食品3D打印技术的发展现状

近年来,食品3D打印技术发展迅速,呈现的形式也多样化。该文介绍了挤出型、粉体凝结型和喷墨型食品3D打印技术的工作原理、应用范围、优缺点及市场应用情况。同时,3D打印的食品原料需要满足3个特性:打印性、适宜性和后加工性。目前,制约食品3D打印技术发展的因素主要是打印原料的局限性、流动性、打印速度、打印后模型的稳定性等。同时亟需将食品3D打印技术与食品营养学科相结合,在开发不同人群或个性化营养需求食品制造上寻找到突破口,为营养健康食品产业带来新革命。     

Computerized screening for novel producers of Monascus-like food pigments in Penicillium species

Monascus pigments have been used as natural food colorants in Asia for centuries. They are not authorized for use in the European Union and the United States mainly due to the risk of coproduction of the mycotoxin citrinin by Monascus spp. In the present study, we screened for novel producers of Monascus-like pigments from ascomycetous filamentous fungi belonging to Penicillium subgenus Biverticillium that are not reported to produce citrinin or any other known mycotoxins. The screening was carried out using the X-hitting algorithm as a tool to quickly screen through chromatographic sample data files of 22 different Penicillium extracts with 12 Monascus pigment extracts as controls. The algorithm searched for the most similar UV-vis spectra of the metabolites (cross hits) present in the pigment extracts to those of the selected reference metabolites viz. monascin, rubropunctatin, rubropunctamine, and citrinin. The cross hits were then manually identified on the basis of their UV-vis and mass spectra. X-hitting was found to be a good tool in the rapid screening of crude pigment extracts. Monascus pigments were discovered in the extracts of two closely related species of Penicillium that were only distantly related to the genus Monascus. Monascorubrin, xanthomonasin A, and threonine derivatives of rubropunctatin were identified in the extract of Penicillium aculeatum IBT 14263, and monascorubrin was identified in the extract of Penicillium pinophilum IBT 13104. None of the tested Penicillium extracts showed the presence of citrinin. Thus, the present study brought out two novel promising sources of yellow, orange, and purple-red Monascus-like food pigments in the species of Penicillia that do not produce citrinin and opened the door to look for several more new promising sources of natural food colorants in the species of Penicillia.     

田间作物群体三维点云柱体空间分割方法

农田作物群体表型信息对于研究作物内部基因改变和培育优良品种具有重要意义.为实现田间作物群体点云数据中单个植株对象的完整提取与分割,以便于更高效地完成作物个体表型参数的自动测量,该研究提出一种田间作物柱体空间聚类分割方法.利用三维激光扫描仪获取田间油菜、玉米和棉花的三维点云数据,基于HSI(Hue-Saturation-...     

基于三维激光扫描技术的冻结黑土细沟发育模拟

为探究融雪径流与冻结状态对黑土细沟网络发育的影响,该研究开展了冻结与非冻结处理黑土坡面的融雪径流模拟冲刷试验,利用三维激光扫描技术获取多次定时径流冲刷并直至侵蚀形态稳定的坡面点云,结合数字表面模型差异（digital surface model of difference, DoD）微地形变化监测方法与点云逆向工程,获取细沟网络发育过程的侵蚀面积、侵蚀体积、细沟长度和细沟密度等侵蚀参数。结果表明,冻结因素与温度变化对细沟网络发育过程与程度有重要影响：1）冻结处理的黑土坡面更容易发展出细沟网络,达到坡面侵蚀形态基本稳定后的侵蚀面积、侵蚀体积以及侵蚀细沟长度是非冻结处理黑土坡面的291%、557%和437%。2）冻结处理与非冻结处理沿坡面细沟截面形态变化差异明显。冻结坡面细沟交叉时宽深比R_W/D快速减小,下切速度加快,随后宽度与深度呈比例稳定增加;非冻结坡面汇水处的R_W/D随冲刷次数增加而增大,侧蚀速度加快,其他截面R_W/D随着冲刷次数的增加而减小,下切速度加快。3）采用ArcGIS与点云逆向工程模型联合获取的冻结状态下细沟形态参数与发育过程DoD相对误差范围为-12.70%～4.42%,提取精度在95%以上。该联合方法在冻结土体条件下获取细沟参数具有较高精度,可作为土壤侵蚀参数高精度提取的一种手段。     

Fast extraction and dilution flow injection mass spectrometry method for quantitative chemical residue screening in food

