针刺犬后三里穴对脾虚泄泻证病理模型疗效及血清中超氧化物歧化酶含量变化的影响

本试验以中医理论体系中的"证"为基础而复制的脾虚泄泻动物模型,分别采用白针、电针和水针的方法,通过观察犬的临床症状变化,同时测定血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量的变化,比较采用3种方法对犬脾虚泄泻证的效果,为兽医针炙术在治疗畜禽疾病中的应用提供一定的依据.     

针灸对脾虚犬体重及部分血清指标的影响

通过注射利血平复制犬脾虚证动物模型,观察犬临床体征、体重及部分血清指标变化情况,并研究针灸对脾虚犬体重及血清指标的影响。结果显示,实验犬出现脾虚证后,其体重显著低于空白对照组（P〈0.05）,血清谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）活性与丙二醛（MDA）含量均显著增高（P〈0.05）;血清超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性显著降低（P〈0.05）。经针灸治疗后,实验组犬各项指标均得到明显改善,与阳性对照组比较呈显著性差异（P〈0.05）。试验结果表明,皮下注射利血平复制犬脾虚证动物模型后,选用一定穴位进行针灸,对治疗犬脾虚证有明显疗效。     

后海穴注射黄芪多糖对脾虚泄泻犬的治疗效果

32只健康本地犬饲养1周后按体质量灌胃番泻叶水煎剂6 m L/kg人工复制脾虚泄泻证病理模型,造模成功后随机分为4组:黄芪多糖治疗组后海穴注射黄芪多糖注射液0.25 m L/kg,2次/d;硫酸庆大霉素治疗组后海穴注射硫酸庆大霉素注射液0.2 m L/kg,2次/d;后海穴针刺组后海穴注射生理盐水0.25 m L/kg,2次/d;病理对照组不作任何处理;同时设立4头健康犬作为空白对照,造模期间灌胃生理盐水。用药后治疗期间测定试验犬只的体质量、三大临床指标、部分血液指标和脾脏指数,并统计分析。结果表明,黄芪多糖治疗组血红蛋白、红细胞水平在较短时间内恢复正常,脾脏指数显著(P0.05)高于硫酸庆大霉素治疗组;硫酸庆大霉素治疗组白细胞降低速度极显著(P0.01)快于黄芪多糖治疗组。这表明后海穴注射黄芪多糖注射液可以用于治疗犬脾虚泄泻证。     

黄芪多糖与庆大霉素肌肉注射治疗犬脾虚泄泻证的比较

以犬为研究对象,探讨黄芪多糖注射液肌肉注射对犬脾虚泄泻证的临床治疗效果。24只健康本地犬饲养1周后灌胃番泻叶水煎剂人工复制脾虚泄泻证病理模型,造模成功后随机分为3组:黄芪多糖注射液治疗组肌肉注射黄芪多糖注射液0.25mL/kg,2次/d;庆大霉素组肌肉注射庆大霉素注射液0.2mL/kg,2次/d;病理对照组不作任何处理;同时设立4头健康犬作为空白对照,造模期间灌胃生理盐水。治愈后检测试验犬体质量、三大临床指标、白细胞、红细胞、血红蛋白及脾脏指数,并进行统计分析。结果表明,黄芪多糖注射液治疗组治愈后白细胞、血红蛋白、红细胞恢复较快,平均日增重及脾脏指数显著高于庆大霉素治疗组(P<0.05);三大临床指标各治疗组差异不显著(P>0.05)。说明黄芪多糖注射液可用于临床治疗动物脾虚泄泻证。     

黄芪多糖与庆大霉素肌肉注射治疗犬脾虚泄泻证的比较

以犬为研究对象,探讨黄芪多糖注射液肌肉注射对犬脾虚泄泻证的临床治疗效果。24只健康本地犬饲养1周后灌胃番泻叶水煎剂人工复制脾虚泄泻证病理模型,造模成功后随机分为3组：黄芪多糖注射液治疗组肌肉注射黄芪多糖注射液0．25mL／kg,2次／d;庆大霉素组肌肉注射庆大霉素注射液0．2mL／kg,2次／d;病理对照组不作任何处理;同时设立4头健康犬作为空白对照,造模期间灌胃生理盐水。治愈后检测试验犬体质量、三大临床指标、白细胞、红细胞、血红蛋白及脾脏指数,并进行统计分析。结果表明,黄芪多糖注射液治疗组治愈后白细胞、血红蛋白、红细胞恢复较快,平均日增重及脾脏指数显著高于庆大霉素治疗组（p〈0．05）;三大临床指标各治疗组差异不显著（P〉0．05）。说明黄芪多糖注射液可用于临床治疗动物脾虚泄泻证。     

