Jupiter cloud composition, stratification, convection, and wave motion: a view from new horizons

Several observations of Jupiter's atmosphere made by instruments on the New Horizons spacecraft have implications for the stability and dynamics of Jupiter's weather layer. Mesoscale waves, first seen by Voyager, have been observed at a spatial resolution of 11 to 45 kilometers. These waves have a 300-kilometer wavelength and phase velocities greater than the local zonal flow by 100 meters per second, much higher than predicted by models. Additionally, infrared spectral measurements over five successive Jupiter rotations at spatial resolutions of 200 to 140 kilometers have shown the development of transient ammonia ice clouds (lifetimes of 40 hours or less) in regions of strong atmospheric upwelling. Both of these phenomena serve as probes of atmospheric dynamics below the visible cloud tops.     

Penetrative Convection and Zonal Flow on Jupiter

Measurements by the Galileo probe support the possibility that the zonal winds in Jupiter's atmosphere originate from convection that takes place in the deep hydrogen-helium interior. However, according to models based on recent opacity data and the probe's temperature measurements, there may be radiative and nonconvective layers in the outer part of the jovian interior, raising the question of how deep convection could extend to the surface. A theoretical model is presented to demonstrate that, because of predominant rotational effects and spherical geometry, thermal convection in the deep jovian interior can penetrate into any outer nonconvective layer. These penetrative convection rolls interact nonlinearly and efficiently in the model to generate and sustain a mean zonal wind with a larger amplitude than that of the nonaxisymmetric penetrative convective motions, a characteristic of the wind field observed at the cloud level on Jupiter.     

基于雷电监测定位系统的雷电危害强度等级区划

利用2007-2016年湖北省雷电监测资料,分析选取了地闪密度、雷电流陡度以及小电流百分比作为雷电危害强度等级区划的因子.采用投影寻踪确定了各因子的权重与雷电危害强度等级区划模型.利用自然断点法将雷电危害强度划分为Ⅰ级至Ⅳ级,并绘制了湖北省雷电危害强度等级分布图,整体而言,全省雷电危害强度大致从西北向东南逐级增强.     

Natural and artificially initiated lightning

Recent research on lightning has been motivated, in part, by the desire to prevent spectacular accidents, such as occurred in 1969 during the launch of Apollo 12 and in 1987 during the launch of Atlas-Centaur 67, and by the need to protect advanced ground-based and airborne systems that utilize low voltage, solid-state electronics. The present understanding of both natural and artificially initiated (triggered) lightning is reviewed, and suggestions are given for future research that can improve our understanding both of the physics of lightning and the parameters that are important for protection.     

Polar wandering on Mars?

Polar wandering during the past 10(8) years may be recorded by unique quasi-circular structures in the polar regions of Mars. Polar wandering on Mars is likely if deep convection is involved in the origin of the very large constructional volcanic features located near the equator. The magnitude of the nonhydrostatic low order components of the gravity field and their correlation with the equatorial volcanic features may be additional evidence of deep convection and associated polar wandering.     

青杨天牛防治技术措施探究

针对青杨天牛对森林的严重影响,经过一系列调查与研究提出防治青杨天牛的有效措施。目前为适应绿色环保的趋势,生物技术防治、物理防治被广泛提倡用于控制青杨天牛的危害,但是化学防治仍扮演着最主要的角色,同时,平茬复壮、伐根嫁接等营林技术也起到了一定的辅助作用。     

Polar solvent dynamics and electron-transfer reactions

Polar solvents often exert a dramatic influence on reactions in solution. Equilibrium aspects of this influence involve differential solvation of reactants compared to the transition state that lead to alteration of the free-energy barrier to reaction. Such effects are well known, and often give rise changes in reaction rates of many orders of magnitude. Less well understood are effects arising from non-equilibrium, dynamical aspects of solvation. During the course of reaction, charge is rapidly redistributed among reactants. How the reaction couples to its solvent environment depends critically on how fast the solvent can respond to these changes in reactant charge distribution. In this article the dynamics of solvation in polar liquids and the influence of this dynamics on electron-transfer reactions are discussed. A molecular picture suggests that polar solvation occurs on multiple time scales as a result of the involvement of different types of solvent motion. A hierarchy of models from a homogeneous continuum model to one incorporating molecular aspects of solvation, combined with computer simulations, gives insight into the underlying dynamics. Experimental measures of solvation dynamics from picosecond and subpicosecond time-dependent Stokes shift studies are compared with the predictions of theoretical models. The implication of these results for electron-transfer reactions in solution are then briefly considered.     

