松香季戊四醇酯合成工艺的研究

以工厂所用的普通一级松香为主原料,采用多种催化剂,研究了合成浅色145#松香季戊四醇酯的工艺条件.实验选用8种国内外适合松香树脂的催化剂,主要探讨了催化剂种类及复配条件与产品质量之间的关系.并对反应温度、反应时间和原料配比等影响因子进行了探讨.通过实验得到,合成145#松香季戊四醇酯的适宜工艺条件为反应温度(275±2)℃,反应时间6 h(可根据实际需要适当延长),适宜的反应物配比为松香、季戊四醇、催化剂A、催化剂G的质量比为10.120.0020.0005.在上述工艺条件下,得到145#松香季戊四醇酯产品,其质量指标是色泽3(加纳比色),软化点91.7℃,酸值24.8 mg/g.     

富马酸改性松香季戊四醇酯的合成

以富马酸和季戊四醇对松香进行改性,生产富马酸改性松香季戊四醇酯,研究温度、时间、原辅料配比等因素分别对富马酸改性松香和富马酸改性松香季戊四醇酯合成的影响,结果表明反应温度为195℃、反应时间4 h、富马酸加入量为松香的6%,为富马酸与松香的D-A加成反应的最佳条件;富马酸改性松香与季戊四醇酯化反应最优条件为:温度为270℃,反应时间8.5 h,季戊四醇加入的量为富马酸改性松香的14%。本研究工艺无需催化剂就能实现富马酸松香季戊四醇酯的合成,扩大稳定性试验表明反应得率91.3%,产品软化点125.5℃,酸值11.8 mg KOH/g。     

微波辐射下松香与多元醇的酯化反应研究

研究了微波辐射下松香与甘油、季戊四醇的酯化反应。反应以氧化锌为催化剂，在不通氮气和不加抗氧化剂的条件下，在650w功率微波辐射下常压反应30min，再在5kPa的压力下反应30min，制备的松香甘油酯酸值为8．3mgKOH／g，色泽为8，软化点82．0℃；松香季戊四醇酯的酸值为8．6mgKOH／g，色泽为7，软化点91．0℃。最佳反应物质量配比为：松香：甘油：氧化锌为20：2．4：0．068；松香：季戊四醇：氧化锌为20：3．2:0．034。     

功能基聚氧化松香二元醇酯的制备与性能研究

探讨了松香的氧化及氧化产物与二元醇反应合成聚酯的反应;研究了催化剂、反应温度、反应时间、投料比及不同二元醇类对聚酯制备的影响。采用紫外光谱、红外光谱等对松香氧化产物及聚酯结构进行了表征,并测定了聚酯的酸值、溶解度、热失重和软化点。实验结果表明,当反应温度为75℃,反应时间为8 h,氧化产物酸值达到318 mg.g-1;聚氧化松香乙二醇酯制备的适宜条件为:以AlCl3为催化剂,反应温度120~140℃之间,反应时间为20 h左右,投料比n松香氧化产物∶n乙二醇=1∶1.2~1∶1.5。该聚酯热失重5%时的温度为178.19℃,软化点为248℃,在甲苯、乙醇和丙酮中溶解度分别为0.0008 g.ml-1、0.0392 g.ml-1和0.0204 g.ml-1。     

生产浅色聚合松香酯类产品浅色剂的选择

依据松香的结构及其氧化机理,考察酚类、亚磷酸酯类、硫酯类等对聚合松香的浅色反应.结果表明:十二硫醇、环氧大豆油、SWC-80可作为聚合松香酯化的浅色剂,以SWC-80为浅色剂、DynOm为催化剂,制得的浅色聚合松香甘油酯,颜色为2号(加纳),酸值12.1 mgKOH·g-1,软化点为135℃;制得的浅色聚合松香季戊四醇酯,颜色为3号(加纳),酸值22.1 mgKOH·g-1,软化点为143℃.     

