我国植物害虫生物防治的研究现状及发展策略

植物害虫生物防治是指利用生物或生物代谢产物来控制农业害虫的一种害虫防治方法,具有安全、环境友好和可持续等优点。本文基于我国近年在天敌资源挖掘、天敌控害机制、天敌产业化应用和新方法探索等方面研究现状与存在问题的分析,探讨了我国植物害虫生物防治学科的体系建设及促进学科发展的主要策略。     

我国农业昆虫学的现状及发展策略

农业害虫种群演化规律和气候变化、产业结构调整以及农业管理措施等因素密切相关。本文基于对我国农业害虫发生动态、学科发展趋势、国内研究现状与存在差距的分析,探讨了我国农业昆虫学科的体系建设及促进学科发展的主要策略。     

秋甘蓝鳞翅目害虫不同防治体系的研究

通过对秋甘蓝上不同鳞翅目害虫发生规律的研究 ,提出以菜青虫为标准虫 ,各鳞翅目害虫虫口当量的计算方法 ,以秋甘蓝的生育期和害虫复合动态防治阈值作为防治的决策指标 ,比较了生物防治、化学防治、菜农自控 3种不同防治体系的害虫防治效果 ,结果表明生物防治区与化学防治、菜农自控区对害虫防治效果基本一致 ,生物防治区天敌的控害作用明显增强 ,防治成本比化学防治区和菜农自控区分别减少13.9%和50.7% ,降低化学农药的使用量50%以上。     

我国食用菌双翅目害虫种类和防治研究现状

综述了我国食用菌双翅目害虫的研究概况。为害食用菌的双翅目害虫有长角亚目、短角亚门和芒角亚目3个亚目202科超过100种。概述了该类害虫的农业防治、诱杀或阻隔、生物防治和化学防治方法。     

农场贮藏小麦、玉米和燕麦的现行害虫管理措施

为了保证农场贮藏谷物的品质,采用适当的害虫管理措施是必要的。通常农场使用的害虫防治措施可分为两大类:化学防治和非化学性防治或物理防治。化学防治包括预防性作用的残效杀虫剂和治疗性的熏蒸剂。前者限制破坏性害虫的侵入和发展;而后者则可迅速控制已出现的害虫种群。非化学性防治措施包括通过通风冷却谷粒以抑制害虫     

茶树害虫抗药性的综合防范对策

针对茶树害虫化学防治引发的耐药、抗药性的现状进行了调查、分析，探讨通过科学控制施药因素，建立合理的化学防治模式和协调运用综合措施，延缓和避免茶树害虫抗药性的产生和发展。     

我国柑橘害虫防治技术研究进展

柑橘是全世界重要的经济作物,易受到柑橘木虱、柑橘全爪螨、柑橘大实蝇等多种害虫危害;随着其种植规模的不断扩大,管理不科学等问题导致害虫防治形势日益严峻.本文总结了目前柑橘害虫化学防治、物理防治、引诱剂诱捕、天敌资源利用等方面的技术措施与应用方法,以期为我国柑橘产业健康发展提供理论参考.     

蔬菜主要害虫抗药性发展现状与治理对策探讨

由于长期单一依赖化学防治以及不合理用农药，加剧了蔬菜害虫抗药性的形成与发展，给害虫治理工作带来了很大的难度。本文简要阐述了害虫抗药性的形成机理，对小菜蛾等蔬菜重要害虫的抗药性发展现状进行了分析，提出了相应的治理对策。     

农林害虫诱捕器应用技术

随着我国农作物绿色防控体系的不断完善和升级,害虫治理由化学防治到综合治理再到生态防控进行转移,诱杀技术已成为害虫生态防控的核心技术之一。昆虫诱捕器的研制已发展成由简单到复杂,功能更加多样和实用,现广泛应用在蔬菜、果树、花卉、茶叶、森林等农作物和林业植被的害虫诱杀方面,并取得了显著成效,期望未来在绿色植保中发挥更大作用。本文从农林作物害虫的监测和诱杀防治的角度考虑,对不同构造以及诱集昆虫种类的诱捕器进行了分类,阐述了诱捕器的悬挂高度、布设密度、形状、大小和颜色以及诱芯载体颜色、光源波长等因素对害虫诱捕效率的影响,旨在为农林害虫的绿色防控提供专业的技术指导。     

农业害虫化学防治研究的现状及今后发展方向

农业害虫化学防治法,具有很多优点:杀虫效力高、收效快、易为群众所接受,且成本逐步在降低。因此,近十余年来,发展异常迅速,但缺点也不少:有时施药后会引起另一种害虫大发生、影响益虫的正常活动,或者引起昆虫产生抗药性,有些农药对人畜尚有残毒问题。关于化学防治与其他防治方法的比较,     

Extent and Economics of Biological Control of Tetranychus urticae and Trialeurodes vaporariorum in Danish Glasshouses1

A survey was conducted among Danish tomato and cucumber growers concerning the use of biological and chemical control in Danish glasshouse crops in 1982. The survey revealed a widespread use of biological control of Tetranychus urticae and Trialeurodes vaporariorum on glasshouse crops of cucumber and tomato (87 and 77 % of the area, respectively). The growers estimated biological control to be cheaper than chemical control, and showed a pronounced preference for biological control (82 % of the replies). In cucumber crops, the area on which biological control was uninterrupted throughout the growing season was greater than in tomato crops, despite the fact that more chemical applications against other pests and diseases were necessary on cucumber crops. A list of the pesticides most commonly used in glasshouses in conjunction with successful biological control of spider mite is presented. Guidelines for biological and chemical control of spider mite on cucumber and whitefly on tomato are given.     

