野生大麻居群遗传多样性ISSR分析的取样策略

[目的]分析野生大麻居群的合理取样样本量,为全面了解我国大麻资源的遗传多样性及制定野生大麻保护策略提供参考依据.[方法]随机抽取96个辽宁科尔沁沙地野生大麻自然居群个体,采用计算机模拟方法从中随机抽取不同样本量(分别为5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40、50、60、70、80、90和96个个体)的抽样群体各20次,利用ISSR分子标记对其遗传多样性进行分析,确定合理的取样样本量.[结果]利用从60条ISSR引物中筛选出的9条引物对随机抽取的96个野生大麻个体进行PCR扩增,共获得76个位点,其中多态位点48个,多态率达63.16%,观测等位基因数(Na)为1.632,有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.250,Nei's基因多样性指数(H)为0.156,Shannon's信息指数(I)为0.245.由各遗传参数拟合曲线变化趋势分析结果可知,初始的4种抽样群体(分别为5、10、15和20个个体)遗传多样性水平呈急速增加趋势,之后随着样本量的加大,遗传多样性水平增加趋势明显变缓.当抽样群体样本量超过25个个体时,Na、Ne、H和I均包含了野生大麻居群90%以上的遗传变异.[结论]采用ISSR分子标记评估野生大麻群体遗传多样性时,群体取样样本量不宜小于25个个体才能较好地反映该居群总体的遗传多样性水平.     

Sequencing the erbA gene of avian erythroblastosis virus reveals a new type of oncogene

Avian erythroblastosis virus (AEV) contains two distinct oncogenes, erbA and erbB . The erbB oncogene, which is homologous to a portion of the epidermal growth factor receptor, is related to the src family of oncogenes and efficiently transforms erythroblasts, whereas erbA potentiates the effects of erbB by blocking the differentiation of erythroblasts at an immature stage. This "potentiator" was sequenced; the amino acid sequence deduced from it was clearly different from the sequences of other known oncogene products and was related to carbonic anhydrases. These enzymes participate in the transport of carbon dioxide by erythrocytes, the precursors of which are main targets of avian erythroblastosis virus. A src-related oncogene such as erbB in synergy with an activated specific cell-derived gene such as erbA can profoundly affect early erythroid differentiation.     

Replication of genome-wide association signals in UK samples reveals risk loci for type 2 diabetes

The molecular mechanisms involved in the development of type 2 diabetes are poorly understood. Starting from genome-wide genotype data for 1924 diabetic cases and 2938 population controls generated by the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, we set out to detect replicated diabetes association signals through analysis of 3757 additional cases and 5346 controls and by integration of our findings with equivalent data from other international consortia. We detected diabetes susceptibility loci in and around the genes CDKAL1, CDKN2A/CDKN2B, and IGF2BP2 and confirmed the recently described associations at HHEX/IDE and SLC30A8. Our findings provide insight into the genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes, emphasizing the contribution of multiple variants of modest effect. The regions identified underscore the importance of pathways influencing pancreatic beta cell development and function in the etiology of type 2 diabetes.     

浅谈图书馆如何实施品牌战略

图书馆实施品牌战略是时代的要求，图书馆实施品牌战略具有自己的各种优势。优质服务是品牌战略的核心，馆员队伍是品牌战略的保证，环境是品牌战略的基本条件，图书馆只有创建自己的品牌，才能在激烈的竞争中充满生机和活力。     

A new prosomatostatin-derived peptide reveals a pattern for prohormone cleavage at monobasic sites

Cleavage of the peptide bonds of preprosomatostatin at basic residues near the carboxyl terminus yields somatostatin-14, somatostatin-28, and somatostatin-28 (1-12). However, little is known about the molecular forms derived from the amino terminal portion of the precursor, even though this part of the prohormone is highly conserved through evolution. By using an antibody against the amino terminus of prosomatostatin, a decapeptide with the structure Ala-Pro-Ser-Asp-Pro-Arg-Leu-Arg-Gln-Phe, corresponding to preprosomatostatin (25-34), was isolated from the endocrine portion of the rat stomach, the gastric antrum. The antral decapeptide may represent a bioactive product generated from prosomatostatin after a monobasic cleavage similar to that involved in the formation of somatostatin-28. In fact, a monobasic cleavage requires two basic residues and a domain containing nonpolar amino acids such as alanine or leucine, or both.     

