Detection and molecular characterization of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus from major ornamental fish breeding states in Peninsular Malaysia

‘Gold standard’ OIE reference PCR assay was utilized to detect the presence of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) in freshwater ornamental fish from Malaysia. From total of 210 ornamental fish samples representing 14 species, ISKNV was detected in 36 samples representing 5 fish species. All positive cases did not show any clinical signs of ISKNV. Three restriction enzymes analyses showed that the fish were infected by identical strains of the same virus species within Megalocytivirus genus. Major capsid protein (MCP) genes of 10 ISKNV strains were sequenced and compared with 9 other reference nucleotide sequences acquired from GenBank. Sequence analysis of MCP gene showed that all strains detected in this study were closely related to the reference ISKNV with nucleotide sequence identity that was ranging from 99.8% to 100%. In addition, phylogenetic analysis of MCP gene revealed that viruses from genus Megalocytivirus can be divided into three genotypes: genotype 1 include reference ISKNV and all other strains that were detected in this study, genotype 2 include viruses closely related to red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV), and genotype 3 include viruses closely related turbot reddish body iridovirus (TRBIV).     

鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒p31基因结构及序列分析

报道了鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒（ISKNV）的p31基因结构及其序列分析。对ISKNV DNA HindⅢE酶切片段的序列分析结果发现该序列中含有完整的p31基因，ISKNV p31基因完整读码框为675bp，GC含量为49.78%，等电点为7.61，编码一个长为225aa、分子量为25.3kD的推定蛋白。结果分析发现该基因具有启动动子TATAbox和CAATmotif，下游有反向重复序列可形成茎环，另外还有一段直接重复序列和二联体结构。ISKNV与其它3种虹彩病毒（包括FV3、LCDV－1和EHNV）的p31基因氨基酸序列具有一定的同源性，但ISKNV与它们的同源性不高，序列比较和系统树分析发现ISKNV与蛙病毒属和淋巴囊肿病毒属的病毒都不尽相同。     

基于荧光定量PCR的鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒滴度检测方法

针对传染性脾肾坏死病毒(ISKNV)的ORF007基因,设计特异性引物及TaqMan探针,建立了ISKNV的实时荧光定量PCR方法。采用CPE法对连续10倍稀释的ISKNV培养液的滴度进行了测定,同时采用荧光定量PCR法测定病毒拷贝数。结果显示,荧光定量PCR测定的病毒拷贝数与CPE法测定的病毒滴度具有良好的线性关系,其线性方程为y=1.076x+0.545(R2=0.998 6),其中y为基因组拷贝数浓度的对数,x为病毒滴度TCID50的对数。研究表明,荧光定量PCR法可替代CPE法应用于ISKNV疫苗抗原的定量,大大缩短了疫苗制备的时间,为疫苗生产提供了方便。     

鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒ORF093基因的克隆、表达及其重组蛋白的免疫原性分析

从患传染性脾肾坏死病毒(infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus,ISKNV)病的鳜体内获得ORF093基因。采用PCR方法扩增ISKNV ORF093基因全长,克隆入原核表达载体pET32a(+),IPTG诱导表达,Ni柱纯化后,免疫新西兰大白兔制备兔抗重组093蛋白血清,免疫印记分析兔抗血清的特异性,中和实验和免疫保护实验分析重组093蛋白的免疫原性。结果显示:ISKNV重组093蛋白可以在大肠杆菌中以包涵体形式存在;制备的兔抗血清可以特异性识别重组093蛋白,对ISKNV具有中和作用,可给鱼体提供至少10 d的100%预防保护;重组093蛋白对ISKNV的攻击具有保护作用,攻毒后15 d,093免疫组平均相对保护率为45.3%。结果说明重组093蛋白具有一定的免疫原性,可作为ISKNV候选疫苗抗原和治疗血清制备抗原。本研究通过中和实验及免疫保护实验对重组093蛋白的免疫原性进行分析,旨在为鳜ISKNV重组亚单位疫苗的研制奠定基础。     

鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒的纯化和酶切分析

鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒（ISKNV）是近年来危害广东地区鳜养殖业的主要病原，本文用回接感染健康鳜获得病毒原料，分离纯化了大量高纯度的ISKNV病毒粒子，电镜下可见病毒粒子为二十面体，直径平均为150mm，抽提病毒核酸，对其基因组DNA进行酶切分析，病毒基因组为双链DNA分子，表现脊椎动物虹彩病毒基因组的特点即其胞嘧啶5′端高度甲基化，以限制性内切酶EcoRI、BamHI、HindⅢ、KpnI和PstI酶切ISKNV基因组DNA，经电泳分离后，分别得到1、8、9、18、22条清晰的酶切片段，并根据酶切片段算得基因组的大小超过108.7kbp。     

Susceptibility of freshwater rearing Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) to pathogenic Streptococcus iniae

Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) has been recognized as an economically important aquaculture species which can be adapted to and cultivated in wide range of salinities. The number of freshwater intensive seabass farms in Thailand is increasing annually. Here, we first describe the susceptibility of Asian seabass, which were cultured in freshwater, to Streptococcus inae (SI) and their pathological changes. Three isolates of putative SI were identified using a combination of standard biochemical assays and species‐specific PCR prior subjected to in vivo challenge. Accumulated mortalities of the fish which received 10⁷ CFU fish^?1 of either SI1J, SI SGSA or SI2J were 90%, 90% and 100% at 7 days‐post infection (dpi), respectively, and mortalities increased sharply between 3 and 5 dpi. Clinical signs such as erratic swimming and opaque eyes were identified from a few infected fish, while most died rapidly without any abnormal signs. Histopathological manifestations were observed in the multiple organs (kidney, liver and brain). Haemorrhage, hyperhemia, cellular degeneration and inflammatory cells infiltration were commonly found within the internal organs. Notably, the formation of numerous encyst‐like lesion aggregated by eosinophilic cells, resembling macrophages, were typically found in the brain of the infected fish. Summarily, this study first revealed that freshwater reared Asian seabass is highly susceptible to SI infection and haemorrhagic septicaemia was a major pathological change that could be found in the infected fish.     

基于病毒mRNA监测的传染性脾肾坏死病毒灭活快速检验方法建立及其应用

为建立传染性脾肾坏死病毒(ISKNV)灭活快速检验方法,从ISKNV感染CPB细胞系转录谱筛选并经q RT-PCR验证表达量最高的病毒ORF099基因作为快速检测靶基因。以质粒p MDORF099为标准品,采用q PCR方法绘制了CT值与质粒拷贝数的标准曲线,其线性方程为CT=–3.42lgx+39.455,最低检测限为3拷贝/μL,结果显示组间和组内变异系数均小于2%,表明该方法具有较高的灵敏度和较好的重复性。将ISKNV病毒悬液10倍稀释成100~103拷贝/m L,分别取1 m L病毒稀释液接种CPB细胞,在第7、9和11天提取细胞总RNA,经基因组DNA去除试剂盒去除残留DNA后采用qRT-PCR方法检测ORF099基因转录本,结果显示在第7天即可从接种1个拷贝病毒的细胞中检测出ISKNV ORF099转录本。将3个浓度梯度(0.05%、0.1%、0.2%)的甲醛灭活ISKNV制备的模拟样品以及实验室制备的3批次ISKNV细胞灭活疫苗样品接种CPB细胞9 d,采用上述快速检验方法进行检测。0.05%、0.1%甲醛灭活模拟样品可检测到ISKNV ORF099基因转录本,其他样品均未检测到。而细胞盲传实验显示,0.1%终浓度甲醛灭活ISKNV接种细胞盲传3代未出现CPE,鱼体安全实验显示接种鱼体后无临床发病症状和实验鱼死亡,表明本研究建立的病毒灭活快速检验方法比细胞盲传法和鱼体安全实验具有更高的灵敏度,与传统检测方法相比具有灵敏度高、耗时短、检测效率高等优点,对提高ISKNV灭活疫苗生产效率具有重要意义。     

鳜亲环蛋白A在传染性脾肾坏死病毒增殖中的作用

为研究鳜亲环蛋白(CypA)在传染性脾肾坏死病毒(ISKNV)感染中的作用,通过RT-PCR克隆了CypA全长开放读码框(SC-CypA)。结果表明SC-CypA基因全长495 bp,编码164个氨基酸,分子量为17.59 ku。通过Blast比对和同源性进化分析,发现其与人、鼠、原鸡和斑点鲖等物种的CypA具有高度相似性,表明SC-CypA属于CypA家族的成员。环孢素A(CsA)具有免疫抑制作用,是CypA的抑制剂。结果发现,CsA浓度与ISKNV增殖具有一定的剂量依赖关系;CsA作用不同时间对ISKNV均有抑制效果;CsA对ISKNV感染诱导的细胞因子的表达具有调节作用,能抑制IL-1β、IL-8、IL-18和ISG15的表达。研究表明,宿主的CypA对ISKNV的增殖起着重要的作用,通过添加其抑制剂CsA能有效抑制病毒的增殖。     

鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒主衣壳蛋白单克隆抗体的制备及鉴定

为了建立鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒(ISKNV)疫苗抗原含量的ELISA检测方法,制备了3株抗ISKNV主衣壳蛋白(MCP)的单克隆抗体,鉴定了其生物学特性。将大肠杆菌表达的重组MCP纯化复性后,连续3次免疫BALB/c小鼠,然后将免疫小鼠的脾细胞与SP2/0细胞融合,经过克隆、筛选,获得3株能稳定分泌抗ISKNV MCP蛋白的单克隆抗体阳性细胞株,分别命名为5F1、3D9和5B4,均为Ig G1亚型。间接ELISA实验表明,3株单抗可特异性识别ISKNV,与鳜弹状病毒、大鲵虹彩病毒等无交叉反应。将5F1株免疫小鼠后制备腹水,以重组MCP和ISKNV细胞培养物上清液为检测抗原,ELISA检测腹水效价分别为1∶51 200和1∶400。间接免疫荧光(IFA)和Western Blotting鉴定结果显示,5F1能够与ISKNV病毒发生特异性反应,并初步确定5F1单抗株制备的腹水用于IFA的使用浓度为1∶200、Western Blotting的使用浓度为1∶1000。结果证实,成功制备了抗ISKNV MCP的单克隆抗体,可特异性识别ISKNV病毒粒子和MCP蛋白,为建立ISKNV疫苗抗原含量检测方法奠定了基础。     

传染性脾肾坏死病毒_ConA和L_省略_对体外鳜的头肾淋巴细胞转化的影响

采用MTT颜色反应法研究传染性脾肾坏死病毒（ISKNV）、伴刀豆球蛋白A（concanavallin A,ConA)和脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS）在离体状态下对健康和ISKNV感染后存活30d或60d的鳜的头肾淋巴细胞转化的影响。结果表明，ConA和LPS能促进健康鳜头肾淋巴细胞的转化，而对感染后存活30d或60d的鳜头肾淋巴细胞没有作用；纯化的ISKNV对健康鳜头肾淋巴细胞没有促进淋巴细胞转化的作用，但对ConA的作用有抑制，对感染后存活的30d或60d的鳜头肾淋巴细胞，纯化的ISKNV有一定的促进转化的作用，感染存活的鳜头肾中有对ISKNV的免疫记忆性T细胞。另外，用建立的ISKNV PCR检测方法对健康和ISKNV感染后存活的鲜组织进行了检测，结果显示，健康鳜为阴性，而ISKNV感染后存活的鱼，头肾、后肾、脾脏和部分鱼的心脏为阳性。ISKNV在鳜体内形成潜伏感染。     

Age dependency of nervous necrosis virus infection in barramundi Lates calcarifer (Bloch)

Age‐dependent susceptibility to nervous necrosis virus (NNV) was demonstrated for barramundi (Lates calcarifer). The experiment used juvenile barramundi produced from a single spawning that were challenged consecutively by immersion with a redspotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) isolate. The dose and environmental conditions (35 ppt salinity and 30 °C) were constant. Fish and water were sampled longitudinally for histopathology and RT‐qPCR analysis to examine the evolution of the disease, virus replication, immune response and release of virus into water. Viral nervous necrosis (VNN) disease occurred in barramundi challenged at 3 and 4 weeks of age while fish challenged at 5, 7 and 9 weeks of age developed subclinical infection. Replication of NNV occurred faster and the concentration of virus reached higher concentrations in the younger fish with clinical disease. Virus isolation and qPCR tests indicated that infectious NNV was released from carcasses into water when fish were affected with clinical disease but not when NNV infection was subclinical. Based on these observations, we consider that carcasses from clinically infected fish have a potentially important role in the horizontal transmission of NNV, and barramundi juveniles should be protected from exposure to NNV until they are 5 weeks of age and reach the disease resistance threshold.     