Joint action of disease control measures: a case study of alternaria leaf blight of carrot

ABSTRACT The efficacy of chemical (i.e., foliar fungicide sprays), genetic (i.e., moderately resistant cultivars), and cultural (i.e., drip-irrigation system) control measures was quantified individually and in combination in the management of Alternaria dauci, the causal agent of Alternaria leaf blight of carrot. Whereas host resistance and drip irrigation affected both the time of disease onset and the rate of disease progression, chemical control affected only the latter. In all cases, a single control measure did not provide an acceptable level of disease suppression. Control efficacy values (based on the relative area under the disease progress curve) for chemical, genetic, and cultural control were 58 +/- 11, 39 +/- 20, and 60 +/- 22%, respectively (values are means +/- standard error). By contrast, implementing two control measures concurrently always improved disease suppression significantly compared with the individual measures. Control efficacy values were 91 +/- 8% for the integration of chemical and genetic measures and 82 +/- 23% for the integration of chemical and cultural measures. Moreover, yields in plots protected by two control measures simultaneously were higher by 10.1 to 28.6 t/ha than those in the respective plots protected by single measures. The joint effect of chemical control and host resistance was additive, whereas that of chemical control and drip irrigation was synergistic in most cases. A literature review was performed to determine if these findings represent a general relationship between chemical and genetic, and chemical and cultural measures. Based on 19 reviewed cases, it was concluded that additive effects are the rule and synergistic or antagonistic effects are the exception. Synergistic effects of two control measures were observed when one control measure improved the efficacy of the other directly or when one control measure induced host resistance or predisposed the pathogen to increased susceptibility. These results may enable a more effective selection of candidate control measures for integration in the future.     

几种常用化学杀虫剂对Bt菌株生长影响的初步研究

苏云金芽胞杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt）可产生多种杀虫活性物质,是一种应用最广泛的微生物杀虫剂。最近研究表明Bt对化学杀虫剂抗性害虫有较好的防治效果,并且与化学杀虫剂的联合使用可以提高杀虫效果,减少化学杀虫剂的用量。为了进一步设计更好的Bt与化学杀虫剂协同控害方案,本论文研究了不同亚种的Bt菌株与常用化学杀虫剂的兼容性。泛基因组分析表明不同亚种的Bt菌株在基因组成上有较大差异,说明Bt菌株对化学杀虫剂的反应可能会有所不同。进一步化学杀虫剂对Bt增殖影响分析结果显示,溴虫腈对大部分Bt测试菌株有抑制,说明Bt与化学杀虫剂协同使用时需要测定两者兼容性。高效氯氰菊酯对所有常用的防治鳞翅目害虫的Bt杀虫剂亚种类型库斯塔克亚种（Bt kurstaki,Btk）和鲇泽亚种（Bt aizawai,Bta）菌株影响都不大,可以进行协同使用;氯虫苯甲酰胺和茚虫威对Btk菌株HD1有一定抑制作用,定虫隆对其有较好的促进作用,说明HD1与定虫隆协同使用效果更好;茚虫威对Bta菌株G03影响较小,定虫隆对其有一定的抑制作用,氯虫苯甲酰胺对G03则有一定的促进作用,说明G03及其衍生菌株可以与氯虫苯甲酰胺、茚虫威协同使用。本研究结果说明Bt菌株对不同杀虫剂的敏感性是有差异的,可以通过筛选获得兼容性好的组合,为进一步制定Bt杀虫剂与化学杀虫剂配伍方案与协同使用技术提供了理论指导与数据参考,对实现化学农药减量施用具有重要的指导意义。     

土传大豆、南瓜疫病化学防治

本文介绍了土传大豆和南瓜疫病的发病特点及化学防治现状，评述了两种疫病化学防治存在的问题，提出了未来化学防治发展途径。     

Pesticide Application - At the Crossroads?1

Effective application techniques enable fanners to control pests but present methods were originally developed 100 years ago and result in considerable wastage of chemical. The increasing cost of pesticides, labour and energy, greater awareness of environmental pollution and concern about development of resistance to chemical control has emphasised the need for more efficient methods of chemical transfer. There is a trend towards reducing spray volumes and achieving greater control of droplet size, while research has shown improved deposition is possible with electrostatically charged sprays. Nevertheless novel techniques have not yet been widely accepted by Government registration authorities, the chemical industry or farmers. The changes in application technology, particularly in the production of spray droplets, are assessed in relation to future needs of pest management.     

