Sand-fixing effects of Caragana microphylla shrub in Horqin sandy land, North China

In the semi-arid Horqin sandy land of north China, Caragana microphylla, a leguminous shrub, is the dominant plant species and is widely used in vegetation reestablishment programs to stabilize shifting sand. The sand-fixing effects of 6-and 11-year-old C. microphylla plantations were studied. The results showed that: 1) the wind velocity and sand transport rate in the plantation were less than those in dunes; 2) the air temperature in the plantation was lower than those in dunes. Relative humidity was higher and the soil temperature was lower, which benefits plant growth; 3) the physical and chemical characteristics of soil were improved to some extent over age. The porosity and percentage of tiny sand (diameter 0.05–0.1 mm) and clay particle (diameter < 0.05 mm) increased, bulk density in surface soil decreased, and saturated water-holding capacity improved. Organic C, total N, available N and available K content increased gradually, and soil fertility was enhanced. __________ Translated from Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2007, 21(1): 84–87 [译自: 水土保持学报]     

呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松基地建设

呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松分布面积较广,有大面积的疏林地,具有天然落种更新能力,发展潜力巨大。在樟子松基地建设中以封育为主,营造樟子松防风固沙林,强化工程建设后期管护,巩固樟子松基地建设成果,确保樟子松资源总量可持续健康发展。     

沙地樟子松天然林野生苗特征研究

选择不同密度母树、单株母树和火烧迹地等3种类型的样地,调查了樟子松天然更新苗特征。结果表明:母树密度不同,天然更新苗数量和年龄结构存在明显差异;樟子松天然更新苗年龄结构在时间上具有明显的不连续性,天然更新苗密度因林分类型的差异明显不同,并且和母树立地条件、树龄、空间分布等因素有关。     

Relationships between foliar phosphorus fractions of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica and soil available phosphorus

In order to find out the best foliar diagnostic index of phosphorus (P) nutrition in Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) in the southeastern Keerqin Sandy Lands, the concentrations of total nitrogen (N), inorganic P, organic P and total P in needles of different ages and soil available P were examined. The results show that in the study area, soil available P was rather low (0.12–0.63 mg/kg) and was significantly correlated with inorganic P (cPi) and total P (cPt) concentrations in current year needles of Mongolian pine. The significant correlation between soil available P and needle cPt derived from the significant correlation between cPi and cPt. Compared with cPt, cPi did reflect the level of soil P supply more accurately and more directly. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2008, 19(3): 494–498 [译自: 应用生态学报]     

沙地樟子松人工林碳储量研究

以科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林为研究对象,分别实地测定了造林10年、18年、25年和30年樟子松人工林树木生物量、枯落物生物量、草本生物量和根系生物量,并研究了各碳库碳储量动态变化特征.结果表明:樟子松各器官平均碳含量为48.12%;随着林龄的增大,除了林下草本碳库碳储量减小外,樟子松地上部分碳库、枯落物碳库、根系碳库及土壤...     

沙地樟子松天然林种子库特征研究

本文研究结果表明,樟子松天然林土壤种子库种子数量随着距树干距离（2-6 m）的增加有增加的趋势,但距树干8 m以后则降低,在距树干2-10 m范围内东侧、东南存在种子的概率占80%,西侧和北侧范围存在种子的概率为60%;樟子松天然落种数量更偏向于南侧,东侧和北侧落种数量偏少,并在树冠外围8-20m收集到的自然落种数量相对稳定;樟子松自然落种方位不同,种子发芽率也不同。距离树干4 m范围,种子发芽率平均值为71.5%;距离树干8-20 m,收集的种子发芽率依次为44.1%、70.8%、46.9%和36.1%;樟子松天然林土壤种子库内种子发芽率为58.2%,比当年自然落种平均发芽率降低17.6%。     

呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松天然林自然落种特征研究

研究了呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松天然林自然落种及其种子萌发特征,结果表明:丰年期落种器共接到99粒种子,且集中分布在母树的正东、东北侧,欠年期则接到落种42粒且集中分布在正东、东南侧。丰年期不同方位、不同落种距离接到的种子平均发芽率为54.5%,欠年期为28.6%。樟子松林缘落种的传播距离范围可以达到25 m,并且在林缘外5 m范围内种子数量最多,林缘外5～20 m范围平均发芽率为60.9%。樟子松单株树木下土壤种子库中种子数量在4 m处最高,并且随着距树干距离的增加种子数量也随之降低,种子总数由2 m处样方的16粒降低到10 m处样方的7粒,降低百分率达129%。     

Effects of drought stresses induced by polyethylene glycol on germination of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica seeds from natural and plantation forests on sandy land

Effects of drought stresses induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) (0.0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%, with four replicates) on germination of Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) seeds produced in plantations (southern Keerqin sandy land) and natural forests (Hulunbeier sandy plain) were observed. The results indicated that the seeds from both provenances did not germinate when PEG concentration was more than 25%. The time of initial germination and that of its completion of stressed seeds from both provenances were delayed when compared with the unstressed seeds. The germination capacity and germination rate of natural seeds were significantly higher than those of plantation seeds for all treatment levels (P < 0.05). The mean growth rates of radicle and hypocotyl from natural seeds were significantly higher than those from plantation seeds at all treatment levels below 20% PEG treatment (P < 0.05). The ratios of radicle to hypocotyl of 20% PEG treatment were significant higher than those of the corresponding controls for both provenances (P < 0.05). These results suggested that Mongolian pine seeds/seedlings had stronger resistance to PEG drought stresses; 10% PGE stress did not significantly influence germination. Natural seeds exhibited more resistance to PEG stress than plantation seeds. It was concluded that drought stress on seed germination might be one cause of obstructed natural regeneration of Mongolian pine plantations on sandy land. It is recommended that natural seeds be used for afforestation, and light drought stress (e.g., 10% PEG stress) may be useful in improving seed germination and the growth of radicles and hypocotyls.     

科尔沁沙地5种植物光合、耐旱及越冬现象研究

2013—2014年,在科尔沁沙地南缘的辽宁彰武县章古台镇,对3年生叶底珠(Flueggea suffruticosa)、小叶鼠李(Rhamnus parvifolia)、杠柳(Periploca sepium)、桃叶卫矛(Euonymus maackii)、榆叶梅(Amygdalus triloba)等5种植物的光合速率、耐旱性、越冬反应和第2年分枝状况进行了研究。结果表明:5种植物在晴朗日间光合速率为:叶底珠榆叶梅、小叶鼠李杠柳桃叶卫矛;土壤体积含水率4%以下时各植物普遍出现萎蔫反应,3%以下普遍出现落叶;越冬之后,除叶底珠外,其他4种植物基本未出现枯死现象。     

Comparison of foliar nutrient concentrations between natural and artificial forests of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica on sandy land, China

In order to examine the causes of degradation of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations on sandy land, the foliar concentrations of N, P, K and C were analyzed and compared between the field grown P. sylvestris var. mongolica trees from two provenances （natural forests and plantations）. The results indicated that natural tree needles had lower N, P and C concentrations, and higher K concentrations than those of plantation tree needles. For plantation tree needles, ratios of N： P, P. K and N： K increased with tree age before 45 years old; but they were not clear for the natural tree needles. Compared with the conclusions reported on Pinus spp., we found that the foliar N and P concentrations were in the optimal range for both natural and plantation tree needles. This result suggested that N or P might not be the absolute limit factors in plant nutrient for P sylvestris var. mongolica on sandy land. However, foliar K concentrations in both natural and plantation tree needles were much lower than those reported on Pinus spp. （〉4.80 g kg-1）.The N： P ratio of natural needles was in the adequate ranges, but N： P ratio of plantation needles was out of the adequate ranges. These results indicated that there was a better balanced nutrition status in the natural forest than in the plantations. If only considering the foliar nutrient concentrations of P sylvestris var. mongolica from different provenances, it might be concluded that the degradation phenomenon of P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantations was not induced by nutrition deficiency of absolute nutrients of N and P, but might be induced by other mineral nutrients or by the effectiveness of N and P nutrients. The unbalanced nutrition status and relatively quick decomposition of needles in the plantations might also contribute to the degradation.     

