process. These findings are not only of theoretical interest but also have practical implications for nutrition, food safety, and health. Further research needs are suggested for each of these categories. These overlapping aspects are discussed in terms of general concepts for a better understanding of the impact of LAL and related compounds in the diet. Such an understanding can lead to improvement in food quality and safety, nutrition, microbiology, and human health.     

Cooking,Roasting, and Fermentation of Chickpeas,Lentils, Peas,and Soybeans for Fortification of Leavened Bread

The effects of cooking, roasting, and fermentation on the composition and protein properties of grain legumes and the characteristics of dough and bread incorporated with legume flours were determined to identify an appropriate pretreatment. Oligosaccharide content of legumes was reduced by 76.2–96.9% by fermentation, 44.0–64.0% by roasting, and 28.4–70.1% by cooking. Cooking and roasting decreased protein solubility but improved in vitro protein digestibility. Mixograph absorption of wheat and legume flour blends increased from 50–52% for raw legumes to 68–76, 62–64, and 74–80% for cooked, roasted, and fermented ones, respectively. Bread dough with cooked or roasted legume flour was less sticky than that with raw or fermented legume flour. Loaf volume of bread baked from wheat and raw or roasted legume flour blends with or without gluten addition was consistently highest for chickpeas, less for peas and lentils, and lowest for soybeans. Roasted legume flour exhibited more appealing aroma and greater loaf volume of bread than cooked legume flour, and it appears to be the most appropriate preprocessing method for incorporation into bread.     

Detection, accumulation, distribution, and depletion of furaltadone and nifursol residues in poultry muscle, liver, and gizzard

Nitrofurans were broadly used as an extremely effective veterinary antibiotic especially in pig and poultry production farms. Because of fears of the carcinogenic effects on humans, the nitrofurans were banned from use in livestock production in many countries, including the European Union. The present study examines the accumulation, distribution, and depletion of furaltadone and nifursol and of their tissue-bound metabolites [3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ) and 3,5-dinitro-salicylic acid hydrazine (DNSAH), respectively, in poultry edible tissues (muscle, liver, and gizzards) following administration to chickens of therapeutic and subtherapeutic concentrations of both compounds. Nitrofurans determination was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, respectively, for feeds and for poultry tissues. Furaltadone and nifursol, in very low concentrations, were found in samples of muscle, liver, and chicken's gizzard collected from slaughtered animals after 5 weeks of treatment and no withdrawal time period. When a withdrawal time period of 3 weeks was respected, no detectable nitrofuran parent compounds was observed in all of the studied matrices. For AMOZ, concentrations of 270 μg/kg in meat, 80 μg/kg in liver, and 331 μg/kg in gizzard were determined after administration of a medicated feed with furaltadone (132 mg/kg), 3 weeks after withdrawal of treatment. For DNSAH, the concentration values obtained are much lower than those observed for AMOZ. For meat, liver, and gizzard, DNSAH concentrations of 2.5, 6.4, and 10.3 μg/kg, respectively, were determined, after administration of a medicated feed with nifursol (98 mg/kg), 3 weeks after withdrawal of treatment. The gizzard could be considered a selected matrix for nitrofuran residues evaluation in poultry, due to its capacity of retaining either nitrofuran parent compounds or metabolites in higher concentrations, regardless of the administered dose or of the respected withdrawal time period.     

Occurrence, sensory impact, formation, and fate of damascenone in grapes, wines, and other foods and beverages

Among plant-derived odorants, damascenone is one of the most ubiquitous, sometimes occurring as an apparent natural product but more commonly occurring in processed foodstuffs and beverages. It has been widely reported as a component of alcoholic beverages, particularly of wines made from the grape Vitis vinifera . Although damascenone has one of the lowest ortho- and retronasal detection thresholds of any odorant, its contribution to the sensory properties of most products remains poorly understood. Damascenone can be formed by acid-catalyzed hydrolyses of plant-derived apocarotenoids, in both aglycon and glycoconjugated forms. These reactions can account for the formation of damascenone in some, but not all, products. In wine, damascenone can also be subject to degradation processes, particularly by reaction with sulfur dioxide.     

Phytotoxicity of cobalt,vanadium, titanium,silver, and chromium

Abstract

The phytotoxicity of five nonessential elements (Co, V, Ti, Ag, Cr) to higher plants was studied in solution culture experiments with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen). All, but in varying degrees, tended to concentrate in roots with a decreasing gradient to stems and leaves. Cobalt was one of the more mobile of the five trace metals. Its toxicity was expressed as severe chlorosis; 43 (with 10^‐5 M) and 142 (with 10^‐4 M) μg Co/g dry weight in leaves resulted in severe chlorosis. Vanadium as 10^‐4 M vanadate resulted in smaller plants but not in chlorosis. Leaf, stem, and root V, respectively, were 13, 8, and 881 μg/g dry weight. Titanium was somewhat mobile with considerable yield decrease at 10^‐4 M; leaf, stem, and root Ti concentrations, respectively, were 202, 48, and 2420 μg/g. Symptoms were chlorosis, necrotic spots on leaves, and stunting. Silver was very lethal at 10^‐4 M AgNO₃; at 10^‐5 M yields were greatly decreased, but plants were grown without symptoms. Leaf, stem, and root concentrations of Ag for this treatment, respectively, were 5.8, 5.1, and 1760 μg/g dry weight. Plants grown with 10^‐5 N Cr₂O₇ were decreased in yield by about 25% with or without EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) while the same level of Cr₂(SO₄)₃ was essentially without effect. For the two salts, the leaf, stem, root concentrations for Cr, respectively were 2.2 and 1.3, 0.7 and 0. 7, and 140 and 104 μg/g. Most of the trace metals studied here had interactions in the uptake and/or distribution of other elements.     

