超声波辅助提取大豆皂甙工艺优化

研究超声波技术和挤压技术对大豆皂甙提取的影响,并确定最佳的超声波提取条件.在考察超声波功率等对大豆皂甙得率影响的单因素试验基础上,利用三因素三水平的响应曲面试验优化超声波辅助提取大豆皂甙最佳工艺条件并建立了数学模型,同时进行了相应的对照试验.试验结果表明,超声波辅助提取大豆皂甙的最佳条件为超声波辐射时间53min,液料比22mL/g,浸置时间32min,得率为5.98%,显著高于对照试验.挤压膨化技术处理有利于大豆皂甙的提取,超声波技术提取大豆皂甙效果优于对照试验方法.     

核桃蛋白质提取工艺的研究

以提油后的核桃粕为原料,采用单因素试验和正交试验的方法,对核桃粕中蛋白质提取工艺进行研究,得到最佳捉收条件pH8．5,料液比1：30,在50℃下超声波提取60min．然后在pH4．5条件进行酸沉淀。在此条件下,核桃蛋白质的提取率可达到85％左右。     

酿酒酵母菌胞内海藻糖提取工艺参数的优化

建立了超声破碎酿酒酵母细胞和冷三氯乙酸化学浸提海藻糖的工艺，探索了离子色谱分析技术条件，采用响应曲面法（RSM），研究了液料比R、超声功率W、工作时间T1、超声总时间T2和浸提时间T3等5个试验关键因子对海藻糖提取的影响规律，并构建了动态控制的数学模型，得到了海藻糖提取最优工艺参数依次为：尺为7、W为698W、T1为4．9s、T2为7．3min、T3为9min。结果表明：模型极显著，具有可行性和有效性，超声功率、工作时间和超声总时间对海藻糖提取量的影响最大，为生产中的应用提供了科学依据。     

微波辅助提取丝瓜籽油工艺的研究

对微波辅助提取丝瓜籽油的工艺进行了研究,考察了提取时间、提取温度、料液比和微波功率对提取率的影响,并通过正交试验确定了最佳工艺条件。结果表明:理想提取工艺为选用正己烷作为提取溶剂、提取时间5min、提取温度60℃和料液比为1:7g/mL。该条件下测得丝瓜籽油提取率为20.74%。与常规溶剂法进行比较,结果表明:微波辅助提取丝瓜籽油具有省时、高效和节能等优点,优于常规溶剂提取法。     

猴头菌丝多糖的发酵生产及其提取工艺优化

以液体发酵生产的猴头菌菌丝为原料,对猴头菌丝多糖的提取工艺进行了优化研究;在基本提取方法的基础上,采取单因素试验结合正交试验的方法,通过热水提取法提取多糖。试验结果显示:1L液体发酵液可生产菌丝干粉29.17g;菌丝多糖提取的最佳工艺为:加水倍数为30倍、提取温度为80℃、提取3h、用无水乙醇沉淀多糖,此条件下的多糖得率为9.478%。     

溶剂法提取花生红衣色素工艺研究

为优化花生红衣色素的提取工艺,采用比较法,探讨溶剂法、微波法、超声波法的色素提取效果。试验结果表明：在增加提取时间的情况下．溶剂法的提取效果最好。用正交分析法得到的色素提取最佳工艺为：提取温度60℃、提取时间为4．5h,乙醇体积浓度60％。     

沙棘籽中原花青素的分离纯化及抗氧化性的研究

实验以青海沙棘籽为原料,进行了原花青素的分离纯化及抗氧化性研究。通过正交试验对提取工艺进行优化,得出最佳工艺参数为：料液比1：25、粉碎粒度60目、提取温度80℃、提取时间60min。采用NKA大孔树脂对提取物进行纯化,产品浓度由29．5％提高至95．2％,原花青素回收率为73．9％。对纯化原花青素进行DPPH·、羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基的清除能力研究,结果表明纯化原花青素具有很强的抗氧化能力。     

超高压提取雨生红球藻中虾青素的工艺优化

研究了超高压法从雨生红球藻中提取虾青素的工艺条件.通过研究各因素对雨生红球藻中虾青素转移率的影响,确定最优工艺条件为:提取压力300 MPa,保压时间1 s,提取溶剂为体积比1:1的乙酸乙酯、乙醇混合溶剂,提取2次,液固比分别为100 mL/g和50 mL/g.在此工艺条件下,雨生红球藻中虾青素转移率可达到98%.超高压法没有使雨生红球藻破壁,但却提高了虾青素转移率.缩短了提取时间.     

鲜苎麻叶中总酚酸提取工艺研究

为了研究鲜苎麻叶中总酚酸的提取分离工艺,以惰性气体饱和的氢氧化钠溶液为溶剂,提取鲜苎麻叶中的总酚酸,以AB-8大孔树脂进行分离纯化,并采用均匀设计法优化提取工艺。惰性气体保护提取分离苎麻叶中总酚酸工艺的适宜条件为,采用闪蒸提取器提取,提取次数2次,提取时间Imin,碱液浓度1．0mol·L^-1,料液比1：8,提取液调...     

桔皮中果胶提取技术的试验分析

酸浸提法提取果胶具有快速、简便、易于控制、提取率较高等特点,用盐酸浸提、乙醇沉淀法进行了从桔皮中提取果胶的工艺试验。研究结果表明,提取的液料质量比为10～15、浸提液为pH2～3、浸提时间为45～60min、浸提温度为80℃左右时,果胶提取效果较好。在单因素试验的基础上用正交试验进行工艺参数的优化,其适合的工艺条件是：液料质量比为10、浸提液pH值为2、浸提温度为80℃、浸提时间为45min在此工艺条件下进行试验,其果胶提取率达70．68％。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。