一例犬偏瘫的中兽医诊疗体会

笔者以临床及一般检查初步确诊一患犬为偏瘫。通过中兽医辨证论治,确定补气益血、活血通瘀、清热化痰、通经活络的治疗原则。处补阳还五汤加减内服,另处环跳、后三里、大转和腰百会四穴电针,肩井、前三里白针,翳风、锁口、承浆白针,另取腰百会、后三里水针。经过以上中药配合针灸治疗,患犬基本恢复正常。结果表明:中兽医治疗手段对犬偏瘫疗效确实,可推广应用于犬猫临床。     

电针对木瓜蛋白酶致骨关节炎犬血浆中腺苷的影响

为了研究电针对骨关节炎犬血浆中腺苷的影响。将32只健康的中华田园犬随机分为对照组、模型组、电针1组和电针2组,在犬左膝关节腔注射木瓜蛋白酶建立模型,电针治疗,每日1次,连续14 d,高效液相色谱法检测血浆中腺苷的水平。结果显示,模型组犬血浆中腺苷含量明显下降,与对照组比较,差异极显著(P<0.01);电针1组、电针2组犬血浆中腺苷含量明显升高,与模型组比较,差异极显著(P<0.01),电针1组与电针2组之间犬血浆中腺苷含量比较差异极显著(P<0.01)。提示,电针对犬膝关节腔内注射木瓜蛋白酶所致骨关节炎有治疗作用,并能调节犬血浆中腺苷的含量。     

四君子汤对脾虚犬体重及部分血清生化指标的影响

通过皮下注射利血平复制犬脾虚证动物模型,观察犬临床体征、体重及部分血清生化指标变化情况,研究四君子汤对脾虚犬体重及血清生化水平的影响。结果显示,在犬出现脾虚证候后,体重与血清总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLO)水平均显著低于空白对照组(P0.05);用四君子汤治疗7 d后,脾虚犬体重与血清TP、ALB、GLO均恢复到与空白对照组水平接近,而未经治疗的脾虚试验组犬各项指标未恢复到与空白对照组接近,与空白对照组和四君子汤治疗组比较呈显著性差异(P0.05)。试验结果表明,通过皮下注射利血平可以复制犬脾虚证动物模型,用四君子汤治疗犬脾虚证具有明显的疗效。     

一例犬后肢瘫痪的针灸治疗

为了探究针灸疗法对犬后肢瘫痪的临床治疗效果,试验对一例4级神经功能缺损的患犬进行针灸治疗,并与药物保守治疗效果进行比较。结果表明:药物保守疗法改善效果不明显,治疗3次后,患犬大小便仍不能正常控制,后肢依然瘫痪;针灸疗法采用白针、电针、水针、磁针相结合,选取百会穴、后三里穴、环跳穴、中枢穴、六缝穴等穴位,通过10次间断针灸治疗,患犬起卧行走和排便能力均恢复到正常水平,3个月后随访,未见复发。说明针灸治疗方案可以用于犬后肢瘫痪的治疗,可以推广应用。     

银杏叶复方对实验性脾虚证模型小鼠消化酶活性和抗氧化性能的影响

采用利血平复制脾虚证小鼠模型,观察银杏叶复方对脾虚证小鼠消化酶活性和抗氧化性能的影响。结果表明:与脾虚模型组相比,银杏叶复方能显著提高脾虚证小鼠小肠淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶活性(P0.05)和血清丙二醛(MDA)含量(P0.01),显著提高脾虚证小鼠血清和肝组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性(P0.05);银杏叶复方组肝脏中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)含量较脾虚模型组也显著提高(P0.05)。说明银杏叶复方对脾虚证小鼠的消化酶活性有保护作用,并通过降低血清中MDA含量,提高SOD和GSH-Px含量,达到清除自由基,维持膜功能稳定的作用。     