Grain Yield,Quality, and Nutrient Concentrations of Feed,Food, and Malt Barley

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a cereal grown for animal feed, human consumption, and malting. Nutrient concentrations are important as they provide information regarding the dietary values of barley consumed by animals or human beings. In addition, grain nutrient removal may be useful for refining fertilizer recommendations. A study was conducted in 2015 and 2016 investigating the cultivar effects on grain yield, quality, and grain nutrient concentrations and removal under irrigated conditions for two-row barley cultivars. Adjunct and feed cultivars produced the highest yields compared with the all-malt and food cultivars. Specific quality and nutrient values were greater than or equal to in the food cultivar compared to the malt or feed cultivars. Variations in nutrient concentrations were measured among the adjunct and all-malt cultivars, which could potentially affect the malting and brewing qualities. Grain yield, quality, nutrient concentrations and nutrient removal varied among cultivars grown under identical environmental conditions, which may influence end-use.     

Concentrations of arsenic,cadmium, mercury,and lead in common foods and estimated daily intake by children,adolescents, adults,and seniors of Catalonia,Spain

This study was designed to estimate the dietary intake of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) by the general population of Catalonia, Spain. The concentrations of these elements were determined in food samples randomly acquired in seven cities of Catalonia between June and August 2000. A total of 11 food groups were included in the study. As, Cd, Hg, and Pb levels were measured by ICP-MS and AAS. The dietary intake of these elements was determined by a total diet study. Calculations were carried out on the basis of recent data on the consumption of the selected food items. Trace element intake was estimated for five population groups: children, adolescents, male and female adults, and seniors. The highest dietary intakes of As (223.6 microg/day), Cd (15.7 microg/day), Hg (21.2 microg/day), and Pb (28.4 microg/day) corresponded to male adults. For all analyzed elements, fish and shellfish was the group showing the highest contribution to the respective intakes. In comparison with previous results, a general decrease in As, Cd, Hg, and Pb intake has occurred. The dietary intake of these elements was also compared with the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI). Dietary intakes of As, Cd, Hg, and Pb by the population of Catalonia are currently well below the respective PTWIs.     

Liquid chromatographic determination of identity, content, and content uniformity of desipramine, fluphenazine, and promazine

A liquid chromatographic procedure has been developed for the assay, content uniformity, and identification of single active ingredient formulations of desipramine, fluphenazine, and promazine. The drugs are extracted from formulations with methanol or dilute hydrochloric acid and quantitated against an internal standard (norephedrine). The drugs are identified by comparison of retention times with those of the reference standards.     

Total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, gotu kola, and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E, and tert-butylhydroquinone

The total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, gotu kola, and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E, and tert-butylhydroquinone, were determined. Grape seed and green tea were analyzed for their phenolic constituents using high-performance liquid chromatography. The total phenolics of the plant extracts, determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, ranged from 24.8 to 92.5 mg of chlorogenic acid equivalent/g dry material. The antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts determined by conjugated diene measurement of methyl linoleate were 3.4-86.3%. The antioxidant activity of the extracts using chicken fat by an oxidative stability instrument (4.6-10.2 h of induction time) followed a similar trend in antioxidant activity as determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Seven phenolics in grape seed and green tea extracts were identified that ranged from 15.38 to 1158.49 and 18.3 to 1087.02 mg/100 g of extract, respectively. Plant extracts such as green tea and grape seed extracts can be used to retard lipid oxidation in a variety of food products.     

Screening and quantitation of ochratoxin A in corn, peanuts, beans, rice, and cassava

To answer the need for simple, economical, rapid methods for mycotoxins, a procedure for screening and quantitation of ochratoxin A was developed. A methanol-aqueous KCl extraction is used, followed by cleanup with clarifying agents and partition into chloroform. Part of the chloroform extract is used for screening and the other part for quantitation by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The screening procedure takes 40 min, using a silica gel/aluminum oxide minicolumn developed for this purpose. The limits of detection are 80 and 10 micrograms/kg, respectively, for minicolumn screening and TLC quantitation. Ammonium sulfate is efficient in cleaning samples of corn and cassava; cupric sulfate is better with peanuts, beans, and rice. Tests were conducted on triplicate spiked samples of yellow corn meal, raw peanuts, dried black beans, polished rice, and cassava flour at different levels (400, 200, 80, 40, and 10 micrograms/kg). Recoveries ranged from 86 to 160% and the coefficients of variation ranged from 0 to 26%.