高粗茎秆作物收割技术的研究进展

系统分析了几种典型高粗茎秆作物的田间生长特性、收获期茎秆的物理机械特性及其收割现状;阐述了国内外高粗茎秆作物收割技术的研究进展;比较分析了现有高粗茎秆作物收割机械的特点;展望了未来高粗茎秆作物收割技术的研究与发展趋势.由此对提高高粗茎秆作物收获机的通用性、开发出能够适用于主要高粗茎秆作物收获切割的技术和装置以及高粗茎秆作物收获切割技术研究做一个有益的尝试.     

光刃刀片切割甘蔗茎秆时根茬破坏力学分析

甘蔗根茬破损会影响到宿根质量,通过建立甘蔗茎秆切割过程中的力学模型,对根茬的破坏进行了力学分析.结果表明：甘蔗茎秆受一刀切割时,根茬破坏的模式有劈裂和弯曲断裂;受两刀或多刀切割时根茬破坏模式有因扭转而产生的纵向裂纹,因弯曲而产生的劈裂和弯曲断裂.推导了根茬在切割过程中受到的剪应力、弯曲应力计算公式,给出了破坏准则.     

谷子茎秆切割力学特性试验与分析

为减小谷子茎秆切割力、降低切割功耗,设计了茎秆往复式切割试验台,对谷子茎秆进行不同收获时间、茎秆部位、切割器组合形式、切割倾角、刀片斜角、平均切割速度和茎秆喂入速度的单因素切割试验,并在单因素试验基础上对平均切割速度、切割倾角和刀片斜角3个因素进行响应面试验。单因素试验结果表明:收获期茎秆极限切应力、单位面积切割功耗随含水率的增大而减小;基部起茎秆极限切应力、单位面积切割功耗总体上随茎秆高度的增加而减小,茎秆茎节极限切应力、单位面积切割功耗较茎秆节间大;茎秆双支撑切割形式较单支撑切割形式极限切应力、单位面积切割功耗小;切割倾角0°～20°时,茎秆极限切应力、单位面积切割功耗随切割倾角的增大先减小后增大;刀片斜角0°～48°时,茎秆极限切应力随刀片斜角的增大而减小,而单位面积切割功耗先减小后增大;平均切割速度0. 5～1. 5 m/s时,茎秆极限切应力、单位面积切割功耗随平均切割速度的增大呈先减小后平稳变化的趋势;茎秆喂入速度对切割力学特性无显著影响。响应面试验结果表明:试验因素对茎秆极限切应力、单位面积切割功耗影响的主次顺序为平均切割速度、刀片斜角、切割倾角,且最优切割参数为:平均切割速度1. 19 m/s、切割倾角7. 2°、刀片斜角36. 4°,最优参数下茎秆极限切应力和单位面积切割功耗分别为2. 88 MPa、22. 38 m J/mm~2,验证试验值与预测值相对误差不超过3. 5%。刀片斜角对比试验表明:刀片斜角36. 4°较30°(标准Ⅱ型动刀)切割谷子茎秆时,茎秆极限切应力、单位面积切割功耗分别减小了6. 6%、3. 9%。     

甘蔗茎秆切割力的计算

利用弹性理论,采用双梁模型对甘蔗茎秆材料的切割进行了理论建模,并得出了蔗材切割力的理论计算公式。以单向复合材料为甘蔗茎秆的材料模型,分析了影响切割力的因素,建立了甘蔗材料单位切割力的经验公式。通过对甘蔗切割力试验数据的分析,得出本文试验条件下的甘蔗茎秆切割力经验公式,并通过试验对该经验公式进行了验证。     

光刃刀片切割甘蔗茎秆破坏过程高速摄像分析

在自制的单圆盘根切器试验台上,利用高速摄像机拍摄了甘蔗茎秆在光刃刀片切割时的破坏过程。分别对一刀切割和两刀切割模式下,发生根茬"无破损"、"蔗皮破损"、"劈裂破损"和"爆裂破损"的破坏过程进行了研究,分析了切割速度和切割方式对各种破坏模式的影响。结果表明:切割过程中甘蔗茎秆的破坏主要表现为在切割过程后期造成的蔗皮、蔗芯撕裂或劈裂;两刀切割时,甘蔗茎秆在被第1刀切割过程中发生扭转变形,甘蔗上段蔗皮、蔗芯撕裂严重,而根茬部分的破损较一刀切割时轻微;在本文试验条件下,采用光刃刀片切割时,刀片线速度应大于22m/s,以满足收割机对根茬切割质量的要求。     

