Dislocation mean free paths and strain hardening of crystals

Predicting the strain hardening properties of crystals constitutes a long-standing challenge for dislocation theory. The main difficulty resides in the integration of dislocation processes through a wide range of time and length scales, up to macroscopic dimensions. In the present multiscale approach, dislocation dynamics simulations are used to establish a dislocation-based continuum model incorporating discrete and intermittent aspects of plastic flow. This is performed through the modeling of a key quantity, the mean free path of dislocations. The model is then integrated at the scale of bulk crystals, which allows for the detailed reproduction of the complex deformation curves of face-centered cubic crystals. Because of its predictive ability, the proposed framework has a large potential for further applications.     

Channel initiation and the problem of landscape scale

Since the 1940s it has been proposed that landscape dissection into distinct valleys is limited by a threshold of channelization that sets a finite scale to the landscape. This threshold is equal to the hillslope length that is just shorter than that necessary to support a channel head. A field study supports this hypothesis by showing that an empirically defined topographic threshold associated with channel head locations also defines the border between essentially smooth, undissected hillslopes and the valley bottoms to which they drain. This finding contradicts assertions that landscapes are scale-independent and suggests that landscape response to changes in climate or land use depends on the corresponding changes in the threshold of channelization.     

县域尺度下景观指数的粒度效应

  目的  尺度的合理确定是景观格局和生态研究过程的关键。研究县域尺度下景观指数的粒度效应,并计算景观指数的适宜粒度范围对分析景观格局变化具有重要意义。  方法  以2017年安徽省宿松县的景观分布图为数据源,从类型和景观水平分析了各个景观指数在20~500 m粒度范围内的粒度效应,并选取适宜的粒度范围;通过拟合函数揭示不同景观格局指数随粒度增大的变化特征;结合景观面积损失精度评价模型确定宿松县景观格局变化的最适宜空间粒度值。  结果  景观指数具有一定的空间粒度效应性,其中大部分景观指数的可预测性强,但景观总面积、平均面积分维数、平均形状指数、Simpson多样性、Simpson均匀度指数对空间粒度响应不敏感;景观指数的粒度效应曲线可分为单调递减、单调递增、无变化、复杂变化4种类型;景观指数的拐点主要集中在70和200 m;在景观水平下景观指数粒度效应曲线拟合后的函数主要为幂函数,且拟合程度高。  结论  宿松县景观格局变化的适宜粒度为100~110 m,最佳粒度为100 m。图3表1参27     

流域尺度重金属行为模拟及其对不同气象因子的响应特征研究

模拟重金属的流域尺度行为有利于更好地理解重金属对生态系统和人类的潜在不利影响,而探究重金属在不同气象情景下的迁移转化规律有利于流域环境风险分析和环境管理。本研究采用流域重金属迁移转化模型SWAT-HM,该模型考虑了重金属化学反应如吸附和老化反应;陆面重金属迁移过程包括通过水分渗流和蒸发引起的垂向下降上升运动以及通过土壤侵蚀和地表/地下径流的水平迁移;水体中重金属迁移过程包括沉降、再悬浮、扩散和掩埋等过程。本研究选取湖南浏阳河上游流域为研究区,该流域几十年来一直受到采矿活动的影响,重金属污染严重。结果表明,SWAT-HM模型对于流域内重金属锌(Zn)和镉(Cd)的动态模拟结果与监测结果符合较好,94.5%的Zn和94.2%的Cd的模拟浓度与实测浓度在同一数量级内。流域内Zn和Cd的高污染区主要集中在宝山河,当宝山河与大溪河汇合后,由于稀释作用和水沙交互作用,溶解相Zn和Cd浓度显著降低至地表水环境质量Ⅲ类水标准(GB 3838—2002)以下。2009—2014年流域出口Zn和Cd总输出通量的多年均值分别为90.8 t和1.1 t,溶解相重金属和吸附相重金属输出量的大幅提升几乎全部出现在强降水后,吸附相重金属输出量主要由几次暴雨过程贡献。本研究通过气象因子分析方法评价重金属输出量对于降雨和气温变化的敏感性,结果显示溶解相重金属和吸附相重金属输出量对于降雨变化比温度变化敏感,且吸附相重金属对于降雨变化的响应比溶解相重金属强烈。探究不同气象情景下重金属迁移转化响应特征对于环境风险分析和污染控制具有一定意义。     

