低碳经济视角下河南林木生物质能源发展策略

低碳经济作为一种新的发展模式用于指导林木生物质能源发展,是改善能源结构,实现社会经济可持续发展的有效途径。文章分析了低碳经济和林木生物质能源的内涵及两者之间的关系;论述了河南省林木生物质能源资源总量、分布;主要林木生物质能源树种开发利用现状及存在的主要问题;从资源调查评价、开展战略研究、制定相关政策、加大研发力度、启动示范工程等方面分析了低碳视角下河南省林木生物质能源资源现状、趋势及发展对策。     

日本林木生物质能源政策与效果分析

目前我国林木生物质能源产业处于发展初期,相关政策有待完善,日本的林木生物质能源政策体系值得借鉴。文中在阐述背景的基础上,着重分析日本促进林木生物质能源发展的20余项政策,并将其分为法律法规、发展规划和经济扶持3类;总结出其政策具有体系完善、连贯协调、可操作性强、重视分布式发展4个特点,并对政策实施效果进行分析;最后从4个方面提出对我国林木生物质能源政策的启示,包括健全政策体系、实施覆盖全产业链的补助政策、建立统一的领导机构、促进区域性示范。     

第五章中国林木生物质能源清洁发展机制和相关政策研究

目前,中国林木生物质能源发展尚处于起步阶段,市场机制和相关政策都尚未建立。在发展进程中要吸引一部分企业和民间资本投身于林木生物质能源试点示范,为今后发展积累经验。我们认为,在目前国家相关政策还不完善的情况下,可抓住目前《京都议定书》构建的碳信用交易平台,通过把林木生物质能源发展和清洁发展机制(C D M)相结合,使得开展林木生物质能源试点示范的企业能够通过参与国际碳信用交易,获得额外收益,以激励企业参与林木生物质能源生产和销售的试点示范,逐步推动林木生物质能源早期市场发育,并进一步推动国家建立有利于林木生物质能…     

国外生物质能源产业发展的经验及启示

通过介绍国外生物质能源产业发展的成功经验和相关政策, 结合我国林木生物质能源产业发展的现状, 总结出几点启示, 以期为促进我国林木生物质能源的产业化发展提供借鉴和参考。     

中国林木生物质能源发展向何方？——访北京林业大学校长宋维明

“未来林木生物质能源发展的方向是产业化。”北京林业大学校长宋维明教授在接受记者采访时反复强调了这一点。他认为,要在借鉴国外政策、经验的基础上,尽快出台新的资源政策、技术政策、投资政策、市场政策,以加速我国林木生物质能源产业化的步伐。     

河南省林木生物质能源的现状及开发利用

林木生物质能源的开发利用是生物质能源领域研究的热点问题。本文介绍了我省林木生物质能源资源的发展现状、开发利用等，针对林木生物质能源的发展方向，提出了加快我省林木生物质能源开发利用的对策及措施。     

第五章 中国林木生物质能源清洁发展积制和相关政策研究

目前，中国林木生物质能源发展尚处于起步阶段，市场机制和相关政策都尚未建立。在发展进程中要吸引一部分企业和民间资本投身于林木生物质能源试点示范，为今后发展积累经验。我们认为，在目前国家相关政策还不完善的情况下，可抓住目前《京都议定书》构建的碳信用交易平台。通过把林木生物质能源发展和清洁发展机制（CDM）相结合，使得开展林木生物质能源试点示范的企业能够通过参与国际碳信用交易，获得额外收益。     

辽宁发展林木生物质能源的潜力

能源短缺已成为制约世界各国经济、社会发展的瓶颈,寻找新能源,特别是开发可再生能源成为解决能源危机的有效途径。林木生物质能源作为可再生能源的重要组成部分,正面临巨大的发展机遇。该文介绍了辽宁的林木生物质能源树种,探讨了辽宁发展林木生物质能源的潜力,并提出了辽宁发展林木生物质能源的建议。     