Analysis of genetic diversity and structure across a wide range of germplasm reveals genetic relationships among seventeen species of Malus Mill. native to China

China is a center of diversity for Malus Mill. with 27 native species including 21 wild species and six domesticated species. We applied a set of 19 simple sequence repeat markers to genotype 798 accessions of 17 species (12 wild species and five cultivated species) of Malus originating from 14 provinces in China. A total of 500 alleles were detected. Diversity statistics indicated a high level of genetic variation as quantified by the average values of the effective allele number (N_e), expected heterozygosity (H_e), and Shannon’s Information Index (I) (10.309, 0.886, and 2.545, respectively). Malus sieversii (MSR; H_e=0.814, I=2.041, N_e=6.054), M. baccata (MBB; H_e=0.848, I=2.350, N_e=8.652), M. toringoides (MTH; H_e=0.663, I=1.355, N_e=3.332), and M. hupehensis (MHR; H_e=0.539, I=0.912, N_e=0.579) showed a higher level of genetic diversity in this study than the previous studies. MSR and MBB contributed to the origin and evolution of some accessions of M. domestica subsp. chinensis (MDC). However, other accessions of MDC showed a closer genetic distance with MBB and cultivated species, especially M. robusta (MRB), M. asiatica (MAN), and M. prunifolia (MPB). Not all accessions of MDC were descended from MSR in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. This research provides novel insights into the genetic relationships of Malus native to China, which will be useful for genetic association studies, germplasm conservation, and breeding programs.     

Isolated metal atom geometries as a strategy for selective heterogeneous hydrogenations

Facile dissociation of reactants and weak binding of intermediates are key requirements for efficient and selective catalysis. However, these two variables are intimately linked in a way that does not generally allow the optimization of both properties simultaneously. By using desorption measurements in combination with high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy, we show that individual, isolated Pd atoms in a Cu surface substantially lower the energy barrier to both hydrogen uptake on and subsequent desorption from the Cu metal surface. This facile hydrogen dissociation at Pd atom sites and weak binding to Cu allow for very selective hydrogenation of styrene and acetylene as compared with pure Cu or Pd metal alone.     

Oscillating stereocontrol: a strategy for the synthesis of thermoplastic elastomeric polypropylene

A strategy has been developed for the synthesis of thermoplastic elastomeric polypropylene based on the catalytic activity of the unbridged metallocene bis(2-phenylindenyl)zirconium dichloride [(2-PhInd)(2)ZrCl(2)]. This catalyst was designed to isomerize between achiral and chiral coordination geometries during the polymerization reaction to produce atactic-isotactic stereoblock polymers. The metallocene precursor (2-PhInd)(2)ZrCl(2) in the presence of methylaluminoxane polymerizes propylene to yield rubbery polypropylene. The isotacticity of the polymer, described by the isotactic pentad content, increases with increasing propylene pressure and decreasing polymerization temperature to produce polypropylenes with an isotactic pentad content ranging from 6.3 to 28.1 percent.     

山东省不同穗型超高产小麦产量构成因素分析与选择思路

通过对我省现有小麦超高产材料进行分析表明 ,小麦由高产 (666 7m2 产量 50 0kg左右 )到超高产(666 7m2 产量大于 60 0kg)主要是因穗数的增加。在超高产大穗型品种中 ,对产量起首位作用的是穗数 ,而多穗型品种起首位作用的则是穗粒数。在超高产材料的选育中 ,大穗型材料应该重视多穗性的选择 ,而多穗型材料则应该注重大穗性的选择     

Organizing principles for a diversity of GABAergic interneurons and synapses in the neocortex

A puzzling feature of the neocortex is the rich array of inhibitory interneurons. Multiple neuron recordings revealed numerous electrophysiological-anatomical subclasses of neocortical gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic (GABAergic) interneurons and three types of GABAergic synapses. The type of synapse used by each interneuron to influence its neighbors follows three functional organizing principles. These principles suggest that inhibitory synapses could shape the impact of different interneurons according to their specific spatiotemporal patterns of activity and that GABAergic interneuron and synapse diversity may enable combinatorial inhibitory effects in the neocortex.     

Structure of DNMT1-DNA complex reveals a role for autoinhibition in maintenance DNA methylation

Maintenance of genomic methylation patterns is mediated primarily by DNA methyltransferase-1 (DNMT1). We have solved structures of mouse and human DNMT1 composed of CXXC, tandem bromo-adjacent homology (BAH1/2), and methyltransferase domains bound to DNA-containing unmethylated CpG sites. The CXXC specifically binds to unmethylated CpG dinucleotide and positions the CXXC-BAH1 linker between the DNA and the active site of DNMT1, preventing de novo methylation. In addition, a loop projecting from BAH2 interacts with the target recognition domain (TRD) of the methyltransferase, stabilizing the TRD in a retracted position and preventing it from inserting into the DNA major groove. Our studies identify an autoinhibitory mechanism, in which unmethylated CpG dinucleotides are occluded from the active site to ensure that only hemimethylated CpG dinucleotides undergo methylation.     

Detection of GTP-tubulin conformation in vivo reveals a role for GTP remnants in microtubule rescues

Microtubules display dynamic instability, with alternating phases of growth and shrinkage separated by catastrophe and rescue events. The guanosine triphosphate (GTP) cap at the growing end of microtubules, whose presence is essential to prevent microtubule catastrophes in vitro, has been difficult to observe in vivo. We selected a recombinant antibody that specifically recognizes GTP-bound tubulin in microtubules and found that GTP-tubulin was indeed present at the plus end of growing microtubules. Unexpectedly, GTP-tubulin remnants were also present in older parts of microtubules, which suggests that GTP hydrolysis is sometimes incomplete during polymerization. Observations in living cells suggested that these GTP remnants may be responsible for the rescue events in which microtubules recover from catastrophe.     

