基于SSILP、InDel和SSR标记的杂草稻籼粳分类

 采用40对SSILP、30对InDel和43对SSR标记对来自斯里兰卡的28份杂草稻和14栽培稻,来自国内外的9份籼型栽培稻、7份粳型栽培稻和4份代表性杂草稻进行遗传多样性分析。SSILP、InDel和SSR标记分别检测到84、61和213个等位基因,其平均多态性信息含量(PIC)分别为0.257、0.255和0.543。聚类分析显示供试的42份斯里兰卡杂草稻和栽培稻均为籼型。SSILP与InDel标记的相关性很高（r=0.989）,而它们与SSR标记相关性较低（0.812和0.808）。结果表明,SSILP和InDel标记可高效鉴别各类稻种资源的籼粳属性,而SSR标记更适用于亚种内的分类。     

中国栽培稻及其近缘野生种叶绿体DNA的限制性片段长度多态性分析

 对中国现存的七省（区）的17份中国普通野生稻（其中广西普通野生稻6份，东乡野生稻5份，广东、湖南各2份，福建及云南景洪普通野生稻各1份）及28份栽培稻地方品种的叶绿体DNA进行了限制性内切酶酶切分析。28份中国栽培稻被分成三类，C1、C2和C3。其中C2叶绿体基因组类型仅有1份材料，为一个籼稻品种。两个主要类型C1和C3分别对应于粳型和籼型，说明中国栽培稻在叶绿体基因组存在籼、粳分化。17份中国普通野生稻的叶绿体DNA用同样3种内切酶酶切，共产生两种类型。它们分别与栽培稻中的C1和C3相同，其中C1类型占主要，为94.1％（16／17），具C3型叶绿体基因组的野生稻为１份广西材料。此外没有检测到新的类型。这说明在中国普通野生稻中也存在对应于栽培稻籼型和粳型两种不同的叶绿体基因组类型，而且是以对应于粳型的C1型叶绿体基因组类型材料为主。从大多数中国普通野生稻具有与粳型栽培稻相同的叶绿体基因组类型，可以推测粳稻起源于中国的可能性很大。     

同源四倍体水稻与非洲栽培稻杂交的效果

以4份同源四倍体水稻(Oryza sativa,2n=4x=48)和4份二倍体水稻(Oryza sativa,2n=2x=24)为母本,以4份非洲栽培稻(Oryza glaberrima,2n=2x=24)为父本进行远缘杂交配组,共配制32个杂交组合。研究结果表明,非洲栽培稻分别与亚洲栽培稻中的两种倍性水平的水稻品系进行杂交均表现出一定的可交配性,生殖隔离并不很严格。然而,不同倍性的亚洲栽培稻与非洲栽培稻杂交,其结实率表现出明显的差异。二倍体水稻与非洲栽培稻不容易杂交,其结实率比较低(0．32％—1．93％),而同源四倍体水稻与非洲栽培稻较容易杂交,其结实率比较高(1．22％—8．86％,)。由此认为,利用同源四倍体水稻为母本与非洲栽培稻杂交更容易将后者的遗传物质引入亚洲栽培稻。     

广东雷州杂草稻sh4和qSH1基因的功能SNP位点序列分析

sh4和qSH1基因是水稻的主效落粒基因,本研究旨在测定雷州杂草稻的sh4和qSH1的基因型,为雷州杂草稻的落粒机制研究提供分子基础。本研究从雷州10个杂草稻群体采集了100个单株及10份栽培稻种子,观测其颖壳颜色、果皮颜色和芒及落粒率,并对sh4和qSH1的功能SNP位点进行PCR扩增及序列分析。结果表明,57份杂草稻的sh4功能SNP位点为野生落粒型（G）,15份为杂合型G/T,28份为突变难落粒型（T）。其中,G型和G/T型的72份杂草稻的落粒率都极高（95%~100%）,而28份T型杂草稻中,19份为中度落粒（30%~75%）,5份杂草稻的落粒率很高（>95%）,4份杂草稻的落粒率小于30%。100份杂草稻和10份栽培稻的qSH1功能SNP位点均为G。结合落粒表型及基因型,推测sh4是调控雷州杂草稻落粒性的一个主要基因。     