制度弹性、惯性与汉代赋役身份的外在错位

秦汉"大男大女模式"最初并不是专门用来征发赋役的,它是最基本的人身控制模式。直到汉初,"大男大女模式"与赋役制度仍不是直接对应。随着户赋演变为口赋以及杂税的弹性扩张,赋税征缴逐渐向"大男大女模式"靠拢;秦汉"傅籍模式"是朝廷每年八月对男子进行的系统工作,与女性无涉,其目的是统计男子服兵役、更役等常规徭戍的人数。汉代徭役的制度弹性导致服役对象由傅籍男性扩展到大男群体,甚至大女群体,呈现出"大男大女模式"与"傅籍模式"的纠缠不清,形成了汉代赋役身份的外在错位。     

农田土壤速效钾含量的空间变异研究

论文以高产潮土区2007年104个土壤采样点耕层速效钾含量为基础,基于地统计学原理,结合GIS空间分析技术,探讨了土壤速效钾含量的空间变异特征,建立了土壤速效钾含量的空间变异模型,形成了土壤速效钾含量的空间分布图,阐明了影响高产农田土壤速效钾含量分布不均衡的原因。研究结果表明,高产潮土区土壤速效钾含量平均为287.476gkg-1,最高为483.433gkg-1,最低为119.435gkg-1,球状模型是土壤速效钾连续性空间分布的最佳模型,其块金值/基台值为0.399,说明土壤速效钾在变程为57.691米的范围内具有中等强度的空间变异性,含量高低的区域分布比较明显,在地块东南部和中部为其含量较高的区域,含量较低的两个突出区域呈典型的圈层分布,由内向外含量递增,具有较强的渐变性分布规律。总的来看,土壤速效钾约有60.1%的空间变异来自于土壤母质、地形地貌、气候等非人为的结构性因素,39.9%的变异来自于随机性因素如施肥、灌溉、管理水平等因素的影响。     

Selection, outbreeding depression, and the sex ratio of scale insects

The black pineleaf scale insect has haploid males and diploid females. Ratios of males to females late in development ranged from 0.005 to 0.320 among insect subpopulations that were infesting different host trees. Demes well adapted to an individual ponderosa pine had a higher proportion of males than did demes that were poorly adapted to the host. Ratios of males to females rose in successive annual samples as natural selection increased insect adaptation. Gene flow between demes on different host trees produced predictable changes in the sex ratio.     

县域生态农业系统评价理论及案例研究

在综述国内外生态农业评价研究的基础上,从生态农业评价指标体系、评价数学模型和评价原则等方面构建了区域生态农业评价理论体系,并以浙江省德清县为例进行了县域生态农业系统评价研究。结果表明,从1995~2003年,德清县县域生态农业系统总体呈现优化趋势,这主要是由资源利用效率提高所致;后期生态指数基本接近综合指数,而经济指数和社会指数对县域生态农业系统综合指数具有一定的副作用,进一步表明德清县发展生态农业具有一定的自然环境优势,同时应该加大发展经济力度,提高县域生态农业系统的总体水平。     

The size, scale, and shape of cities

Despite a century of effort, our understanding of how cities evolve is still woefully inadequate. Recent research, however, suggests that cities are complex systems that mainly grow from the bottom up, their size and shape following well-defined scaling laws that result from intense competition for space. An integrated theory of how cities evolve, linking urban economics and transportation behavior to developments in network science, allometric growth, and fractal geometry, is being slowly developed. This science provides new insights into the resource limits facing cities in terms of the meaning of density, compactness, and sprawl, and related questions of sustainability. It has the potential to enrich current approaches to city planning and replace traditional top-down strategies with realistic city plans that benefit all city dwellers.     