Tylosin-responsive chronic diarrhea in dogs

Fourteen dogs had shown chronic or intermittent diarrhea for more than 1 year. Diarrhea had been successfully treated with tylosin for at least 6 months but recurred when treatment was withdrawn on at least 2 occasions. Tylosin-responsive diarrhea (TRD) affects typically middle-aged, large-breed dogs and clinical signs indicate that TRD affects both the small and large intestine. Treatment with tylosin eliminated diarrhea in all dogs within 3 days and in most dogs within 24 hours. Tylosin administration controlled diarrhea in all dogs, but after it was discontinued, diarrhea reappeared in 12 (85.7%) of 14 dogs within 30 days. Prednisone given for 3 days did not completely resolve diarrhea. Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG did not prevent the relapse of diarrhea in any of 9 dogs so treated. The etiology of TRD, a likely form of antibiotic-responsive diarrhea (ARD) is unclear. The following reasons for chronic diarrhea were excluded or found to be unlikely: parasites, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, inflammatory bowel disease, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, enteropathogenic bacteria (Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Yersinia spp., or Lawsoni intracellularis), and Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and Clostridium difficile A toxin. A possible etiologic factor is a specific enteropathogenic organism that is a common resident in the canine gastrointestinal tract and is sensitive to tylosin but difficult to eradicate. Additional studies are required to identify the specific cause of TRD.     

Serum cortisol and thyroxine concentrations as predictors of death in critically ill puppies with parvoviral diarrhea

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of adrenal and thyroid hormones in the prediction of death in a population of critically ill puppies with parvoviral diarrhea by measuring serial daily serum concentrations of cortisol and thyroxine. DESIGN: Prospective case-control study. ANIMALS: 57 critically ill puppies with parvoviral diarrhea admitted to the hospital and 17 clinically normal control puppies. PROCEDURES: Basal serum cortisol and thyroxine concentrations were measured for each dog with parvoviral diarrhea at admission (prior to treatment) and daily until death, euthanasia, or discharge. RESULTS: Median time between admission and death was 48 hours (ie, on day 3). Median serum cortisol concentration on day 1 (admission) in all dogs with parvoviral diarrhea (248 nmol/L) was significantly higher than in control dogs (77 nmol/L). No significant difference was found in the day 1 median serum cortisol concentration of 11 dogs that died (302 nmol/L) and 46 dogs that survived (238 nmol/L). A significantly higher median serum cortisol concentration was, however, found in nonsurvivor group dogs, compared with survivor group dogs, on days 2 and 3. Median serum thyroxine concentration on day 1 in dogs with parvoviral diarrhea was significantly lower than in control dogs (8.12 nmol/L vs 35 nmol/L, respectively). Median serum thyroxine concentration of nonsurvivor group dogs (4.4 nmol/L) was significantly lower than that of survivor group dogs (9.2 nmol/L) at admission and became even lower on days 2 and 3. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: High serum cortisol and low serum thyroxine concentrations at 24 and 48 hours after admission were associated with death in dogs with parvoviral diarrhea.     

The roles of Clostridium difficile and enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens in diarrhea in dogs

In this prospective study, feces of dogs with diarrhea were compared with feces of normal dogs for the presence of Clostridium difficile, C difficile toxins A and B, C perfringens, and C perfingens enterotoxin (CPE). C difficile toxins A, B, or both were present in feces of 18 of 87 (21%) dogs with diarrhea and 4 of 55 (7%) normal dogs (P = 0.03), whereas CPE was present in the feces of 24 of 87 (28%) dogs with diarrhea and 3 of 55 (5%) normal dogs (P = 0.01). C difficile was isolated from 2 of 87 (2%) dogs with diarrhea but was not isolated from the feces of 55 normal dogs, possibly because of poor survival of the organism in fecal samples. C perfringens was isolated from the feces of 23 of 24 (96%) CPE-positive dogs with diarrhea, 52 of 63 (83%) CPE-negative dogs with diarrhea, and 39 of 55 (71%) CPE-negative dogs with normal feces. No correlation was found between C perfringens spore number and the presence of CPE.     