基于断裂力学的甘蔗切割裂纹应力强度因子分析

甘蔗属于一年生或多年生宿根热带和亚热带草本植物,宿根切割质量对于甘蔗来年的长势有重要影响。本文探究甘蔗茎秆的切割机理并基于断裂力学理论研究甘蔗裂纹的起裂与扩展过程,为提高宿根切割质量提供理论基础。基于根切器与茎秆的相互作用关系,构建刀具切割茎秆的力学模型,探究切割力等影响因素并基于高速摄像技术观察茎秆切割过程;发现影响切割性能(弯矩、切割力等)的因素主要与甘蔗茎秆及根切器的机械力学特性(直径、密度及茎秆倾斜角度等)、根切器的运动参数(切割频率、切割深度)以及土壤情况等因素有关。高速摄像试验结果表明,多刀切割会增加甘蔗宿根破头、拔根的概率,其由于在一刀切割完成后,茎秆产生凹坑、裂纹等缺陷,在茎秆自身重力及外载的作用下缺陷发生扩展,导致宿根发生破坏。基于断裂力学理论从茎秆内部裂纹入手,分析裂纹起裂条件和影响断裂角的因素并探究裂纹参数对于裂纹尖端应力强度因子以及扩展量的影响。研究结果表明：裂纹角度及数量的改变导致裂纹的开裂类型为复合型裂纹,其中Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹为主要开裂类型;应力强度因子随裂纹角度的改变有较大的波动以及裂纹开裂方向和扩展量的变化是由于裂纹角度的改变影响了最大主应力与裂纹扩展面...     

基于ANSYS/Ls-Dyna的甘蔗收获机切割系统功耗模型研究

对甘蔗茎秆切割系统的功耗研究有利于提高甘蔗收获机的切割性能及发动机功率的利用率。因此,为得到甘蔗切割装置在工作过程中的切割力及切割功率的变化情况,采用单元组合法并结合ANSYS/Ls-Dyna对收获机切割装置的切割过程进行数值模拟分析。以切割刀线速度、切割刀盘倾角及切割刀刃角为试验因素,以切割功率及切割力为试验指标进行单因素试验分析,确定切割试验因素的参数范围并进行仿真试验设计,同时选择最小切割功率为优化目标,得出其最佳的切割条件为切割刀线速度为38.8 m/s,刀盘倾角为11.66°,切割刀刃角为25°,在此条件下,甘蔗收获机切割装置切割蔗茎时所消耗的功率最小,其最小切割功率为0.80 kW。     

甘蔗收获切割系统动力学仿真模型

由于缺少考虑根土因素影响,目前甘蔗收获切割系统动力学仿真模型精度较低。为此,首先以4GZQ-260型甘蔗收获机切割器为研究对象,通过光滑粒子流体动力学(Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics)和有限元方法(Finite Element Method)的耦合方法,建立甘蔗茎秆-根系-土壤-切割器系统动力学仿真模型,通过对茎秆-根系-土壤系统和茎秆-切割器系统动力学仿真模型进行试验,验证所建立的收获切割系统仿真模型建模方法的合理性。结果表明:建立的甘蔗茎秆-根系-土壤-切割器系统动力学仿真模型精度较高,该系统构建方法可用于甘蔗收获切割的动力学仿真研究。     

巨菌草收割装置发展现状及趋势

巨菌草收割是菌草产业中劳动强度最大的工作环节之一。在国内,目前对巨菌草切割的相关研究较少,没有有效巨菌草茎秆切割装置。首先,通过对巨菌草的茎秆拉伸、压缩和弯曲等力学特性,以及直径和含水率等影响茎秆的抗拉压强度因素进行综述,对比不同的茎秆切割器研究现状得出:合理匹配圆盘式切割器结构参数与运动参数能够减小重割和漏割,而往复式切割的切割速度对剪切力影响较小,切割间隙和切割刀片组合形式对剪切力影响大。其次,指出虚拟仿真技术这一较新的技术领域,为探究切割装置提供了新的技术方法。最后,提出巨菌草收割目前存在的问题以及切割装置在未来应向智能化和多功能化发展的观点。      

农作物茎秆的力学特性研究进展

对农作物茎秆的力学模型、力学特性、茎秆微观结构与茎秆的力学特性关系进行了综合评述。目前对茎秆的力学性能的研究基本上还是参照工程材料的力学性能指标体系进行的,所建的力学模型还是将茎秆作为各向同性体,生物材料的复杂结构、粘弹性以及各向异性在目前的研究中没有得到很好的反映。提出了从材料科学的观点研究农作物茎秆的结构与功能特点,在建立茎秆材料模型的基础上,建立茎秆的力学模型与力学指标体系,进而建立茎秆材料的本构方程和破坏准则。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。