肉火鸡育肥阶段的饲养管理技术

母火鸡的育肥饲养从8周龄开始,饲养到14周龄体重可达4.4-4.5kg;公火鸡的育肥饲养从第10周龄开始,饲养到18周龄体重可达8.5kg,即可上市出售。1育肥鸡舍火鸡育肥舍一般可采取密闭式鸡舍,也可采用棚舍式。①密闭式鸡舍需具备两个基本功能:一是密闭好。对建筑物之间的缝隙要进行密闭处理,鸡舍除必须的通风换气口以外,不要随意开口,以免影响鸡舍的密闭性。二是保温性能优越。在鸡舍建     

肉火鸡育肥阶段的饲养管理

母火鸡育肥饲养从8周龄开始,养到14周龄可达4.4-4.5kg,公火鸡育肥饲养从第10周龄开始,养到18周龄体重可达8.5kg,即可上市出售。1育肥鸡舍火鸡育肥舍一般可采取密闭式鸡舍,也可采用棚舍式。①密闭式鸡舍需具备两个基本功能:一是密闭好。对建筑物之间的缝隙要进行密闭处理,鸡舍除必须的通风换气口以外,不要随意开口,以免     

肉牛放牧育肥体会

利用天然牧场育肥肉牛具有饲养成本低、育肥效果好、易于推广等优点，是提高肉牛经济效益，加快农民致富的有效途径。肉牛在150天左右的放牧育肥期中，日增重达0．8～1.2kg，每头牛增重100～140kg，每头牛增加经济效益600元左右。现将肉牛放牧育肥的体会介绍如下。     

喀斯特山区肉牛育肥技术研究

作者结合喀斯特山区草地资源特点，研究肉牛育肥养殖模式，随机选择45头西杂2代肉牛，分成3个组进行60 d的育肥试验。结果表明全草型育肥组肉牛增重饲草饲料成本最低，为5.08元/kg，而精料育肥组成本达到7.48元/kg，对照组达5.72元/kg；全草型育肥组平均日增重为1.06 kg，比对照组提高39%的增长幅率。     

岗巴羊断奶羔羊育肥增重效果研究

本文从岗巴羊断奶羔羊育肥效果进行了分析研究,采用舍饲养殖方式进行羔羊短期育肥试验,观测其育肥期总增重、平均日增重,并分析育肥经济效益,结果表明:试验组羊活羊出售总价中除去羊只饲料成本20%,总药品成本为500元计算,育肥增加盈利10452元,平均体重增加8.17kg,对照组平均体重增加4.56kg,育肥后平均增重提高了44.19%,试验组育肥增重、饲料报酬、育肥经济效益均显著好于对照组(P<0.05);所以断奶羔羊舍饲育肥增重效果好,此时出栏后经济效益明显.     

磊菌宝育肥肉牛增重效果的试验报告

为了进一步降低饲养成本,提高肉牛养殖的经济效益,探讨我场相同育肥条件下,对基础日粮营养水平运用牛用磊菌宝4号、磊菌宝3号进行微生态发酵处理鉴定其育肥效果(日增重、总增重、饲料报酬、经济效益等),为我场今后加快肉牛育肥周转速度,提高饲料报酬率和快速增重提供科学依据。现就育肥试验情况报告如下:     

黑龙江省优质肉牛育肥饲养技术

重点介绍了西门塔尔、夏洛莱、利木赞改良架子牛，分别以酒糟、青贮玉米、饲料高梁鲜草为主要育肥饲料的饲养技术，育肥后出栏体重分别为500—600kg。育肥期平均日增重1．2kg以上，屠宰率58．6％，净肉率42．5％。     

红豆草草粉代替日粮中部分精料育肥猪试验

本试验表明，将红豆草草粉按照10％、15％和20％分别加入育肥猪日粮中替代等量麸皮，对育肥猪增重影响不大，但缓解了育肥猪对麸皮的依赖，降低了饲料成本，与对照组比较每kg增重比对照组分别节约0．76元、0．65元和0．34元，经济效益显著。     

应用复合酵素发酵饲料喂育肥猪试验报告

本试验旨在研究养猪业中如何提高饲料利用率和转化率,以提高日增重、降低饲养成本、减少环境污染及增加养猪经济效益为目的。将体重12～12.5kg的无病、发育正常的仔猪选出32头,随机分成4组,日粮中以25%、50%、100%添加发酵饲料对育肥猪增重的影响。对试验结果进行分析检验,试验结果表明,50%添加发酵饲料对育肥猪增重效果明显,100%添加发酵饲料对育肥猪增重效果最佳,平均个体增加收入185.1元,可见,应用发酵饲料喂育肥猪经济效益较好,方法可行。     

秸秆生物饲料饲喂育肥猪的试验

为探索秸秆生物饲料对育肥猪的效果，笔者在5个育肥场对800余头育肥猪进行了试验。育肥期分中猪和大猪两个阶段，在日粮中各添加秸秆生物饲料20％、28％。结果表明：育肥105d出栏体重均达98kg／头，日增重均7409／头，饲料转化率（料肉比）3．6：1。经统计学分析，全期日增重、出栏体重和饲料转化率，试验组与对照组均无显著差异（P＞0．05），但全期饲料成本试验组均下降0．12元／Kg，降低9．4％，育肥猪每增重1kg投入的饲料成本试验组降低0．30元，降低6．7％，每育肥1头猪试验组多获利37．64元，饲养效益提高42％。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein