绿宝石喜林芋叶片培养及植株再生

结果表明：诱导绿宝石喜林芋叶片产生愈伤组织频率最高的培养基是ＭＳ＋ＢＡ０．０５ｍｇ／Ｌ＋２．４－Ｄ１．０ｍｇｇ／Ｌ。最适于愈伤组织分化的基本培养基是Ｎ６；３ｍｇ／Ｌ的ＢＡ、ＺＴ和ＫＪ均能诱导愈伤组织产生不定芽，其中以ＢＡ为好；ＣＨ对愈伤组织的分化有促进作用。Ｎ６＋ＢＡ７ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＩＢＡ１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ对不定芽的增殖效果较好，３０ｄ可增殖９．４倍。１／２ＭＳ＋ＩＢＡ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ诱导生根效果好。试管苗     

魔芋高效再生体系的建立与优化

研究不同激素及浓度配比对魔芋愈伤组织、不定芽和根诱导的影响。结果表明,诱导愈伤组织的最佳激素组合为ＭＳ＋６－ＢＡ０.5 ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡ ０．５ ｍｇ／Ｌ,其诱导率为８２％;诱导不定芽分化的最佳配方为ＭＳ＋６－ＢＡ １．５ ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡ ０．５ ｍｇ／Ｌ,其分化率为４９０％;诱导生根的最佳激素组合配方为ＭＳ＋ＮＡＡ ０．５ ｍｇ／Ｌ＋６－ＢＡ １．０ ｍｇ／Ｌ,其生根率为９０％。     

诸葛菜花器组织培养及其植株再生

诸葛菜的花瓣、萼片、花丝在ＭＳ附加６—ＢＡ与２，４—Ｄ的培养基上培养７～１０ｄ，诱导形成愈伤组织。愈伤组织在ＭＳ＋ＮＡＡ１ｍｇ／Ｌ＋６－ＢＡ３ｍｇ／Ｌ的分化培养基上培养７ｄ左右分化出芽，每块愈伤组织形成３～４个芽。花托、花序轴切段在分化培养基上可直接出芽形成植株。     

低浓度2，4－D提高水稻体细胞成苗研究

以较低浓度（０．２、０．４、０．８ｍｇ／Ｌ）的２，４－Ｄ作为水稻（ＯｒｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａＬ．）的外植体（种子）诱导愈伤组织培养基中的生长素类激素，发现０．８ｍｇ／Ｌ的２，４－Ｄ能较早地使胚的盾片产生大量的愈伤组织，但这些愈伤组织在原培养基上不能分化出绿芽。含０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ的２，４－Ｄ能在胚芽鞘节等部位产生一些较光滑、致密、白色颗粒状的结构或愈伤组织，虽然它们出现较迟，但这些结构物能在原诱导培养基上逐渐转化成芽簇，并产生一些纤细的根。将芽簇分割成小块，转移到加有ＫＴ等的成苗培养基上，能形成大量的幼苗，绿苗频率达８０％以上，明显高于一般报道的水平。试管苗经大田种植后生长整齐一致，能产生出正常的种子。     

花生小叶外植体植株再生及农杆菌介导的基因遗传转化

鄂花四号、中花四号和豫花一号萌动４ｄ的小叶作外植体，通过器官再生在ＭＳ培养基加３ｍｇ／ＬＢＡＰ和１ｍｇ／ＬＮＡＡ上诱导芽分化，转至ＭＳ加５ｍｇ／ＬＢＡＰ上诱导芽伸长，再生植株。芽诱导率为８６％～１００％，每个外植体平均再生５个植株。在培养基中加入１ｍｇ／ＬＡｇＮＯ３和５００ｍｇ／Ｌ羧苄青霉素能有效抑制愈伤褐化和死亡，并能提高植株再生率。萌动４ｄ的小叶与农杆菌ＡＧＬ１分别共培养２ｄ，通过在再生培养基中加卡那霉素筛选，获得转基因再生植株，转基因植株生根后，移栽网室生长，并已开花结荚。外源基因的表达通过卡那霉素抗性和Ｇｕｓ活性组织化学检测得到证实。     