Evaluation of a routine diagnostic fecal panel for dogs with diarrhea

OBJECTIVES: To assess the diagnostic yield of a routine fecal panel and determine whether Clostridium perfringens or C difficile toxin production is associated with acute hemorrhagic diarrheal syndrome (AHDS) in dogs. DESIGN: Case-control study. ANIMALS: 260 dogs with diarrhea and 177 dogs with normal feces. PROCEDURE: Medical records were reviewed for results of culture for C difficile, Campylobacterspp, and Salmonella spp; C perfringens fecal enterotoxin (CPE) assay via ELISA or reverse passive latex agglutination (RPLA) assay; fecal endospore enumeration; C difficile toxin A assay; and parasite evaluation. RESULTS: Prevalence of CPE in dogs with diarrhea was 22/154 (14.3%) via ELISA and 47/104 (45.2%) via RPLA assay, versus 9/74 (12%) via ELISA and 26/103 (25%) via RPLA assay in control dogs. Prevalence of C difficile was 47/260 (18%) in dogs with diarrhea and 41/74 (55%) in control dogs. Prevalence of C difficile toxin A was 26/254 (10.2%) in dogs with diarrhea and 0/74 in control dogs. Diagnosis of AHDS was made in 27 dogs; 8 had positive results for CPE, 7 had positive results for toxin A, and 1 had positive results for both toxins. Campylobacter spp were isolated from 13 of 260 (5%) dogs with diarrhea and 21 of 74 (28.4%) control dogs. Salmonella spp were isolated from 3 (1.2%) dogs with diarrhea. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Diagnostic value of a fecal panel in dogs with diarrhea appears to below.     

Effect of diet and tylosin on chronic diarrhea in beagles

Seven beagles in a colony of dogs had chronic diarrhea for at least 30 days. The dogs were subsequently treated with tylosin 20 mg/kg BW q24h PO for 10 days. During the treatment period, the feces became firmer but remained loose. When the treatment was discontinued, the diarrhea reappeared in 3 weeks. The feces remained abnormally loose in all dogs treated with metronidazole, trimethoprim-sulfadiazine, or doxycycline and prednisone. The diet was then changed for 10 days from a highly digestible moist pet food to a dry food developed for normal adult dogs. The feces again became firmer, although still loose in some dogs. The period was then extended to 3 month, but the fecal consistency continued to fluctuate from ideal to diarrhea. The dogs were treated a 2nd time with tylosin 20 mg/kg BW q24h PO for 10 days. The feces then became significantly firmer and remained so throughout a 3-month follow-up. We conclude that the combination of diet and tylosin was more effective than either agent alone in control of chronic diarrhea.     

Nosocomial diarrhea associated with enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens infection in dogs

A retrospective analysis of the medical records of 30 consecutive cases of diarrhea occurring in dogs that were hospitalized in a teaching hospital was performed. A prospective analysis of culture results for Clostridium perfringens of dogs with diarrhea were compared with those of a control nondiarrheal group. Hospital-acquired diarrhea in dogs was found to be associated with multiple serotypes of enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens. Other potential etiologic agents could not be isolated. Clinical signs were variable, and included mild depression, anorexia, and soft to watery diarrhea with or without frank blood, mucus, and tenesmus. Fever was not present. There were no hematologic or serum biochemical abnormalities, nor were there any consistent virologic or parasitologic findings. Salmonella spp or Campylobacter spp were not identified by fecal culture. No risk factors could be identified. A dog that was euthanatized on the day it developed diarrhea had intestinal histologic findings suggestive of clostridial enteritis. Dogs with diarrhea had significantly higher fecal clostridial counts than did dogs without diarrhea (mean log10 counts +/- SD = 6.34 +/- 1.79 vs 4.75 +/- 2.07). Enterotoxin was found in the feces of 41% of diarrheic dogs but in only 7% of dogs without diarrhea.     

Effect of tylosin on dogs with suspected tylosin-responsive diarrhea: a placebo-controlled,randomized, double-blinded,prospective clinical trial

Background

The macrolid antibiotic tylosin has been widely used to treat canine chronic diarrhea, although its efficacy is based on anecdotal reports and experimental studies in dogs and not on strong scientific evidence. The term tylosin-responsive diarrhea (TRD) refers to diarrheal disorders responding to tylosin therapy within a few days. In TRD, the stool remains normal as long as tylosin treatment continues, but diarrhea reappears in many dogs within weeks after discontinuation. The aim of our trial was to assess the effect of tylosin on fecal consistency compared with a placebo treatment in dogs with suspected TRD and additionally to establish whether tylosin in dogs with recurrent diarrhea is as effective as empirical studies and anecdotal reports suggest.