内蒙古乌审旗林木生物质能源发电现状及发展对策的探讨

针对内蒙古乌审旗毛乌素生物热电厂利用生物质原料发电的调研结果,阐述了林木生物质能源发电的现状,对林木生物质能源发电的可行性、发展优势和目前面临的问题进行了探讨,为进一步利用和发展林木生物质能源发电,解决沙漠地区能源短缺问题提供借鉴。     

河南林木生物质能源发展浅谈

在分析林木生物质能源含义的基础上,根据河南省林木生物质能源的开发利用尚处于起步阶段,尚未开始实质性的产业化建设的现状,简要探讨了有关河南发展林木生物质能源的优势、存在问题及对策。     

Environmental effects of harvesting forests for energy

Present interest in decreasing U.S. dependence on foreign oil by increasing the use of wood for energy may bring about a change in our forest utilization policies. In the past, forests have been removed in areas believed to be suited for agriculture, or sawtimber and pulp have been the only woody material removed in any quantity from land not generally considered tillable. The new demands on wood for energy are effecting a trend toward (1) removing all woody biomass from harvested areas, (2) increasing the frequency of harvesting second growth forests, and (3) increasing production with biomass plantations. Considering the marginal quality of much of the remaining forested land, the impacts of these modes of production could be significant. For example, it is anticipated that increased losses of nutrients and carbon will occur by direct forest removal and through erosion losses accelerated by forest clearing. There are, however, control measures that can be utilized in minimizing both direct and indirect effects of forest harvesting while maximizing woody biomass production.     

Increased utilization of different tree parts for energy purposes in the Nordic countries

The review gives an overview of the increased utilization of forest biomass for energy. The emphasis is on Nordic countries, especially on Sweden and Finland with large biomass potentials and a high share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption. The utilization and potential of forest chip sources such as logging residues, small-size tree stems and stumps that are normally not harvested in conventional harvesting are described. Environmental potential and impacts that may reduce the utilization of forest biomass are discussed based on recent publications. Finally, the review summarizes the future developments based on their relationship to policies, certifications and guidelines and forest owners' decisions.     

中国林木生物质能源潜力测算及变化趋势

基于各省份林业统计数据,文中利用自下而上分析方法测算了中国林木生物质能源的资源潜力,并对变化趋势进行分析。结果表明:1993—2013年中国林木生物质能源资源潜力由0.78亿t标准煤增长到1.05亿t标准煤,20年间增长了34.62%;从资源构成来看,灌木平茬剩余物和采伐剩余物是林木生物质能源的主要供给来源;从区域变化来看,不同省份资源潜力呈现明显差异,但全国平均水平的逐步提高并非个别省份资源潜力大幅度提高使然,而是绝大部分省份资源潜力的共同增长促成了平均水平的连年提高。     

Social preferences toward energy generation with woody biomass from public forests in Montana,USA

In Montana, USA, there are substantial opportunities for mechanized thinning treatments on public forests to reduce the likelihood of severe and damaging wildfires and improve forest health. These treatments produce residues that can be used to generate renewable energy and displace fossil fuels. The choice modeling method is employed to examine the marginal willingness of Montanans' to pay (MWTP) for woody biomass energy produced from treatments in their public forests. The survey instrument elicited social preferences for important co-benefits and costs of woody biomass energy generation in Montana, namely the extent of healthy forests, the number of large wildfires, and local air quality. Positive and statistically significant MWTP is found for woody biomass energy generation, forest health and air quality. MWTP to avoid large wildfires is statistically insignificant. However, MWTP for woody biomass energy diminishes quickly, revealing that Montanans do not support public forestland management that produces more than double the current level of woody biomass harvested for energy generation. These findings can be used by policy makers and public land managers to estimate the social benefits of utilizing residues from public forest restoration or fuel treatment programs to generate energy.     