基于树干液流通量的沙地樟子松合理林分密度的确定

应用热扩散式树干茎流计(TDP)对辽宁省章古台樟子松人工固沙林生长季期间树干液流速率进行了连续5年的测定,结合同步观测的降水、林冠截留量、林内蒸发散量和土壤水分含量,利用水量平衡的方法,推算了现阶段樟子松应有的合理密度。结果表明:4月上中旬沙地樟子松液流启动,10月中下旬液流基本结束,生长季(4-10月)各月平均液流速率分别为2.58、4.78、5.19、5.01、4.84、4.30、1.93 cm·h^-1,以6月份的最高,其次依次为7、8、5、9月份,4、10两月平均液流速率较低。通过推算,径阶14、16、18、20 cm的樟子松纯林的合理密度分别应为688、531、422、344株·hm^-2,现有同径阶的林分普遍存在密度过大的问题。研究结果对于现有林分的科学经营具有重要的指导意义。     

Comparative study on drought resistance ofLarix olgensis Henry andPinus sylvestris var.mongolica (I)

Water potential (ϕ w) and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) ofLarix olgensis andPinus. sylvestris var.mongolica decreased with the decrease of soil water content. ϕ w and Pn ofL. olgensis changed hardly during the first 9 days after stopping watering, then decreased sharply at the 10th day Pn ofP. sylvestris varmongolica decreased slightly during the first 8 days, then decreased sharply at the 9th day. Their respiration rate, chlorophyll content and their a/b ratio changed hardly. The following 3 conclusions were obtained and discussed exhaustively. (1) ϕ w can be used to direct watering as a sensitive index of judging whetherL. olgensis andP. sylvestris var.mongolica lacking water. (2) The decrease of Pn ofL. olgensis andP. sylvestris var.mongolica when drought had nothing to do with chlorophyll. (3)P. sylvestris var.mongolica had morphological drought resistance, while Lolgensis had physiological drought resistance, and their drought resistance was discussed comparatively first time.     

科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林土壤水分动态的研究

对樟子松人工林群落结构和土壤水分动态进行研究。结果表明:13年林龄的樟子松人工林3 0 0cm深层的土壤水分已基本耗竭,而且整个生长季还在持续减少,土壤水分不能得到有效补给;林木生长衰弱,平均高仅3 59m ,平均胸径5 77cm ,并出现大量枯梢;林木生长已受到土壤水分亏缺的严重制约,林分开始衰败;林下草本层发育良好,盖度较高。研究指出,干旱半干旱地区人工林在不适宜的密度下造成群落结构与环境条件不相适应,存在着由乔木植被向草本植被演替的规律,对人工林群落的稳定性进行分析,指出通过密度控制、树种选择等措施可以进行调整,延缓土壤水分的耗竭速度,提高林分的稳定性。要建立稳定性更高和维持时间更长的人工林,从根本上改变草本植被代替乔木植被的规律,需要借鉴天然稀树草原植被的乔木密度,大幅度降低人工林的密度。在有地下水存在和植物可以利用的情况下,人工林的稳定性可以维持一个世代甚或更长。     

Simulation of soil water dynamics in a Caragana intermedia woodland in Huangfuchuan watershed

As vegetation coverage increases, soil water content can decrease due to water uptake and evapotranspiration. At a very high level of plant density, poor growth and even mortality can occur due to the decrease of soil water content. Hence, a better understanding of the relationship between soil water content and the density of plants is important to design effective restoration projects. To study these relationships, we developed a soil water dynamic simulation model of a Caragana intermedia woodland under different slope gradient and slope aspect conditions in the Huangfuchuan watershed on the basis of the previous studies and field experiments. The model took into account the major processes that address the relationships of plants and the environment, including soil characteristics, precipitation, infiltration, vegetation transpiration, and soil evaporation. Daily changes in soil water content, transpiration, and evaporation of the Caragana intermedia woodland with different vegetation coverage, slope gradient, and slope aspect were simulated from 1971 to 2000. Based on the model simulations, we determined the functional relationships among soil water content, plant coverage and slope as well as the optimal plant density on flat slopes. We also determined the effects of slope gradient and slope aspect on soil water content. When slope gradient was less than 10°, the optimal plant density was sensitive to slope gradient. In the slope range from 10° to 30°, plant density was not sensitive to slope gradient. Therefore, it is important to consider planting densities on the hillsides with slope gradients less than 10° for reconstructing vegetation. __________ Translated from Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 2005, 29(6): 910–917 [译自: 植物生态学报]     