Methods

Subjects comprised 71 client-owned dogs that, according to the owners, had previously been treated successfully with tylosin due to recurrent diarrhea of unknown etiology. At the initial examination, where there were no signs of diarrhea, the dogs were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to a tylosin or placebo group. During a two-month follow-up the owners evaluated the fecal consistency according to previously published guidelines. When diarrhea recurred, either tylosin (25 mg/kg q 24 h, 7 days) or placebo treatment was initiated orally. Treatment outcome was evaluated as the mean of fecal consistency scores assigned during the last three days of the treatment period. To test for differences between the tylosin and placebo group in the proportion of responders, Pearson''s Chi-squared test and Fisher''s exact test were applied.

Results

Sixty-one dogs met the selection criteria and were followed for two months. During the follow-up 27 dogs developed diarrhea and either tylosin or placebo treatment was started. The proportion of dogs with normal fecal consistency at the end of treatment was 85% (17/20) in the tylosin group and 29% (2/7) in the placebo group (Pearson''s Chi-squared test p = 0.0049 and Fisher''s exact test two-sided, p = 0.0114).

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that tylosin is effective in treating recurrent diarrhea in dogs. The dose of 25 mg/kg once daily appears sufficient. No changes specific to TRD were detected in the examinations.     

Effect of intestinal inflammation on fecal elastase concentration in dogs

BACKGROUND: A commercially available ELISA kit for fecal elastase measurement can be used in the diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) in dogs. However, other causes of diarrhea also may affect fecal elastase concentration. OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to determine whether intestinal inflammation alters fecal elastase concentration in dogs. METHODS: Fecal elastase concentration was measured with an ELISA kit in the following groups of dogs: group 1 (n=16), control dogs, without gastrointestinal disease; group 2 (n=14), dogs with diarrhea and no histopathologic evidence of intestinal inflammation; and group 3 (n=12), dogs with diarrhea and histopathologic evidence of intestinal inflammation. Serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity (TLI) was determined in dogs with diarrhea to rule out EPI. RESULTS: All dogs in groups 2 and 3 had serum TLI concentrations >5 microg/L, ruling out EPI. No statistically significant difference was found in fecal elastase concentration among the 3 groups of dogs (P=.969). CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that intestinal inflammation does not affect fecal elastase concentration, such that test results may be used to exclude a diagnosis of EPI even in animals with inflammatory bowel disease.     

Comparison of ultrasonographic findings with clinical activity index (CIBDAI) and diagnosis in dogs with chronic enteropathies.

Intestinal wall thickness is neither a specific nor sensitive ultrasound parameter for detecting intestinal inflammation. We hypothesize that mucosal echogenicity, lymphadenomegaly, and secondary findings of the gastrointestinal tract would be more sensitive and specific markers for detecting and differentiating causes of chronic inflammatory bowel disease in dogs. Fifty-six client-owned dogs with chronic diarrhea and 10 control dogs were examined with two-dimensional, gray-scale ultrasound (time 0, 4, and 10 weeks post therapy) and small intestinal mucosal biopsies were performed at the 0- and 4-week time points. The clinical activity was assessed at each time point using the canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index (CIBDAI). Fifty-one dogs had inflammatory infiltration of the duodenal mucosa and were divided into three groups, food-responsive disease, idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease, and protein-losing enteropathy, based on their response to the different treatments and histology. Two different patterns of increased echogenicity of the mucosa were detected: hyperechoic speckles and hyperechoic striations. A normal, hypoechoic bowel mucosa in dogs with chronic diarrhea had a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 81% for the diagnosis of food-responsive disease. Hyperechoic striations had a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 96% for dogs with protein-losing enteropathy. Hyperechoic speckles were non-specific for diagnosing inflammatory bowel disease. There was a significant relationship between ultrasound score and CIBDAI at t0, but not following therapy. Mucosal echogenicity may be a better parameter for detecting inflammatory bowel disease than bowel wall thickness in dogs with chronic diarrhea.