TDZ和BA对诱导大豆胚轴植株再生的影响

大豆未成熟种子和萌动种子胚轴在含有ＴＤＺ和ＢＡ的培养基上,通过器官发生,可获得再生株。培养基中同时加入ＴＤＺ和ＢＡ〈能够增加不定芽的形成和再生株的数量,其中以２．０ｍｇ／ＬＢＡ＋０．７５ｍｇ／ＬＴＤＡ处理再生效率最高。诱导培养基中适当增加ＮＡＡ浓度有利于不定芽的分化。     

大豆花药培养几个问题的研究

本文研究了大豆花药培养中的培养基、基因型、激素配比、糖分种类及浓度、取材时期、预处理温度、接种方式、有机添加物等因素对愈伤组织诱导频率的影响。认为大豆花药在培养基上的脱分化启动具有群体效应，合适的取材时期是单核中晚期。高浓度蔗糖能抑制体细胞愈伤组织的产生，而愈伤组织的分化则需要较低的蔗糖浓度。愈伤组织在Ｂ＿５＋０．５ｍｇ／１ＮＡＡ＋１．０ｍｇ／１ＫＴ＋１％蔗糖和改良ＭＳ＋０．１ｍｇ／１ＩＢＡ＋０．１ｍｇ／１ＧＡ＿３＋０．４ｍｇ／１ＮＡＡ＋０．５ｍｇ／１ＢＡ＋０．５ｍｇ／１ＫＴ＋０．５ｍｇ／１ＺＴ＋０．５ｍｇ／ｌ生物素＋２％蔗糖等培养基上分化出了芽，在改良ＭＳ＋０．５ｍｐ／１ＩＢＡ＋０．５ｍｇ／１ＢＡ＋０．５ｍｇ／１ＫＴ＋０．５ｍｇ／１ＺＴ＋５％蔗糖＋１％麦芽糖等培养基上产生了胚状体。     

花生去子叶幼胚的丛生芽诱导和植株再生

授粉后２５－３０天的花生幼胚，去子叶后，在ＭＳ２（ＭＳ＋ＢＡ１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＣＨ３００ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＰＶＰＰ０．３％＋椰计５０ｍｌ／Ｌ＋蔗糖４％＋琼脂０．８％）培养基中，置３００ｌｕｘ弱光和２０℃±１℃条件下，培养２１－２８天，能有效地产生丛生芽；在ＭＳ２中诱导培养后的去子叶幼胚的生长点切去，在改良无激素培养基（ＭＳ１）中培养１４天，转入ＭＳ３（ＭＳ＋ＢＡ６．０ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡ０．４ｍｌ／Ｌ＋Ｄ－生物素０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＣＨ３００ｍｇ／Ｌ＋酵母浸出物２００ｍｇ／Ｌ＋椰计５０ｍ／Ｌ＋ＰＶＰＰ０．３％＋蔗糖２．５％＋琼脂０．８％）培养基，置２５℃±１℃，３５００ｌｕｘ光照条件下培养２１－２８天，８０％的外植体分化出丛生芽，继而长成无根带叶小苗．．平均每外植体产生８．１个丛生芽，最多可达４０个．诱根后小苗移植田间８０％植株成活并开花结实。品种（系）间差异不显著。     

甜菜基因型的筛选及胚性细胞系建立的研究

通过以甜菜未成熟胚为外植体诱导愈伤组织，再将产生的愈伤组织转移至分化培养基（ＭＳＢ培养基附加１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ６－ＢＡ、３％蔗糖、８％琼脂）进行分化力测试实脸，筛选出两个再生能力强的基因型─８９３０、ＧＤ＿２．通过挑选淡黄色或灰白色、呈颗粒状的愈伤组织继代培养，经调节培养基的ＩＡＡ和ＮＡＡ的浓度，得到再生能力强的胚性愈伤组织，建立了胚性细胞无性系。     

甜叶菊组织培养条件的研究：I.外植体,激素浓度,琼脂浓度对愈伤组织形成及？

以茎尖为外植体进行甜叶菊的组织培养，比以叶柄，叶片，茎段，下胚轴为外植体，愈伤组织诱导率，出芽率都高；在ＭＳ基本培养基上，适合茎尖生长，分化的激素浓度为０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＢＡ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＮＡＡ；琼脂浓度为０．７％。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).