毛乌素沙地樟子松套篓造林成效研究

针对毛乌素沙地造林受到风沙危害、干旱缺水、土壤贫瘠、动物干扰等多重环境胁迫问题,在榆林市开展“套篓造林”技术试验,并对其生长量和土壤性状进行测定。结果表明,套篓造林保存率高达96.67％,比不套篓提高30％,树高、地径、冠幅生长量和地上生产力分别提高36.7％、42.37％、48.33％和292.59％,且该技术具有减轻风蚀沙埋、保持土壤水分、改善土壤养分、阻止动物危害等多重功效,从而显著提高了造林成效。     

Peroxidase activity, isoenzymes and histological localisation in sapwood and heartwood of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

Peroxidase activity and isoenzymes of fresh wood samples of the third shoot of 12-year old trees and from the sapwood, transition zone and heartwood of c. 60-year old stems of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) were investigated. Wood samples were ground at −30°C, extracted, and the extracts concentrated c. 20-fold for peroxidase activity assays (guaiacol method) and for IEF-PAGE. At least 11 major isoenzymes could be found in the gels. Even the heartwood contained some peroxidase isoenzymes. Isoenzyme patterns of the juvenile wood did not change with the season. However, juvenile wood showed the highest peroxidase activity at the end of the growing season. Peroxidase activity decreased from the outer sapwood towards the heartwood. Thin sections of different wood zones stained for peroxidase revealed activity in ray parenchyma and resin canal epithelial cells. Intensive staining was localised in the bordered pits of vertical and ray tracheids, and in the end walls of ray parenchyma cells.     

沙地杨树、樟子松人工林固碳特征研究

采用标准地样方和标准木调查测定等方法研究了沙地杨树、樟子松人工林不同林龄碳储量的变化。结果表明:10年樟子松人工林树木碳库和根系碳库分别占总碳储量的18.9%和2.1%;18年分别为50.5%和4.0%;25年分别为34.79%和3.0%;30年分别为47.1%和2.4%;5年杨树人工林树木碳库和根系碳库分别占总碳储量的24.8%和3.8%;8年分别为33.6%和6.7%;18年分别为39.6%和7.7%。与对照相比,樟子松造林10年、18年、25年和30年人工林0～60 cm土层林地土壤碳储量分别增加66.45%、56.13%、177.42%和207.74%,5年、8年、18年林龄杨树人工林0～60 cm土层土壤碳储量分别比对照增加74.8%、67.1%和65.8%。杨树和樟子松树木各部位碳含量总平均值分别为49.9%和42.3%。     

天然樟子松林幼树更新格局及其影响因子分析

以呼伦贝尔沙地红花尔基镇樟子松天然林幼树为研究对象,对100m×100m的樟子松纯林样地进行全面调查,并采用空间点格局分析的方法对林内幼树更新格局及其主要影响因子进行分析。研究结果表明,林分中樟子松幼树在较大尺度内(40m)呈显著的聚集分布状态,大树在较小尺度内(4m)呈显著聚集状态,而蚁穴则在所有尺度内呈随机分布状态。对同种的樟子松幼树和大树而言,两者的关系在不考虑其它影响因子(蚁穴)的情况下,总体上不存在显著的作用关系;而在考虑蚁穴作用的情况下在0~2m尺度上表现为抑制作用,3~4m尺度上表现为促进作用,但两者均不显著。对樟子松幼树和蚁穴而言,两者的关系在不考虑其它影响因子(樟子松大树)的情况下,在较小尺度上对樟子松幼树产生了一定的抑制作用;在考虑樟子松大树作用的情况下,不显著的抑制作用进一步缩小为0~2m尺度上,而在3~4m的尺度上则表现为不显著的促进作用,其影响略强于樟子松大树。结合幼树成活率和保存率的分析结果,可以得出樟子松天然林幼树保存率低,很大程度上取决于气候因子特别是干旱带来的水分亏缺的影响。     