应用多元逐步回归分析法评价稻田生态系统稳定性

为明确稻田生态系统稳定性量化评价指标,通过扫网法调查了2010年和2011年江西省万载县茭湖乡茭湖村有机稻田和化防稻田2种稻田节肢动物群落结构特征参数的动态变化,并利用SAS 9.0软件对2种稻田中节肢动物群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数与个体数、物种数、优势集中性指数、物种丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数进行多元逐步回归分析。结果显示:连续2年有机稻田物种数(102、145)和个体数(5 228、5 811)均高于化防稻田物种数(78、102)和个体数(2 222、2 329);在2010年水稻生长期,除个别调查日期外,有机稻田优势集中性指数(0.25、0.27、0.15、0.10、0.11、0.09)整体低于化防稻田(0.30、0.40、0.18、0.17、0.24、0.14),多样性指数(1.69、2.44、2.83、2.93、2.85)整体高于化防稻田(1.39、2.24、2.35、2.29、2.49);在2011年水稻生长前、中期,有机稻田优势集中性指数(0.38、0.33、0.27、0.63、0.40)大于化防稻田(0.27、0.32、0.17、0.58、0.20);水稻抽穗扬花期,有机稻田优势集中性指数(0.06、0.04、0.05)低于化防稻田(0.12、0.05、0.12),多样性指数恰好相反。2011—2012连续2年2种类型稻田多元逐步回归方程中仅有Pielou均匀度指数与多样性指数呈显著正相关关系,有机稻田的Pielou均匀度指数回归系数(1.45、2.37)均小于化防稻田(3.37、3.16);有机稻田的常数(1.24、-0.37)均大于化防稻田(-0.64、-0.44)。表明以稻田节肢动物群落多样性指数为因变量的多元逐步回归方程中常数和Pielou均匀度指数回归系数可作为稻田生态系统稳定性测定指标。     

Effects of crop management practices on Echinochloa crus-galli and Chenopodium album seed production in a maize/soyabean rotation

Seed production of residual weed populations needs to be taken into account when estimating the long-term impact of low-input agronomic practices. The objective of this study was to measure the effects and interactions of crop, weed control, tillage practice and nutrient source on the seed production of the dominant residual weed species in a maize/soyabean rotation at two sites: Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. on a Sainte-Rosalie clay and Chenopodium album L. on a Duravin clay loam. Seed production per unit area was estimated in each experimental unit. Weed seed production was greater under mechanical weed control compared with chemical weed control. In 1997, E. crus-galli seed production reached over 326 000 seeds m^–2 in mechanical weed control treatments, but averaged less than 500 seeds m^–2 in the chemical weed control treatments. Chenopodium album produced in the range of 766 000 and 73 000 seeds m^–2 in mechanical and chemical weed control treatments respectively. Very few or no weed seeds were produced in soyabean under chemical control. Tillage intensity and nutrient source did not affect seed production of either weed species, with the exception that E. crus-galli produced more seeds in chisel than in mouldboard plough tillage in soyabean. Weed control method had more impact on seed production than tillage intensity and nutrient source in a maize/soyabean rotation.     

捕食螨的抗药性研究进展

抗药性捕食螨的应用是IPM中生防和化防相结合的重要措施之一。本文综述了农药对捕食螨的影响、捕食螨抗药性现状、抗药性机制、抗药性监测方法、交互抗性及遗传改良等,并介绍了抗药性捕食螨的应用现状及前景,旨在充分保护和利用捕食螨,使生物防治与化学防治有机结合。     

南方小花蝽对非洲菊上西花蓟马控制效果评价

为评价南方小花蝽Orius similis对非洲菊上西花蓟马的控制效果，本研究在非洲菊上以2头/m²密度释放南方小花蝽，以西花蓟马的虫口减退率及南方小花蝽对西花蓟马校正防效作为指标评价了其控害效果。结果显示：在释放南方小花蝽前期，南方小花蝽对非洲菊上西花蓟马的控制效果不明显，但随着释放时间延长，控制效果显著提高，释放南方小花蝽21 d后的控制效果高达90.25%，而喷施化学农药的控制效果为-40.93%，释放南方小花蝽的控制效果远高于喷施化学农药处理，表明南方小花蝽对西花蓟马具有更高效持久的控制潜力。     

短稳杆菌对水稻二化螟的药效

二化螟是黑龙江地区水稻主要害虫之一。由于长期使用化学农药,水稻二化螟对化学农药产生了抗药性,不仅用药效果明显下降,而且对黑龙江大米的品质产生了影响。为了筛选出可以替代化学杀虫剂的生物农药,选用100亿孢子/mL短稳杆菌悬浮剂与8 000 IU/mg苏云金杆菌可湿性粉剂进行对照,对二化螟进行了药效试验。试验结果表明:100亿孢子/mL短稳杆菌悬浮剂1 500 mL/hm 2对二化螟的防治效果最好,且对水稻、对人、畜、禽及其他非靶标生物都安全,极具推广应用价值。