Haploid females in the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis

The insect order of Hymenoptera (ants, bees, sawflies, and wasps) consists almost entirely of haplodiploid species. Under haplodiploidy, males develop from unfertilized eggs and are haploid, whereas females develop from fertilized eggs and are diploid. Although diploid males commonly occur, haploid females have never been reported. In analyzing the phenomenon of gynandromorphism in the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis, we found a line that generates complete phenotypic females from unfertilized eggs. These females have ovaries, can lay eggs, and are haploid, as shown by cytological and flow cytometric analyses. The data show that diploidy is not necessary for female development.     

自然四倍体泥鳅雄核发育二倍体染色体组构成研究

为探究鱼类雄核发育新途径及自然四倍体泥鳅所产生的配子染色体组构成,采用自然四倍体泥鳅(4n=100)为父本、二倍体泥鳅(2n=50)为母本进行杂交,受精后5 min将受精卵放入3℃水中处理60 min诱导雄核发育二倍体泥鳅,并对其后代的血红细胞核体积、染色体核型、Ag-NORs带型及荧光原位杂交(FISH)信号等进行了研究。结果表明:对照组杂交三倍体泥鳅血红细胞核体积为(38.29±3.14)μm³,处理组雄核发育二倍体泥鳅血红细胞核体积为(27.92±3.58)μm³,二者血红细胞核体积之比为1.37∶1;杂交三倍体泥鳅胚胎染色体数目3n=75,核型公式为15m+6sm+54t,NF=96,雄核发育二倍体泥鳅胚胎染色体数目2n=50,核型公式为10m+4sm+36t,NF=64;杂交三倍体泥鳅胚胎染色体中,在3个染色体短臂的端部检测到3个FISH杂交信号,雄核发育二倍体泥鳅胚胎染色体中,在2个染色体短臂的端部检测到2个FISH杂交信号;杂交三倍体泥鳅染色体和间期核中,呈现出Ag-NORs数目为1~3个,雄核发育二倍体泥鳅胚胎染色体和间期核中,呈现出Ag-NORs数目为1~2个。研究表明,雄核发育二倍体泥鳅的染色体组构成为2套染色体组,表明自然四倍体雄性泥鳅能产生二倍体(2n)配子,该结果为自然四倍体雄性泥鳅是具有4套染色体组的遗传四倍体提供了重要的遗传学证据。     

金鳟伪雄鱼的制备及全雌三倍体的诱导

以4龄金鳟Oncorhynchus mykiss为试验鱼（雄、雌性平均体重分别为1．7、2．2kg）,采用人工诱导雌核发育技术灭活金鳟精子,对受精卵进行热休克处理后正常孵化,获得初孵仔鱼;再用雄性激素诱导全雌二倍体,得到性逆转雄鱼（伪雄鱼）;培育至性成熟后进行人工繁殖,采用热休克法对受精卵进行处理获得全雌三倍体鱼类。结果表明：金鳟全雌二倍体的诱导出现率为80％,金鳟伪雄鱼获取成功率为75％;用不同pH人工精浆激活伪雄鱼精巢精子,高pH（9—10）的人工精浆激活受精卵的效果最好,金鳟三倍体的出现率为75％-80％,其中还有一定比率的嵌合体出现。     

Development of gynogenetic eggs in the mouse: implications for parthenogenetic embryos

Mouse eggs with different genetic constitutions were prepared by micromanipulation of fertilized diploids and triploids. The diploid gynogenones, activated by the male gamete which was then removed, developed at best to about the 25-somite stage as did the genetically similar diploid parthenogenones stimulated to develop in the complete absence of the male gamete. The failure of development to term in both cases may be due to homozygosity and does not appear to be due to a lack of extragenetic contribution from spermatozoa.     

Aedes aegypti: origin of a "new" chromosome from a double translocation heterozygote

An apparent enhancement of crossing-over occurs in the region common to two translocated chromosomes derived from two different reciprocal translocations in the yellow-fever mnosquito, Aedes aegypti. A "new" chromosome containing parts of all three linkage groups is created through crossing-over. In a reversible process, two haploid translocated sets in the double translocation heterozygote produce a new, normal chromosome. set and vice versa in alternating generatiots.     