聚松香丙烯醇酯及其氧化物的合成及表征(Ⅰ)——微波加热法合成聚松香丙烯醇酯

采用微波加热和常规加热方法聚合得到聚松香丙烯醇酯,分别对聚合物进行了红外、紫外、软化点和热失重分析。结果表明,微波加热聚合得到聚松香丙烯醇酯具有交联结构,松香的共轭双键参与了反应,软化点在300℃以上,微波加热反应的聚松香丙烯醇酯的相对分子质量在29 305以上,常规加热方法聚合得到聚松香丙烯醇酯相对分子质量在3 910以上,常规加热方法聚合时加入交联剂后得到的聚合物,相对分子质量在9 729以上,聚合物中残留有更多的双键,聚合物的热稳定性减弱。采用微波加热合成聚松香丙烯醇酯快速简便,聚合物性能优于常规方法。     

微波合成氢化松香基季铵盐表面活性剂及其性能

以氢化松香、环氧氯丙烷和三乙胺为原料,采用微波辐射法合成氢化松香基季铵盐表面活性剂.通过单因素试验研究了反应条件对酯化率的影响,并对合成产物进行结构确认及其表面性能测定.结果表明,微波辐射法合成氢化松香基季铵盐适宜反应条件为:反应时间75 min,微波功率500 W,反应温度80℃,反应物料配比1∶1∶1(物质的量比),产物酯化率为99.66％,阳离子表面活性物质量分数为82.24％.产物的临界胶束浓度(CMC)为9.83 × 10-4 mol/L,表面张力为35.7 mN/m,乳化力为20 min,泡沫力为225 mm,泡沫稳定性为175 mm,Krafft点＜0℃,亲水亲油平衡值(HLB值)为20.9.微波辐射法与常规加热法相比,反应时间比常规加热法缩短105 min.     

离子液体[HSO3-(CH2)4-mim][HSO4]催化合成松香甘油酯的研究

合成了1-磺酸丁基-3-甲基咪唑硫酸氢盐离子液体([HSO3-(CH2)4-mim][HSO4]),并以其为催化剂,催化松香和甘油酯化合成了松香甘油酯,用红外及核磁共振对产品进行了表征。详细探讨了各因素对酯化反应的影响,确定最佳反应条件为:醇酸比(nOH∶nCOOH)为1.1∶1,反应温度260℃,反应时间7 h,离子液体用量0.03%(占原料松香质量)。在此条件下,产品酸值9.6 mg/g,软化点90℃,得率100.2%,色泽(Fe-Co法)4,与传统催化剂ZnO相比,产品性能更佳。     

常压一锅法合成聚乙二醇400葡糖苷松香酸酯

常压下,以聚乙二醇400(PEG 400)、松香、淀粉为原料,对甲苯磺酸为催化剂一锅法合成了聚乙二醇400葡糖苷松香酸酯。最佳反应条件为:n(PEG 400)∶n(淀粉)∶n(松香)4.5∶1.5∶1,催化剂用量10%(以松香质量计),反应温度200℃,反应时间7 h。粗产品酸值低于5 mg/g,利用CaO精制后的产物酸值小于1 mg/g。红外光谱和元素分析表明得到的产物为目标产物。所合成的产物具有较好的乳化性能。     

松香烯丙醇酯的合成研究

探索了一种两步合成松香烯丙醇酯的新方法,即先以烯丙醇和对甲苯磺酰氯为原料,以NaOH为催化剂,通过O-酰化反应合成中间体对甲苯磺酸烯丙醇酯,再与松香纳皂发生亲核取代反应合成目标产物松香烯丙醇酯.通过单因素试验,得出合成中间体对甲苯磺酸烯丙醇酯的最佳工艺条件为:n(烯丙醇)∶n(对甲苯磺酰氯)为3∶1,反应温度0℃,反应时间3 h,产率达89.5%;合成目标产物松香烯丙醇酯的最佳工艺条件为:n(松香钠)∶n(对甲苯磺酸烯丙醇酯)为1.3∶1,反应温度40℃,反应时间2 h,产率达75.4%.利用TLC、IR和GC-MS对目标产物进行了分析和表征.试验表明,该法具有反应时间短、反应温度低的优点,能很好地避免原料因高温而发生的副反应.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.