基于田块尺度土壤重金属空间分布及其生态风险评价

为了揭示田块尺度上土壤重金属污染特征及空间分布,以河南省新乡县翟坡镇某冬小麦种植农田为研究对象,采集了202个农田表层0～20 cm土壤和40个0～100 cm剖面土壤样品,分析了土壤样品中Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni和Mn的含量特征,运用地统计分析中的普通克里格插值法研究土壤重金属的空间分布规律,并结合地质累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对研究区土壤重金属的生态风险进行评价。结果表明,研究区表层土壤Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni和Mn均值为0.95、24.35、6.40、35.52、319.60、21.76mg·kg^-1和157.32 mg·kg^-1。Cr、Cd、Pb含量均超过河南省土壤重金属含量背景值,其中Cr、Cd含量超过《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》(GB 15618—2018)筛选值,点位超标率分别为98%和100%。总体来看,土壤重金属含量随着剖面深度增加而降低,调查区南部的部分区域重金属含量偏高。从地质累积指数法与潜在生态危害指数法两种方法来看,Cd污染最为严重,生态风险较高,应当对该区域土壤Cd污染采取一定...     

土地流转中集体的角色错位与回归

阐述了集体土地流转中＂集体＂的渊源,分析了集体土地流转中集体角色的错位现象,表现为身份冲突下角色的背离;民主建设局限下角色的越位;利益分割下角色的缺位。为维护农民的合法权益,从乡（镇）政府、农民、集体自身3方面入手归正集体角色,使集体在政府管理下角色复位;农民监督下角色归位;自身民主强化下角色回位。     

Spatial patterns of soil microbial communities and implications for precision soil management at the field scale

Precision Agriculture - Understanding the spatial patterns of soil microbial communities and influencing factors is a prerequisite for soil health assessments and site-specific management to...     

The management and planning of citrus orchards at a regional scale with GIS

Citrus growing is regarded as an important cash crop in some regions of China. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to investigate the growing conditions of citrus orchards in Chongqing, China. Digital maps on topography, land use, soil types and climate were obtained and a digital elevation model (DEM) was produced at a scale of 1:10 000 using a GIS. A total of 50 representative orchards (2032 ha) were examined and extensive investigation were carried out in the summer of 2007. Topographic characteristics of the orchards studied were determined using the DEM. About 53% of the total area covered by the orchards has slopes of 8–25° and 4.4% has slopes steeper than 35°. The orchards were dominantly on south-facing slopes (42%). About 80% of the orchards were within 200–400 m in altitude. The orchards were mainly on soil developed on purple shale and limestone (86 and 14% of the total area, respectively). About 42% of the area has soil with a pH of less than 5.5. The majority of the study area (60%) has soil with organic matter contents of 1–2%. General guidelines for sustainable citrus production are proposed based on the topography and soil properties of the citrus orchards. The result of regional planning indicates that about one-third of the total area of Chongqing is suitable for citrus growth (2.68 × 10⁶ ha). A GIS-based database management system provides a new perspective on the management and planning of citrus orchards in Chongqing.     