A prototype multiresidue method based on fast extraction and dilution of samples followed by flow injection mass spectrometric analysis is proposed here for high-throughput chemical screening in complex matrices. The method was tested for sulfonylurea herbicides (triflusulfuron methyl, azimsulfuron, chlorimuron ethyl, sulfometuron methyl, chlorsulfuron, and flupyrsulfuron methyl), carbamate insecticides (oxamyl and methomyl), pyrimidine carboxylic acid herbicides (aminocyclopyrachlor and aminocyclopyrachlor methyl), and anthranilic diamide insecticides (chlorantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole). Lemon and pecan were used as representative high-water and low-water content matrices, respectively, and a sample extraction procedure was designed for each commodity type. Matrix-matched external standards were used for calibration, yielding linear responses with correlation coefficients (r) consistently >0.99. The limits of detection (LOD) were estimated to be between 0.01 and 0.03 mg/kg for all analytes, allowing execution of recovery tests with samples fortified at ≥0.05 mg/kg. Average analyte recoveries obtained during method validation for lemon and pecan ranged from 75 to 118% with standard deviations between 3 and 21%. Representative food processed fractions were also tested, that is, soybean oil and corn meal, yielding individual analyte average recoveries ranging from 62 to 114% with standard deviations between 4 and 18%. An intralaboratory blind test was also performed; the method excelled with 0 false positives and 0 false negatives in 240 residue measurements (20 samples × 12 analytes). The daily throughput of the fast extraction and dilution (FED) procedure is estimated at 72 samples/chemist, whereas the flow injection mass spectrometry (FI-MS) throughput could be as high as 4.3 sample injections/min, making very efficient use of mass spectrometers with negligible instrumental analysis time compared to the sample homogenization, preparation, and data processing steps.     

基于三维X-CT图像的结皮土壤孔隙结构特征与渗透率

地表结皮广泛存在于干旱半干旱地区的表层土壤,对水土保持和生态环境有着重要的影响.该研究采用X射线断层扫描成像技术(X-CT)和图像分析方法,获取并分析了3个含表层结皮的土样(孔隙率分别为0.196、0.144和0.093)三维孔隙结构特征,并利用格子玻尔兹曼方法计算了各土样沿深度方向不同土层的渗透率.孔隙结构分析发现,...     

Modelling water transfer by rain-splash in a 3D canopy using Monte Carlo integration

Rain-splash is a very effective process in the short distance dispersal of biotic and abiotic particles leading to potential biological or chemical contamination within crop ecosystems. A physical approach to simulate water transfer by rain-splash in a 3D canopy structure is presented. This new approach is based on the explicit parameterisations of the mechanisms such as raindrop propagation, production and transport of splash droplets and their interception by canopy elements. The model theory and its numerical solution were based on the Monte Carlo integration technique. The calculation of droplet trajectories was validated by comparison with the previous published measured data (R²=0.99 for the terminal velocity and R²=0.93 for the distance travelled by droplets). Simulated patterns of splash dispersal through artificial canopies consisting of vertical cylinders compared well with measured patterns (R²=0.90). This new modelling approach is promising for studying particle dispersal by rain-splash in complex canopy structures.     

In vitro neuropeptide y mRNA expressing model for screening essences that may affect appetite using rolf b1.T cells

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is the most important appetite regulator. This study aimed to establish an in vitro NPY mRNA expression model for screening essences to determine if they are an appetite stimulator or inhibitor. We cultured the olfactory nerve cells Rolf B1.T for 2 days and then treated the cells with the known appetite inhibitor limonene and stimulator linalool. It was found that linalool could significantly stimulate NPY mRNA expression in 10 min, and limonene had the opposite effect. Similar results were also found in primary olfactory ensheathing cells isolated from rats. Further clinical trials using human subjects found that, when 10 min of treatment was applied, linalool indeed increased the serum NPY level in human peripheral blood. Limonene, on the other hand, decreased the serum NPY level. Thus, NPY mRNA expression in Rolf B1.T cells could be used as an in vitro model for screening essences that may affect appetite.     

Analysis of fat-soluble vitamins. XVI. Antirachitic activity of 5,6-trans-vitamin D3 alone and in the presence of 5,6-cis-vitamin D3 resin, using chick bioassays.

Two biological assays were conducted in which the antirachitic activity in chicks of 5,6-trans-vitamin D3 added to feed is compared with that of 5,6-cis-vitamin D3. On the basis of the results obtained it is concluded that the relative potency of the trans isomer is, at the most, 5% and that the antirachitic activity of the trans isomer is not markedly enhanced (an increase to a relative potency of 16%, at the most) if the cis isomer is also included in the diet. The results are not conclusive on the inhibition or lack of inhibition of the antirachitic activity of 5,6-cis-vitamin D3 by the presence of 5,6-trans-vitamin D3 in the feed.     

信息叠加法大田初步筛选镉铅低富集叶菜

为了降低Cd、Pb污染菜地的食物链风险,在Cd、Pb全量及田间管理等不一致的广州市城郊菜地,进行了2个大田小区试验来研究29种常见叶菜的Cd、Pb吸收特征,并通过信息叠加法来筛选Cd、Pb低富集叶菜。结果表明,供试叶菜地上部Cd、Pb含量都没有超过我国食品中污染物限量标准,Cd在叶菜中的迁移能力较Pb强;叶菜Cd含量呈现科属亲缘特征,莴苣属和番薯属叶菜地上部Cd含量显著高于芸苔属(p<0.05)。同时筛选到3种低Cd叶菜和6种低Pb叶菜,在广州近郊菜地种植,其可食部分Cd、Pb较低。     

Review of in vitro test systems using DNA damage and repair for screening of chemical carcinogens.