北方杂草稻中胚轴伸长特性的初步研究

以在北方稻区收集的93份杂草稻材料和16个栽培稻品种为试验材料,研究了中胚轴伸长特性。结果表明,杂草稻和栽培稻的中胚轴在光照条件下不伸长,而在黑暗条件下都有伸长,但不同材料伸长的能力不同,杂草稻的中胚轴伸长能力强于栽培稻。在栽培稻中,籼稻的中胚轴伸长能力又强于粳稻。以中胚轴长度为指标的UPGMA聚类分析结果显示,参试的109份材料可以分为长中胚轴类型、短中胚轴类型和中间类型三种。57％的杂草稻材料属于长中胚轴类型和中间类型。除籼稻品种IR70外,其它栽培稻品种均属于短中胚轴类型。     

杂草稻和栽培稻叶片下表皮结构特征的观察及聚类分析

 利用光学显微镜对33份杂草稻及6份栽培稻材料的叶片下表皮中央长细胞及其各级乳突、气孔器及其乳突的结构特征进行了观察、统计后作主成分分析及聚类分析。主成分分析后得到3个在各个性状因子中贡献率最大的主成分,分别是中央长细胞大乳突、中乳突及小乳突的数目、大小,气孔密度。叶表皮结构特征在各供试材料之间有一定的变异和特异性,在杂草稻分类鉴定及亲缘关系的研究中具有一定的价值。     

同源四倍体水稻与非洲栽培稻杂交的后效性研究

利用亚洲栽培稻中的4份同源四倍体水稻(O.sativa,2n=4x=48)和相应的4份二倍体水稻(O.sativa,2n=2x=24)为母本,以4份非洲栽培稻(O.glaberrima,2n=2x=24)为花粉供体进行远缘杂交后,对其杂种后代的分离动态进行了研究.结果表明,不同倍性的普通栽培稻与非洲栽培稻之间杂交后代的结实率以二倍体普通栽培稻的较高.在配制的32个杂交组合中,其杂种第1代群体均表现出明显的营养生长优势.从群体的生长势来看,杂种第2代群体比杂种第1代群体要弱一些;在杂种第2代群体中,以同源四倍体水稻为母本的杂交组合的分离现象比以二倍体水稻为母本的杂交组合的分离现象更明显.在各杂交组合的第3代群体中,从植株的株叶形态和生育期来看,株系间的差异和株系内的变异依然很明显,变异频率更宽,变异种类更多.在普通栽培稻与非洲栽培稻的杂交组合中,育性变异、生长势变异、株叶形态变异、染色体变异和结实性变异等是较易发现的变异现象.     

国内外野生稻性状初探

通过对国内外部分野生稻的形态观察和酯酶同工酶分析:认为国内的野生稻较国外野生稻的野生性强,国外野生稻可能由于栽培稻基因的渗入,而致野生性减弱。     

北方杂草稻耐低温发芽特性的初步研究

选用19份北方杂草稻为试验材料，分别在0℃、4℃、14℃、24—28℃条件下进行发芽试验。结果表明，北方杂草稻具有较强的耐低温发芽特性。在4℃条件下，供试的19份杂草稻材料间的发芽率方差和变异幅度都比较大，耐冷性评价结果可靠。在4℃条件下耐低温发芽特性的评价结果为：5份杂草稻材料耐冷性为1级，耐冷性强；4份为5级，耐冷性中；10份为9级，耐冷性弱。对照栽培稻品种秋光的耐冷性为9级，耐冷性弱。     

水稻多酚氧化酶基因功能标记的开发与应用

 水稻酚反应是水稻分类的重要依据。控制水稻酚反应的多酚氧化酶基因(PPO)已经克隆,根据其等位基因的DNA序列差异设计了InDel功能标记FMppo 18和FMppo 29。利用这两个标记对45份材料进行了标记基因型分析和酚反应鉴定。结果发现3份普通野生稻为非缺失带型;8份籼稻材料中6份为非缺失带型,而Dular为缺失29 bp带型,龙晴为缺失18 bp带型,表明Dular和龙晴分别携带29 bp和18 bp缺失的PPO等位基因;11份粳稻材料中9份携带18 bp缺失的PPO等位基因,2份携带29 bp缺失的PPO等位基因。对23份杂草稻鉴定的结果表明,7份早年发现的杂草稻,即3份江苏省连云港穞稻和4份安徽省怀远、来安、全椒、肥东的塘稻为非缺失带型;而16份近年来发现的杂草稻中14份不缺失,2份表现为18 bp缺失的PPO等位基因,与江苏省大面积推广的栽培粳稻品种携带相同的PPO基因。酚反应结果表明带29 bp或18 bp缺失的PPO等位基因的材料酚反应呈阴性,而不缺失的材料酚反应呈阳性。标记基因型与酚反应表现型完全对应。表明这两个功能标记可用于水稻种质资源鉴定、进化研究以及多酚氧化酶基因的分子标记辅助选择育种。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.