戴胜(Upupa epops)的染色体组型研究

 本文报道了戴胜(Upupa epops)的染色体组型研究结果。其染色体二倍体数2n=128。这是迄今已研究过的鸟类染色体二倍体数目最多的一种。在常染色体中,1—10号为双臂染色体(中、近中或近端着丝粒染色体);11—63号全为端部着丝粒染色体。雄性性染色体ZZ是整个染色体组中最长的一对近端着丝粒染色体;雌性的W染色体也为近端着丝粒染色体,其长度仅次于第3号常染色体。本研究结果为鸟类细胞分类学和研究鸟类的核型进化提供了新的细胞遗传学资料。     

Identification of triploid genome by fluorescence microscopy

Fluorescence markers on chromosome numbers 3, 13, and 14 gave cytological evidence of the paternal origin of the extra haploid set in a premature triploid infant with XXY sex chromosome complement. The mother had discontinued the use of oral contraceptives 13 months prior to conception. It is not possible to tell whether the mechanism involved was fertilization by dispermy or by a diploid sperm.     

Cytological study on haploid male fertility in maize

Doubled haploid(DH) breeding technology, which relies on haploid genome doubling, is widely used in commercial maize breeding. Spontaneous haploid genome doubling(SHGD), a more simplified and straightforward method, is gaining popularity among maize breeders. However, the cytological mechanism of SHGD remains unclear. This study crossed inbred lines RL36 and RL7, which have differing SHGD abilities, with inducer line YHI-1 to obtain haploid kernels. The meiotic processes of pollen mother cells(P...     

冷休克诱导红鳍东方鲀雄核发育单倍体的条件优化

为探索无需卵子失活仅用冷休克方法诱导雄核发育单倍体,以红鳍东方鲀Takifugu rubripes为研究对象,试验选用L_9(3~4)设计,进行3因素3水平的正交试验,处理温度设为0、2、4℃,处理持续时间设为30、45、60 min,处理起始时间设为2、5、8 min,共9个试验组,并对其后代采用单个胚胎染色体计数法进行染色体数目统计及微卫星分析。结果表明:冷休克诱导得到的单倍体率最高为第7试验组和第9试验组,分别为受精后8 min在4℃下处理30 min和受精后5 min在4℃下处理60 min,单倍体率分别为86.7%和80.0%;根据正交试验直观分析结果,得出冷休克诱导红鳍东方鲀雄核发育单倍体的3因素最优组合为处理温度4℃、处理持续时间60 min、处理起始时间8 min;影响冷休克诱导单倍体的3因素主次顺序为处理温度处理起始时间处理持续时间;微卫星分析结果表明,单倍体携带的遗传基因全部为父本的遗传基因。研究表明,仅用冷休克方法可以成功诱导红鳍东方鲀雄核发育单倍体,雄核发育单倍体率高达86.7%,为进一步研究诱导红鳍东方鲀雄核发育二倍体奠定了基础。     

Epigenetic aspects of X-chromosome dosage compensation

The X chromosomes of mammals and fruit flies exhibit unusual properties that have evolved to deal with the different dosages of X-linked genes in males (XY) and females (XX). The X chromosome dosage-compensation mechanisms discovered in these species are evolutionarily unrelated, but exhibit surprising parallels in their regulatory strategies. These features include the importance of noncoding RNAs, and epigenetic spreading of chromatin-modifying activities. Sex chromosomes have posed a fascinating puzzle for biologists. The dissimilar organization, gene content, and regulation of the X and Y chromosomes are thought to reflect selective forces acting on original pairs of identical chromosomes (1-3). The result in many organisms is a male-specific Y chromosome that has lost most of its original genetic content, and a difference in dosage of the X chromosome in males (XY) and females (XX).     

Selection, outbreeding depression, and the sex ratio of scale insects

The black pineleaf scale insect has haploid males and diploid females. Ratios of males to females late in development ranged from 0.005 to 0.320 among insect subpopulations that were infesting different host trees. Demes well adapted to an individual ponderosa pine had a higher proportion of males than did demes that were poorly adapted to the host. Ratios of males to females rose in successive annual samples as natural selection increased insect adaptation. Gene flow between demes on different host trees produced predictable changes in the sex ratio.     