Willingness of Private Forest Owners to Supply Woody Biomass in Croatia

Renewable energy sources have received significant attention in European countries as a result of increasing dependence on energy imports and concerns over high prices of fuels and climate change. Although private forests in Croatia account for less than one quarter of all forests, they may play an important role in woody biomass energy production, due to their underutilized exploitation. The objective of this paper is to identify the willingness of private forest owners to supply woody biomass and to understand how this willingness is affected by certain owner, management and forest property characteristics. A survey conducted in Croatia in 2012 of a random sample of 350 private forest owners shows that almost half of them were willing to supply woody biomass. A random utility model was used to determine the factors influencing private forest owners’ willingness to supply woody biomass. The results showed that willingness to supply woody biomass was influenced by property size, management objectives (production of fuel wood for personal needs and using the forest for outdoor recreation), cooperation with other forest owners and owner age. In order to enhance woody biomass mobilization from private forests it is important to identify the owners who are willing to supply it and to provide them with financial and administrative support using a mix of developed forest policy instruments.     

Regional effects of a green steel industry – fuel substitution and feedstock competition

Forestry and forest industry sectors have vital roles for many regional economies. Consequently, it is important to understand how the introduction of the iron and steel industry (ISI) as a new large consumer of woody materials may affect existing feedstock markets. The use of metallurgical coal can partially or fully be substituted by refined biomass. To analyze the potential consequences of a new woody consumer on regional markets, three regions in northern Sweden and Finland are used as a case. A regional partial equilibrium model is developed, the Norrbotten County Forest Sector Model (NCFSM), and applied on three different scenarios. The purpose of the study is to analyze the intra- and inter-regional effects increased competition for woody materials may have on regional markets and on the economic well-being of the regions. The result suggest that the total welfare effect is relatively small, however, some regional welfare distributional effects are observed. Additionally, the price of roundwood will only be moderately affected if the ISI sector switch from fossil fuels to refined woody biomass. However, secondary woody materials, i.e. by-products and harvesting residues, will experience larger price shifts.     

木质生物质快速热解生物油产率影响因素分析

木质生物质能是可再生能源的重要组成部分,快速热解技术是国内外木质生物质能源化的热点研究课题.本文在简要总结木质生物质快速热解技术的基础上,着重对快速热解过程中热解温度、升温速率、压力、气相滞留时间、木质生物质物料特性、催化剂、热解反应器等因素对生物油产率的影响进行了论述,阐明了提高生物油产率的快速热解工艺条件.     

Impact of the 2 °C target on global woody biomass use

In this study we investigate the implications of reaching the 2 °C climate target for global woody biomass use by applying the Global Biosphere Management Model (GLOBIOM) and the recently published SSP-RCP scenario calculations. We show that the higher biomass demand for energy needed to reach the 2 °C target can be achieved without significant distortions to woody biomass material use and that it can even benefit certain forest industries and regions. This is because the higher woody biomass use for energy increases the demand for forest industry by-products, which makes forest industry final products production more profitable and compensates for the cost effect of increased competition over raw materials. The higher woody biomass use for energy is found to benefit sawnwood, plywood and chemical pulp production, which provide large amounts of by-products, and to inhibit fiberboard and mechanical pulp production, which provide small amounts of by-products. At the regional level, the higher woody biomass use for energy is found to benefit material production in regions, which use little roundwood for energy (Russia, North-America and EU28), and to inhibit material production in regions, which use large amounts of roundwood for energy (Asia, Africa and South-America). Even if the 2 °C target increases harvest volumes in the tropical regions significantly compared to the non-mitigation scenario, harvest volumes remain in these regions at a relatively low level compared to the harvest potential.     

国外生物质能源产业扶持政策

生物质能源消费量占世界能源总消费量的15%左右, 作为可再生的清洁能源, 其重要性越来越重要。国外很多国家都对生物质能产业的发展加强引导, 制定国家发展战略, 建立专门的科研和管理机构, 强化立法, 并在财政、信贷、税收等方面给予相当大的政策扶持。