Chemical carcinogens are mechanistically classified as genotoxic which interact directly with DNA, and epigenetic which cause chronic tissue injury, hormonal imbalance, and promotional effects. This review evaluates in vitro tests for their contribution to a battery for identifying genotoxic chemical carcinogens. In addition to bacterial mutagenic assays, nonspecific DNA damage/repair tests are recommended for screening chemicals, in particular the hepatocyte primary culture/DNA repair test.     

Preliminary results of a screening for GA3 response in wheats of the Gatersleben gene bank

Summary A total of 700 wheat accessions of the Gatersleben gene bank were screened for gibberellic acid insensitivity genes (Gai) by a modified method. It was found, that 77 hexaploid and 5 tetraploid wheats were GA₃-insensitive. The probable origin of theGai-genes is discussed.

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Vorläufige Ergebnisse eines Screening der GA₃-Sensitivität von Weizen der Gaterslebener Genbank

Zusammenfassung 700 Sorten bzw. Linien der Weizenkollektion der Gaterslebener Genbank wurden unter Verwendung eines modifizierten Testverfahrens auf das Vorhandensein bzw. Fehlen von Gibberellinsäureinsensitivitätsgenen (Gai-Gene) geprüft. Dabei zeigte sich, daß 77 hexaploide und 5 tetraploide Weizen gegenüber GA₃ insensitiv waren. Die vermutlichen Herkünfte derGai-Gene werden diskutiert.

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GA₃

700 (Gai-), . ¶rt; , 77 5 GA₃. Gai-.

     

大田玉米长势的三维图像监测与建模

基于双目立体视觉对大田间玉米生长参数进行测量,并建立玉米三维生长模型,以实现大田玉米生长参数的实时测量和生长过程的三维虚拟显示。以上次测量的平均株高平面为测量区域基准面,利用大津法提取测量区域的玉米叶片。对测量区域进行均匀网格分割,通过对左右网格的匹配,求得覆盖面积和平均颜色。对网格的形心,通过左右视觉的对应进行三维重建,获得形心点云的三维数据和平均株高。利用标杆的测量方法佐证了三维株高测量的正确性。利用上述测量参数,构建了玉米的三维生长模型,并利用OpenGL实现了玉米生长过程的三维虚拟显示。为下一步玉米生物量的实时无损检测以及更精确的玉米三维虚拟建模奠定了基础。     

Determination of vitamin D3 in liquid multivitamin preparation, using reverse phase, solid phase extraction liquid chromatography

A method is described for the determination of vitamin D3 in a liquid multivitamin preparation by liquid chromatography. Samples are purified on a disposable reverse phase extraction (SPE) column with a mobile phase of methanol-2-propanol (97 + 3) and are analyzed on a Zorbax ODS (5 micron) column with an acetonitrile-2-propanol-water (90 + 8 + 2) solvent system. Vitamin D3 is completely resolved from other interfering compounds within approximately 21 min and is detected with a UV detector at 254 nm. A mean of 98.5% of theory with a coefficient of variation of 3.8% was found for determination of vitamin D3 in a commercial preparation.     

Fast and sensitive screening method for detection of trichothecenes in maize by using protein synthesis inhibition in cultured fibroblasts

A fast and sensitive bioassay with hamster (BHK-21 C13) fibroblasts for the detection of toxic trichothecenes in maize is described. Cells are exposed to pure toxins or crude maize extracts for 30 min. The mixture is then incubated with [1-14C]-leucine for an additional 60 min and the radioactivity incorporated into the protein of the washed cells is determined. The sensitivity of the assay was in the range 1-10 ng/mL (or 50 ppb in maize) for T-2, HT-2, and diacetoxyscirpenol. At least 1000-fold higher concentrations of non-trichothecene mycotoxins and plant toxins were necessary to cause an inhibition of protein synthesis in the cells. Of 24 maize samples tested, 14 gave a positive response in this assay and the presence of trichothecenes could be confirmed chemically in 11 samples. Therefore, the described bioassay is proposed as a useful screening method for cytotoxic trichothecenes in maize.     

Methods of analysis for toxic elements in food products. 3. Limit of determination of methods for assuring safety

To evaluate the suitability of the analytical methods used in determining food safety, a new metrological characteristic "MQS" is suggested. MQS is defined as the absolute minimum quantity in micrograms of a substance that can be determined in a test solution (solubilized test portion). MQS accounts for 2 factors: (a) the necessity for a reliable determination of ML (maximum permitted level, i.e., regulatory tolerance), and (b) the optimum quantity of test portion of a food product to be analyzed, and thus assists in evaluating the suitability of a method to assure food safety. The MQS of 8 toxic elements in any food are As, 3; Cd, 0.5; Cu, 20; Fe, 50; Hg, 0.2; Pb, 4; Sn, 200; Zn, 100 micrograms. To characterize the applicability of any given method, the specific minimum limit of determination, MQSM, must be established for each method. The method in question may be used to control food safety only if MQSM is less than MQS. MQSM values are given for the common polarographic and colorimetric methods for determining these elements.