Polar coronal holes and cosmic-ray modulation

A comparison of the size of polar coronal holes with the cosmic-ray intensity observed during the most recent sunspot cycle shows close correspondence. This lends support to recent suggestions that the well-known sunspot-cycle modulation of cosmic rays is a three-dimensional effect, probably related to the global character of the interplanetary magnetic field.     

Smoke and pollution aerosol effect on cloud cover

Pollution and smoke aerosols can increase or decrease the cloud cover. This duality in the effects of aerosols forms one of the largest uncertainties in climate research. Using solar measurements from Aerosol Robotic Network sites around the globe, we show an increase in cloud cover with an increase in the aerosol column concentration and an inverse dependence on the aerosol absorption of sunlight. The emerging rule appears to be independent of geographical location or aerosol type, thus increasing our confidence in the understanding of these aerosol effects on the clouds and climate. Preliminary estimates suggest an increase of 5% in cloud cover.     

Latitudinal and longitudinal oscillations of cloud features on neptune

Voyager observations suggest that three of Neptune's major cloud features oscillate in latitude by 2 degrees to 4 degrees and that two of them simultaneously oscillate in longitude by 7.8 degrees and 98 degrees about their mean drift longitudes. The observations define most convincingly the two orthogonal oscillations of the second dark spot (near 53 degrees south). These oscillations have similar periods near 800 hours and approximately satisfy a simple advective model in which a latitudinal oscillation produces a phase-shifted longitudinal oscillation proportional to the local wind shear. The latitudinal motion of the Great Dark Spot can be fit with an oscillation period of about 2550 hours, whereas its dominant longitudinal motion, if oscillatory at all, has such a long period that it is not well constrained by the Voyager data.     

基于PSR模型的雷电灾害风险定量化方法研究

选取地闪密度、雷电流强度、GDP、人口密度、经济损失和人身伤亡6种评价指标,搭建PSR雷电风险定量化模型,利用克里金插值法、熵值法和主成分分析法分别对区域压力、区域状态和区域响应进行统计分析,获得广东省雷电灾害风险定量化结果。结果表明,高风险区位于广州、深圳、东莞、中山、佛山、惠州、珠海,主要集中在珠三角地区,从南往北区域风险逐渐降低;粤东区域有一片次高风险区,位于汕头西北大部、揭阳中东部和潮州西南大部分区域;粤西风险次高区主要位于茂名和湛江北部。通过广东省内1 075个雷灾伤亡发生位置进行对比分析,发现雷电风险区与实际雷灾发生情况相符,两者的二次回归相关系数达0.882 0。该雷电灾害风险等级的直观显示能够为雷电安全资料不完整的地区（如偏远的农村地区）的雷电安全防护策略制定提供技术支撑,进一步做好各地尤其是农村地区的防雷减灾工作。     

Effect of ship-stack effluents on cloud reflectivity

Under stable meteorological conditions the effect of ship-stack exhaust on overlying clouds was detected in daytime satellite images as an enhancement in cloud reflectivity at 3.7 micrometers. The exhaust is a source of cloud-condensation nuclei that increases the number of cloud droplets while reducing droplet size. This reduction in droplet size causes the reflectivity at 3.7 micrometers to be greater than the levels for nearby noncontaminated clouds of similar physical characteristics. The increase in droplet number causes the reflectivity at 0.63 micrometer to be significantly higher for the contaminated clouds despite the likelihood that the exhaust is a source of particles that absorb at visible wavelengths. The effect of aerosols on cloud reflectivity is expected to have a larger influence on the earth's albedo than that due to the direct scattering and absorption of sunlight by the aerosols alone.     

Polar lipids of archaebacteria in sediments and petroleums

Glycerol tetraethers with head-to-head isoprenoid 40-carbon chains that are typical of archaebacteria, in particular of methanogens, were identified in the polar lipids of sediments and petroleums. These structures are at least partially preserved in the subsurface beyond the stage of petroleum formation. Their identification provides further evidence that a significant part of geological organic matter derives from the lipids of membranes of microorganisms.     

Jupiter: his limb darkening and the magnitude of his internal energy source

The most accurate infrared photometric observations (8 to 14 microns) to date of the average limb darkening of Jupiter have been combined with the most refined deduction of jovian model atmospheres in which flux constancy has been closely maintained in the upper regime of radiative equilibrium and a much more accurate approximation of the 10-and 16-micron vibration-rotation bands of ammonia has been incorporated. The theoretically predicted emergent specific intensity has been multiplied by the spectral response function and folded (mathematically convolved-intersmeared) with the spatial response function of the atmosphere-telescope-photometer combination. The resulting comparison indicates that Jupiter is radiating from three to four times as much power as the planet is receiving from the sun.