鲢人工雌核二倍体群体的产生及其遗传分析

选用遗传失活兴国红鲤的精子作为雌核发育激活源 ,成功地诱导了鲢雌核发育并获得 3个自然加倍的雌核发育二倍体群体。鲢的单倍体诱导率最高达 96 .9% ,自然加倍率最高达 0 .4 4 3%。经分析鉴定 ,雌核发育单倍体胚胎具有 2 4条染色体。而鲢的染色体为 4 8,兴国红鲤为 10 0。雌核二倍体鲢都具有 2套完整的母本染色体 (2n =4 8) ,外部形态性状与亲本鲢完全相同。这些结果表明 ,雌核发育后代的遗传物质来源于母本 ,无父本遗传物质参与。     

雌核发育翘嘴鲌胚胎发育和形态特征的研究

在成功获得翘嘴鲌减数分裂型雌核发育鱼的基础上,观察比较了雌核发育胚胎与单倍体胚胎和普通胚胎的发育特征及时序差异,探讨了冷休克处理对胚胎发育的影响及完善雌核发育胚胎孵化管理的措施,并对雌核发育翘嘴鲌成鱼进行了形态学特征分析。结果表明:(1)与普通胚胎相比,雌核发育胚胎受精率较低且仔鱼畸形率较高,单倍体孵化率极低。(2)雌核发育组胚胎出现不规则细胞分裂、卵膜破裂、卵黄囊凝集及单倍体综合征等现象,其中原肠期和出膜前期为胚胎死亡高峰期。(3)雌核发育二倍体与普通胚胎的发育特征相似,卵裂至原肠期阶段发育特别缓慢,原肠期以后,各期发育所用时间与普通胚胎基本相同;单倍体胚胎卵裂开始至囊胚阶段,发育速度与普通胚胎无明显差异,在原肠期阶段发育滞后,其他时期一直处于缓慢状态,仔鱼具有明显的单倍体综合症。(4)雌核发育系体型较普通翘嘴鲌已经发生了一定的变化。     

小麦转录因子基因W16的功能标记作图和关联分析

【目的】开发小麦DREB转录因子基因W16的功能标记,进行遗传作图,并结合表型性状关联分析,为利用分子标记进行小麦遗传改良提供依据。【方法】以六倍体普通小麦及其野生近缘种的二倍体和四倍体为材料,克隆W16的DNA序列;根据序列多态性设计分子标记;利用中国春缺四体材料对基因进行染色体定位,用DH群体（旱选10号×鲁麦14）进行精细定位并作图;以154份六倍体普通小麦材料构成的自然群体分析表型性状与基因单倍型的关联特性。【结果】利用中国春缺四体材料先将W16定位在1A染色体上。后利用DH群体将W16定位于染色体1A的CWM517和WMC20标记之间,距左、右标记的遗传距离分别为7.8 cM和19.4 cM。在小麦自然群体中共检测到W16的3种单倍型,分别与单株穗数、穗粒数、每穗小穗数和籽粒饱满度关联。【结论】确定了W16所在的染色体位置,鉴定出HapⅡ为增加单株穗数和籽粒饱满度的优良单倍型,HapⅢ为提高穗粒数的优良单倍型,该基因的功能标记和关联分析结果为小麦分子育种提供了重要信息。     

异源精子诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育早期胚胎发育及其倍性分析

采用紫外线遗传灭活的长牡蛎（Crassostrea gigas）精子作激活源,经6-DMAP加倍诱导栉孔扇贝（Chlamys farreri）第二极体抑制型雌核发育二倍体;运用荧光显微技术,对雌核发育二倍体卵子早期胚胎发育过程中的核相变化进行观察。结果显示,紫外线处理过的精子入卵后发生一次轻微膨胀,形成雄性原核,但不形成染色体,而是浓缩为致密的染色质小体（DCB）,DCB或滞留于两卵裂球的分裂沟上或进入其一的细胞质中,不与雌原核融合;雌核发育胚胎的发育速度明显滞缓,经6-DMAP处理后胚胎发育速度加快,发育同步化;在雌核发育二倍体诱导过程中,还观察到杂交体、异源三倍体、雌核发育单倍体、雌核发育四倍体。结果为异源精子诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育提供了细胞学证据。     

异源精子诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育早期胚胎发育及其倍性分析

采用紫外线遗传灭活的长牡蛎（Crassostrea gigas）精子作激活源,经6-DMAP加倍诱导栉孔扇贝（Chlamys farreri）第二极体抑制型雌核发育二倍体;运用荧光显微技术,对雌核发育二倍体卵子早期胚胎发育过程中的核相变化进行观察。结果显示,紫外线处理过的精子入卵后发生一次轻微膨胀,形成雄性原核,但不形成染色体,而是浓缩为致密的染色质小体（DCB）,DCB或滞留于两卵裂球的分裂沟上或进入其一的细胞质中,不与雌原核融合;雌核发育胚胎的发育速度明显滞缓,经6-DMAP处理后胚胎发育速度加快,发育同步化;在雌核发育二倍体诱导过程中,还观察到杂交体、异源三倍体、雌核发育单倍体、雌核发育四倍体。结果为异源精子诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育提供了细胞学证据。     