基于开关电流平衡的含并联输入并联输出结构的三电平DC/DC变换器的调制策略

阐述了三电平DC/DC变换器的发展过程,介绍了其研究焦点的变化:从软开关技术和效率方面转变到性能可靠方面.在此基础上,提出了一种三电平DC/DC变换器(three-level DC/DC converter,TLDC),该变换器由2个四开关半桥三电平(half-bridge three-level,HBTL) DC/DC变换器组成,采用交错和输入-并联-输出-并联(input-parallel output-parallel,IPOP)连接结构,并详细分析了(HBTL) DC/DC变换器的拓扑结构、工作原理、运行特点及工作性能.采用IPOP结构可以有效减小变换器中主要功率元件的电流应力,使得所提出的变换器将更适合于更高功率的应用.更重要的是,通过将所提出的变换器拓扑结构与相应的交换调制(periodically swapping modulation,PSM)策略相结合,不仅2个输入电容器电流得到平衡并大幅降低,而且一次侧的开关管功率也得到了平衡,从而提高了变换器的可靠性.最后,仿真和试验结果验证了该变换器的PSM策略的可行性.     

濒危树种金钱松RAPD体系的建立和遗传多样性分析

通过优化随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD） 反应体系,对浙江省不同来源的金钱松Pseudolarix amabilis进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明：18条随机引物在62个样品中可检测到172个可重复位点,其中多态性位点有170个,多态性比率为99.2%。聚类分析的结果表明：同一来源金钱松材料聚为一类,说明金钱松天然群体的RAPD多态性分类和其地理分布有一定的关系,但也有特殊个体不一致,表明金钱松天然种群体存在较高的遗传多样性,并建议对金钱松进行就地保存和迁地保存。图2表3参31     

Definition of a bacterial type IV secretion pathway for a DNA substrate

Bacteria use conjugation systems, a subfamily of the type IV secretion systems, to transfer DNA to recipient cells. Despite 50 years of research, the architecture and mechanism of action of the channel mediating DNA transfer across the bacterial cell envelope remains obscure. By use of a sensitive, quantifiable assay termed transfer DNA immunoprecipitation (TrIP), we identify contacts between a DNA substrate (T-DNA) and 6 of 12 components of the VirB/D4 conjugation system of the phytopathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Our results define the translocation pathway for a DNA substrate through a bacterial conjugation machine, specifying the contributions of each subunit of the secretory apparatus to substrate passage.     

Molecular self-assembly and nanochemistry: a chemical strategy for the synthesis of nanostructures

Molecular self-assembly is the spontaneous association of molecules under equilibrium conditions into stable, structurally well-defined aggregates joined by noncovalent bonds. Molecular self-assembly is ubiquitous in biological systems and underlies the formation of a wide variety of complex biological structures. Understanding self-assembly and the associated noncovalent interactions that connect complementary interacting molecular surfaces in biological aggregates is a central concern in structural biochemistry. Self-assembly is also emerging as a new strategy in chemical synthesis, with the potential of generating nonbiological structures with dimensions of 1 to 10(2) nanometers (with molecular weights of 10(4) to 10(10) daltons). Structures in the upper part of this range of sizes are presently inaccessible through chemical synthesis, and the ability to prepare them would open a route to structures comparable in size (and perhaps complementary in function) to those that can be prepared by microlithography and other techniques of microfabrication.     

轻简型香蕉清洗装置喷淋系统的设计

通过研究喷嘴类型对喷射打击力、喷射角度及喷射高度等方面的影响,设计了一种轻简型香蕉清洗装置,并对该装置喷淋系统喷嘴的排布进行了试验,得到喷嘴排布的优化方案,为研制开发小型移动式香蕉清洗装置提供了参考试验数据及设计依据.     

Structure of Galphaq-p63RhoGEF-RhoA complex reveals a pathway for the activation of RhoA by GPCRs

The guanine nucleotide exchange factor p63RhoGEF is an effector of the heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein) Galphaq and thereby links Galphaq-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to the activation of the small-molecular-weight G protein RhoA. We determined the crystal structure of the Galphaq-p63RhoGEF-RhoA complex, detailing the interactions of Galphaq with the Dbl and pleckstrin homology (DH and PH) domains of p63RhoGEF. These interactions involve the effector-binding site and the C-terminal region of Galphaq and appear to relieve autoinhibition of the catalytic DH domain by the PH domain. Trio, Duet, and p63RhoGEF are shown to constitute a family of Galphaq effectors that appear to activate RhoA both in vitro and in intact cells. We propose that this structure represents the crux of an ancient signal transduction pathway that is expected to be important in an array of physiological processes.