红花尔基沙地樟子松天然林枯立木特征分析

[目的]了解沙地樟子松天然纯林中枯立木的数量及空间结构特征,探究枯立木形成的原因,为樟子松林的保护和经营提供依据。[方法]在沙地樟子松天然纯林中设置2块1 hm~2的大样地,用全站仪对样地中所有胸径大于5 cm的立木进行定位并进行全面调查;对调查样地的基本特征,枯立木的数量特征及径级分布进行了分析,提出了用于表达林分中枯立木微环境的活立木比的概念,并采用林分空间结构参数一元分布和二元分布分析方法,对枯立木与其最近4株相邻木的关系进行分析。[结果]2块不同密度的樟子松天然纯林下更新幼苗和枯立木数量相差较大,密度较小(样地1)的样地更新幼苗和枯立木较少,而密度较大的样地(样地2)中枯立木达到200棵,林下更新幼苗数量达到15 280株·hm~(-2);樟子松天然纯林样地内枯立木主要以小径级木为主,胸径集中在11 cm以下;样地1枯立木径级连续分布,幅度较窄;样地2中的枯立木径级幅度较宽,但在20 22 cm缺刻,有2株大于23 cm的枯立木;2块样地中枯立木的分布格局均为随机分布,样地1中枯立木周围的4株相邻立木大多为活立木,且胸径较枯立木大;样地2中,只有一半的枯立木周围的最近4株立木为活立木,且有三分之一以上的枯立木胸径不是最小的,枯立木有连续分布的现象。2块样地中枯立木的角尺度-大小比数二元分布特征的差异不明显,而角尺度-活立木比二元分布特征和大小比数-活立木比二元分布特征差异明显,样地1中枯立木的最近4株随机分布于其周围的相邻木为活立木且胸径大于枯立木的比例明显高于样地2,而枯立木最近4株随机分布于其周围的相邻木有枯立木的比例明显小于样地2。[结论]樟子松天然纯林枯立木以小径级林木为主,枯立木的数量与林分密度相关,林木竞争是林木死亡的主要原因,密度过大也会产生病虫害,因此,对天然樟子松纯林要进行适度经营,保持合理密度。     

First-year freeze hardiness of pure species and hybrid taxa of Pinus elliottii (Engelman) and Pinus caribaea (Morelet)

Six pine taxa were compared for freeze hardiness following 2 whole plant freeze tests carried out in early and late winter 1993–94. Pure species included slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Engelman) (PEE), Caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea Morelet) var. bahamensis (PCB), and var. hondurensis (PCH). The same six slash pine parents served as the female parents of the pure slash pine taxon and were control pollinated to create the F₁ hybrids of slash pine × Caribbean pine var. bahamensis (F1B), the F₁ of slash pine × Caribbean pine var. hondurensis (F1H), and the backcross of slash pine × (slash pine × var. hondurensis (B1H). Four traits related to adaptation (bud set, foliage/stem damage, survival) were compared. Significant differences existing among the three species at all temperatures for both freeze tests. The 3 hybrid taxa were intermediate to parental taxa for all measured traits and only at extreme temperatures was there an indication of hybrid vigor. However, inspection of foliage damage curves to estimate temperatures at which 50 percent damage occurs indicated that the hybrids deviated from the mid parent value toward the more freeze susceptible parent. Discriminant functions which included foliage damage and survival traits provided the best segregation of taxa groupings and the combining of canonical variable 1 for these discriminant functions placed hybrids intermediate to parental taxa. Parent × taxa interaction was significant, suggesting that within these taxa, family to family variation occurred, but different maternal parents were associated with the freeze hardly families in different taxa.This is Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. R-04852 of the Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611