一个未知的卷叶基因的识别和定位

利用籼稻窄叶青８号和粳稻京系１７的杂交Ｆ１以及衍生的ＤＨ系,对水稻籼粳交的卷叶性状进行遗传分析;结果表明,叶片平展对卷曲为显性,卷叶植株受两对隐性基因控制。应用ＤＨ系已构建的分子图谱将这两对卷叶基因定位于第１染色体的Ｃ９４９—Ｇ３７０和第５染色体的ＲＧ１３—ＲＧ５７之间,其中第１染色体的卷叶位点,与经典遗传图谱已定的ｒｌ－１位于同一区段,本研究沿用该名。第５染色体上的卷叶基因是一个未定位的新基因,暂定名为ｒｌ－７,且这两对基因存在基因互补作用。     

辐射花粉授粉培育单倍体黄瓜研究

【目的】为系统探讨授粉组合、雄花辐射时的发育时期和辐射剂量对黄瓜座果和单倍体胚生产的影响。【方法】选用了32个不同基因型黄瓜作为母本，6个不同基因型黄瓜作为父本，采用1次辐射2次授粉结合胚胎拯救的方法。【结果】从15个基因型的母本中获得了单倍体胚48个，单倍体胚的平均产率为0.77%，最高产率可达50.00%。【结论】试验发现雄花辐射时的发育时期对座果率影响不大，对单倍体胚产率有一定影响；辐射剂量的差异对座果率和单倍体胚产率都有影响，但剂量效应不明显；授粉组合之间单倍体胚产率差异很大。对单倍体的形态、减数分裂染色体行为与育性、部分生理生化指标进行了研究，结果表明单倍体的茎叶表面形态和花器官形态与二倍体存在显著的差别；大部分的单倍体植株雌雄均不育，但单倍体H2的雌雄配子均有一定育性；对减数分裂行为的观察发现单倍体H2的各个分裂时期的染色体行为均异常，但后期I极低频率的（0+7）型分离方式可能产生具有育性的配子；单倍体的叶绿素含量、过氧化物酶活性（POD）及可溶性蛋白含量与二倍体存在较大差异。     

Essential role of Fkbp6 in male fertility and homologous chromosome pairing in meiosis

Meiosis is a critical stage of gametogenesis in which alignment and synapsis of chromosomal pairs occur, allowing for the recombination of maternal and paternal genomes. Here we show that FK506 binding protein (Fkbp6) localizes to meiotic chromosome cores and regions of homologous chromosome synapsis. Targeted inactivation of Fkbp6 in mice results in aspermic males and the absence of normal pachytene spermatocytes. Moreover, we identified the deletion of Fkbp6 exon 8 as the causative mutation in spontaneously male sterile as/as mutant rats. Loss of Fkbp6 results in abnormal pairing and misalignments between homologous chromosomes, nonhomologous partner switches, and autosynapsis of X chromosome cores in meiotic spermatocytes. Fertility and meiosis are normal in Fkbp6 mutant females. Thus, Fkbp6 is a component of the synaptonemal complex essential for sex-specific fertility and for the fidelity of homologous chromosome pairing in meiosis.     

Human-mouse somatic cell hybrids with single human chromosome (group E): link with thymidine kinase activity

Mouse somatic cells lacking thymidine kinase were mixed in culture with human diploid cells lacking hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase, and hybrid cells were isolated and maintained in a selective medium containing hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine. The hybrid cells at the time of isolation had karyotypes consisting predominantly of mouse chromosomes but with one human chromosome, a submetacentric member of group E, apparently giving thymidine kinase to the hybrid cell. However, after long-term propagation in the selective medium this chromosome has been lost, although cells continue to show thymidine kinase activity as demonstrated by the incorporation of (3)H-thy-midine into DNA in the hybrid cell. The hybrid cells have only mouse electro-phoretic variants for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase, suggesting that the human genetic loci for these enzymes are not represented in the hybrid genome and may be unlinked to that for thymidine kinase.