同步接毒条件下鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒在CPB细胞中的最适增殖条件

为了获知鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒(ISKNV)同步接毒最适增殖条件,通过检测不同血清浓度、病毒接种量、细胞状态等培养条件下的病毒拷贝数,确定鳜脑组织细胞(CPB)同步接种ISKNV的最适体外增殖条件。结果表明,上述各因素对ISKNV的增殖量均有明显影响。其中选取处于对数生长中期的CPB细胞,胰酶消化后按照病毒感染复数(MOI)为0.2同步接种ISKNV,培养液中胎牛血清终浓度为6%时,28℃恒温培养9 d后收获,所得病毒拷贝数最多,为2.54×10⁸拷贝/mL。将所测得病毒拷贝数折算成培养基成本进一步分析表明,按照上述相同条件进行接毒,每元人民币培养基所得病毒量也最高,为4.24×10¹¹拷贝。综上所述,本研究基于病毒增殖量及培养基成本对病毒增殖条件进行优化,可为低成本ISKNV疫苗的生产提供理论依据。     

Disease resistance and immune‐relevant gene expression in golden mandarin fish,Siniperca scherzeri Steindachner,infected with infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus‐like agent

Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV), family Iridoviridae, genus Megalocytivirus, may cause high mortality rates such as those seen in mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi. ISKNV has attracted much attention due to the possible environmental threat and economic losses it poses on both cultured and wild populations. We have investigated the pathogenicity of ISKNV‐like agent Megalocytivirus, isolated from infected pearl gourami, in golden mandarin fish, Siniperca scherzeri – a member of the Percichthyidae family – and in another Percichthyidae species, S. chuatsi. Fish were challenged with four different doses of ISKNV‐like agent Megalocytivirus (1, 10, 100 or 1000 μg per fish) over a 30‐day period, and cumulative fish mortalities were calculated for each group. No significant mortality was observed for fish challenged with the lowest dose (1 μg per fish) relative to a control group. However, all other challenged groups showed 100% mortality over a 30‐day period in proportion to the challenge dose. Quantitative real‐time PCR was performed to measure mRNA expression levels for six immune‐related genes in golden mandarin fish following ISKNV‐like agent challenge. mRNA expression levels for IRF1, Mx, viperin and interleukin 8 significantly increased, while mRNA levels for IRF2 and IRF7 remained constant or declined during the challenge period.     

Susceptibility of Caligus rogercresseyi collected from the native fish species Eleginops maclovinus (Cuvier) to antiparasitics applied by immersion

A major challenge for Chilean salmon farming is infestation by the ectoparasite Caligus rogercresseyi. In addition, there is evidence that a loss of chemotherapeutic treatment efficacy against important fish pathogens is occurring in salmon farming, including antiparasitic efficacy. Currently, there are known techniques that allow the determination of the susceptibility profile of parasites to antiparasitic treatment. However, there is scarce information about both threshold values and categorization of antiparasitic susceptibility for C. rogercresseyi. Bioassay technique allowed the determination of both mean values and the natural variation of EC50%, which were contrasted with available susceptibility thresholds. Results allowed to determine that parasites from the native fish host, Eleginops maclovinus, are susceptible to azamethiphos, deltamethrin and cypermethrin treatments, showing a high susceptibility profile to antiparasitics.     

Susceptibility of isogeneic ginbuna Carassius auratus langsdorfii Temminck et Schlegel to cyprinid herpesvirus‐2 (CyHV‐2) as a model species

Herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis (HVHN), caused by cyprinid herpesvirus‐2 (CyHV‐2), has affected the commercial production of the goldfish Carassius auratus and gibelio carp Carassius auratus gibelio. High water temperature treatments are reported to reduce the mortality rate of infected goldfish and elicit immunity in the survivors. To define the mechanism by which this intervention induces resistance, clonal ginbuna Carassius auratus langsdorfii, which is closely related to both species and has been used in fish immunology, may represent a promising model species. In this study, we investigated the susceptibility of clonal ginbuna strains to CyHV‐2 and the effect of high water temperature treatment on infected ginbuna and goldfish. Experimental intraperitoneal infection with CyHV‐2 at 25 °C caused 100% mortality in ginbuna strains, which was accompanied by histopathological changes typical of HVHN. Both infected ginbuna S3n strain and goldfish, exposed to high temperature for 6 days [shifting from 25 °C (permissive) to 34 °C (non‐permissive)], showed reduced mortalities after the 1st inoculation, and subsequent 2nd virus challenge to 0%, indicating induction of immunity. It was concluded that ginbuna showed a similar susceptibility and disease development in CyHV‐2 infection compared to goldfish, suggesting that ginbuna can be a useful fish model for the study of CyHV‐2 infection and immunity.