小流域尺度土壤容重及其影响因素的空间变异

揭示土壤容重及其影响因素的空间变异能够为容重制图以及土地质量评价服务。选择黄土丘陵沟壑区典型小流域,测定土壤容重与环境因子。在分析土壤容重与环境因子空间变异的基础上,建立二者之间关系。结果表明:土壤容重表现为弱变异性。土地利用、坡位与坡形对土壤容重产生显著影响;不同土地利用方式土壤容重表现为乔木林地园地灌木林地荒草地耕地的总体趋势;坡位之间土壤容重表现为上坡山顶中坡下坡;坡形之间土壤容重表现为凹形坡凸形坡线形坡梯田。根系密度、枯落物蓄积量、植被盖度与生物结皮盖度在不同土地利用方式之间差异显著。不同坡位之间只有生物结皮盖度差异显著。不同坡形之间只有根系密度差异显著。相关分析表明表层土壤容重与生物结皮盖度及坡向相关不显著,容重与植被盖度、枯落物蓄积量、根系密度及坡度显著负相关。逐步回归分析表明土地利用、坡度与植被盖度是影响土壤容重的主要因素,能够解释58.15%的土壤容重变异,本研究建立的拟合关系为土壤容重空间制图提供了便捷途径。     

中小规模猪场建设存在的问题及对策思考——以江苏省调研结果为基础

在对江苏省中小型规模猪场建设情况进行调研的基础上,找出存在的问题,主要包括缺乏规划、忽视科学选址、片面追求规模等,并提出了相应的对策,主要包括强调隔离、重视规划布局、重视建筑材料与设备的选择等.     

渭河平原县域农田土壤速效养分空间特征

土壤速效养分对评价土壤肥力水平具有很好的表征作用,对其充分了解是土壤养分管理和合理施肥的基础。本研究以兴平市为例,综合运用传统统计学、地统计学和GIS技术,结合“3414”田间肥效方案,研究渭河平原农田土壤速效氮、磷和钾的空间特征及其变化规律,为区域平衡施肥、农田保养和农业生产提供科学指导和理论基础。结果表明,兴平市农田土壤速效氮、磷和钾平均含量分别为38.38 mg·kg^-1,27.13 mg·kg^-1,202.07 mg·kg^-1,速效氮磷比值平均为1.99。在约400 m采样尺度下,3项土壤养分均表现出弱的空间相关性,主要受施肥管理、种植模式等人为活动影响。整体上,土壤速效钾含量丰富;速效磷整体较丰富,7.43%的农田缺乏;速效氮普遍不高,67.98%农田缺乏;速效氮磷比值偏低,92.27%农田比值小于2。30 a来,农田土壤速效氮普遍下降,降幅西高东低、北高南低;速效磷普遍增加,增速北高南低;速效钾北增南减,整体在增加;土壤氮磷比值分布格局逆转,变化上南增北减,整体在下降。盲目施肥和肥料利用率低是兴平市农业生产的主要障碍因素。今后的生产实践中应密切关注土壤氮素的有效补充,磷肥的控制及渭河阶地区土壤钾素的消耗,平衡土壤养分, 以提升区域经济和生态效益。     

本科专业课双语教学的问题与方法探讨

本就加快培养双语教学的师资队伍和英版教材建设、加强双语教学研究等问题进行了讨论，对调动学生参与双语教学的积极性、提高双语教学效果的方法等进行了探讨。     

乡镇尺度下北京市生态涵养区农业绿色发展评价及限制因素分析

针对生态涵养区农业绿色发展问题,以北京市生态涵养区为研究对象,将北京生态涵养区110个乡镇作为评价单元,构建农业绿色发展评价指标体系,进行北京市生态涵养区农业绿色发展评价,并采用空间自相关和限制性因素分析方法,对农业绿色发展的空间分布特征和限制性因素进行了分析。结果表明：1）北京市生态涵养区农业绿色发展水平总体水平较高,空间上呈现出北部和西部地区乡镇高于其他区域的特征;2）北京市生态涵养区农业绿色发展在空间上有聚集和相互影响特征,农业绿色发展需要各乡镇协同发展、共同提升;3）各乡镇农业绿色发展的限制因素不同,可以根据农业绿色发展的水平和限制因素有针对性的制定提高乡镇农业绿色发展水平的措施和政策。本研究可以丰富北京市生态涵养区农业绿色发展理论体系以及评价手段,对于指导北京市生态涵养区生态保护下的农业绿色发展有重要意义。